Professional Documents
Culture Documents
dentistry
prepared by zirgi
DEFINATION
Antibiotics are chemical substance
elaborated by various species of micro-
organism such as fungi, actinomycetes and
bacteria. They suppress the growth of other
micro-organism and may ultimately destroy
them in low concentration.
History
Early history
3500 BC the Sumerian doctors would give patients
beer soup mixed with snakeskins and turtle shells.
Babylonian doctors would heal the eyes by using an
ointment made of frog bile and sour milk.
The Greeks used many herbs to heal ailments.
All of these "natural" treatments contained some sort
of antibiotic.
Modern history
Louis Pasteur was one of the first recognized
physicians who observed that bacteria could be used
to kill other bacteria.
In 1929 Sir Alexander Fleming a Scottish
bacteriologist, went on a vaction and left a petri dish
of staphylococci bacteria uncovered. When he
returned, he noticed that there was mold growing on
it. Upon further examination, he saw that the area
around the mold had no bacteria growing. He named
the mold Penicillium, and the chemical produced by
the mold was named penicillin, which is the first
substance recognized as an antibiotic.
Almost immediately after penicillin was introduced,
resistance in certain strains of staphylococci was
noticed.
In 1935, Domagkdiscovers synthetic antimicrobial
chemicals (sulfonamides).
During World War II, because of need for antibiotic
agents, penicillin was isolated and further tested by
injection into animals. It was found to be extremely
useful in curing infections, and to have extremely low
toxicity to the animals. Because of these findings, use
of penicillin greatly increased. This also spurred a
search of other chemical agents of similar use.
the late 1940's through the early 1950's, streptomycin,
chloramphenicol, and tetracycline were discovered
and introduced as antibiotics.
In 1953, during a Shigella outbreak in Japan, a certain
strain of dysentery bacillus was found to be resistant
to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, and
the sulfanilamides.
By the 1950's it was apparant that tuberculosis
bacteria was rapidly developing resistance to
streptomycin, which had commonly been used to
treat it.
Classification of
antibiotids
Classification of antibiotics
Classification based on chemical structure & proposed
mechanism of actions as fallows
1. Agents that inhibits synthesis of bacterial cell wall
these includes
a) penicillin & cephalosporin which are structurally simillar
b) Cycloserine vancomycin bacitracine & the azole
antifungal agent ( e.g clotrimazole, fluconazole &
itraconazole which are structurally dissimilar agent
2.Agent that act directly on the cell membrane of
the micro organism affecting permeablity &
leading to leakage of intercelluar compound
e.G polymyxin & polyene antifungal agent nystatin
Amphotericin B which bind to cell wall sterolls
3 .Agent that affect the function of 30 s or 50 s
ribosomal subunit to cause or reversible inhibition of
protein synthesis
e.G chloramphenical
Tetracycline
Erythromycin
Clindamycin
4 .agent that bind to 30s ribosomal subunit &alter
protein synthesis which eventually lead to cell death
E.g. aminoglycosides
Talampicin
Kanamycine
Tetracycline
They are naphthalene derivatives
it’s nucleus is made up by the fusion of foci
partialy unsaturated cyclohexiane radius
and hence named tetracycline
Mechanism of action
Interfer with protein synthesis by blocking
the attachment of amino acyl transfer rna
to acceptor site on m-RNA ribosome
complex.
Absorption fate & excretion
Tetracycline form insoluble complexes
by chelation with calcium ,magnesium
& aluminium
Iron interferes with absorption
excreted mainly in urine
Spectrum
Includes both gram +ve & -ve orgamism
Dose –
orally-250-500mg TDS
Parantally- 1-2gms in two equal doses 12hrly
interval.
Newer drug are-
Doxycycline
Demeclocycline
Methacycline
Minocycline
lymecycline
Disadvantages
GI system
Diahrroea
Nausea
Vomiting
Suprinfection
Candida infectionis comman
Dose
Adult - 1-2gms/IM or IV /day
Child- 75-100mg/kg/day
Ceftazidime
Most prominent feature is high activity againt
pseudomonas.
It is used in febrile pt including pt with burns.
It is less effective to staphylococcus aureus.
Dose
Adult-0.5-2gms/IM or IV/ every 8 hours
Child- 30mg/ kg/day
Forth generation
cephalosporine
E.g. cefepime(maxipime) and cefpirome
It is new cephalosporine with properties like those of
3rd generation cephalosporine but more resistance to
some beta-lactumase.
It is active against streptococci and methyciline
sensetive staphylococci but not against methyciline
resistance staphylococci.
Spectrum
It’s main use is in serious gram –ve infection (H-
influenza, Neisseria- gonorrhoae and Neissera
meningities) including infection of CNS inti which it
has exelent penetration.
Half life is of 2hrs.
Dose -2gm I.V. every 12hrs
Fifth generation
cephalosporine
Ceftobiprole has been described as "fifth
generation",though acceptance for this terminology is
not universal.
Ceftobiprole (and the soluble prodrug medocaril) are
on the FDA fast-track. Ceftobiprole has powerful
antipseudomonal characteristics and appears to be
less susceptible to development of resistance.
These cephems have progressed far enough to be
named, but have not been assigned to a particular
generation.
Cefaclomezine
Cefaloram
Cefaparol
Cefcanel
Cefedrolor
Cefempidone
Cefetrizole
Cefivitril
Cefmatilen
Cefmepidium
Cefovecin
Cefoxazole
Cefrotil
Cefsumide
Ceftaroline
Ceftioxide
Cefuracetim
Adverse effect
Pain after injection.
Diarrhoea due disturbance in Gut ecology
Hypersensitivity reaction- anaphylaxis,
angiodema, asthma, urticaria.
Nephrotoxicity
Neutropenia or thrombocytopenia
Hyperprothombinemia
A flase +ve cmbs test may occur in as many
as 60%of pt or cephalathin therapy.
Macrolides
They are antibiotics having a macrocyclic
lactone ring with attached sugars
They are bacteriostatic drug
Erythromycin
Used as aternative in penicillin sensitive
individuals
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Hypersensiivity
Liver dieases- ester salt is avoided
Available as –tablet & syrup
Dose ADULT- 250-500mgQID
CHILDREN-30-50mg kg/day
in form of divided doses.
Adverse reaction
Nausea
Vomiting
Diahrroea
Hypertention
Cardiac arrythmias
Revesible hearing loss
Supragingival prophylaxis
Restorative tooth preparation
Placement of orthodontic appliances
Conserative endodontic theraphy
REASONS FOR ANTIBIOTIC
FAILURE
INAPPROPIATE choice of antibiotics
Too low blood concentration
Poor penetration to infected site
Limited or decreased vascularity
Impaired host defence
Unfavourable local factors
Increased plasma protein binding
Antibiotic antagonism
Slow microbial growth
Antibiotic resistant organisms
Patient failure to take antibiotics
Failure to eradicate sorce of infection
Myths &misconception in
antibiotic th erapy
Myth- antibiotics cure pt
1 except in immunocompramised pt
antibiotics are not curative but rather
function to provide time for normal host
defence initially overwhelmed by micro
organisum to gain and control &eventually
eliminate the in fectious process
2 .Antibiotics
are substitute for surgical
drainage - never are antibiotics a
substituted for eradication of the source of
infection ( extraction, incision, drainage )
unless the infection is too diffuse
(pericoronitis)
3 culture and sensitivity test are required -
orofacial infection are characteristically
acute in nature, polymicrobial in cause,
short in duration with proper treatment.
These infection require immediate
attention and a dealy of 18 to 36 hrs for
result of culture & sensitivity tests prior to
initiation of antibiotics therapy is usually
not appropriate because the microbial
cause Is commly such that common
antibiotics are effective, incision &drainage
are relatively easy.
Myth – antibiotics incresed
host defence to infection
The followoing condition appear valid at present
1 antibiotic that can peenetrate into the
mammelion cell (tetracycline , eryt hromycin) are
more likely to affect host defence than those that
can not (beta lactum)
2 tetracycline may supress white cell chemotaxis
where as betta lactum do not
3 most antibiotics (except tetracycline) do not
depress phagocytosis
Tnb lymphocyte transformation may be depressed
by trtracyclines
Multiple antibiotics are
superior to as single antibiotics.
It is often assume that antbiotic combination are
superior to single antibiotic such as not
commonly the case.
The primary clilical indication for antibiotic
conbination therapy is severe infection in which
ofending organism is unknown and major
conciquences may ensue if antibiotic therapy is
not instituted immediatey before culture and
sensetivity test are available.
Antibiotic prophylaxis usually
effective
It is commonly assume that antibiotics
administered prior to invasive surgical
procedure remain post operative infection.
The reality based on laboratoru studies is
that antibiotic prophalaxis is only some
time effective.
Bacteriocidal agents are always
superior to bacteriostatic agent
Bacteriocidal antimicrobials are
required in pt with impaier host
defenses (nutropenia, meningitis) but
bacteriostatic agent are uaually
satisfactory, if host defence against
infection are adequqte.
Antimicrobials are effective in
chronic infectious disease
Antimicrobials are never been
successful in the eradication of a
chronic infection because the prolong
exposure of micro-organism to
chemical leads to eventual dominance
of drug resistance organism
Antibiotics are safe and non
toxic
Most antimicrobials are among safest drug
yet all are associated with allergy, ecological
damage to human and microbial
environment.
Infection require a complete
course of therapy
There is no such things as predetermine complete
course of antibiotic therapy.
The only guide for determining the effectiveness of
antibiotic therapy and hence duration of treatment is
related to clinical improvement of pt.
Misconceptions
Prolong therapy destroy resistant micro-organism.
Prolong therapy is necessary for rebound infection
that recur as organism is suppresed but not
eliminated (orofacial infections do not rebound if
the sourse of infection is properly eliminated)
Antibiotic doseges and duration of therapy can be
extra polated from one infection to another
REFERENCE—