Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SAFIDON
COMPANY PROFILE
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is World's 7th largest
Telecommunications Company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in
India: Wire line, CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier service,
MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, IN Services etc.
BSNL cellular service, CellOne, has more than 17.8 million cellular customers, garnering
24 percent of all mobile users as its subscribers. That means that almost every fourth
mobile user in the country has a BSNL connection. In basic services, BSNL is miles
ahead of its rivals, with 35.1 million Basic Phone subscribers i.e. 85 per cent share of the
subscriber base and 92 percent share in revenue terms. BSNL has more than 2.5 million
WLL subscribers and 2.5 million Internet Customers who access Internet through various
modes viz. Dial-up, Leased Line, DIAS, and Account Less Internet (CLI). BSNL has
been adjudged as the NUMBER ONE ISP in the country.
Mobile Section
In this section we learnt how mobile communication takes place.
There are two ways by which mobile communication takes place,
GSM
CDMA
Transmission
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BROADBAND
A trend of changes in telecommunication technology is very fast. The
need of hour is large bandwidth and its optimum utilization at reasonable cost.
Any data access rate more than 2Mbps is considered as broadband access.
As per the recent broadband policy of govt. of India, access rate over
256kbps will come under category of broadband access.
• Filter:-The filter separates out the signal for telephone. (Called as Splitter)
• Modem:-The modem directs the signal to PC and TV.
• Set Top Box (STB)-The STB converts the digital IP based signal to a form
compatible with the TV set.
• PC and TV
What is DSL?
• A high speed digital communication line
• Has several advantages over other high speed communication solutions.
• DSL runs on existing copper
• DSL helps carriers reduce congestion on their voice-switching
systems
• Very high speed.
Data Card
A CSN basically consists of 1 basic rack and 3 extension racks capacity of CSN is
5000.Subs may be analog and digital.
It is the interface between switching network and junctions from other exchanges (or
remote connection unit).
SWITCHING MATRIX
The Switching matrix is a single stage ‘t’ made up of host switching matrix and
branch selection & amplification function, SMX is duplicated.
It is OMC for supervising functions of different units and for taking suitable actions
at the event of faults. Magnetic disks each of capability 1.2 GB for various stages.
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
Mobile phones send and receive radio signals with any number of cell site base stations
fitted with microwave antennas. These sites are usually mounted on a tower, pole or
building, located throughout populated areas, then connected to a cabled communication
network and switching system. The phones have a low-power transceiver that transmits
voice and data to the nearest cell sites, normally not more than 8 to 13 km (approximately
5 to 8 miles) away.
When the mobile phone or data device is turned on, it registers with the mobile telephone
exchange, or switch, with its unique identifiers, and can then be alerted by the mobile
switch when there is an incoming telephone call. The handset constantly listens for the
strongest signal being received from the surrounding base stations, and is able to switch
seamlessly between sites. As the user moves around the network, the "handoffs" are
performed to allow the device to switch sites without interrupting the call.
Cell sites have relatively low-power (often only one or two watts) radio transmitters
which broadcast their presence and relay communications between the mobile handsets
and the switch. The switch in turn connects the call to another subscriber of the same
wireless service provider or to the public telephone network, which includes the networks
of other wireless carriers. Many of these sites are camouflaged to blend with existing
environments, particularly in scenic areas.
The dialogue between the handset and the cell site is a stream of digital data that includes
digitized audio (except for the first generation analog networks). The technology that
achieves this depends on the system which the mobile phone operator has adopted. The
technologies are grouped by generation. The first-generation systems started in 1979 with
Japan, are all analog and include AMPS and NMT. Second-generation systems, started in
1991 in Finland, are all digital and include GSM, CDMA and TDMA.
The nature of cellular technology renders many phones vulnerable to 'cloning': anytime a
cell phone moves out of coverage (for example, in a road tunnel), when the signal is re-
established, the phone sends out a 're-connect' signal to the nearest cell-tower, identifying
itself and signaling that it is again ready to transmit. With the proper equipment, it's
possible to intercept the re-connect signal and encode the data it contains into a 'blank'
phone -- in all respects, the 'blank' is then an exact duplicate of the real phone and any
calls made on the 'clone' will be charged to the original account.
Third-generation (3G) networks, which are still being deployed, began in 2001. They are
all digital, and offer high-speed data access in addition to voice services and include W-
CDMA (known also as UMTS), and CDMA2000 EV-DO. China will launch a third
generation technology on the TD-SCDMA standard. Operators use a mix of
predesignated frequency bands determined by the network requirements and local
regulations.
In an effort to limit the potential harm from having a transmitter close to the user's body,
the first fixed/mobile cellular phones that had a separate transmitter, vehicle-mounted
antenna, and handset (known as car phones and bag phones) were limited to a maximum
3 watts Effective Radiated Power. Modern handheld cell phones which must have the
transmission antenna held inches from the user's skull are limited to a maximum
transmission power of 0.6 watts ERP. Regardless of the potential biological effects, the
reduced transmission range of modern handheld phones limits their usefulness in rural
locations as compared to car/bag phones, and handhelds require that cell towers be
spaced much closer together to compensate for their lack of transmission power.
Some handhelds include an optional auxiliary antenna port on the back of the phone,
which allows it to be connected to a large external antenna and a 3 watt cellular booster.
Alternately in fringe-reception areas, a cellular repeater may be used, which uses a long
distance high-gain dish antenna or yagi antenna to communicate with a cell tower far
outside of normal range, and a repeater to rebroadcast on a small short-range local
antenna that allows any cell phone within a few meters to function properly.
GSM
Global System for Mobile communications (GSM: originally from Groupe Special
Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. Its promoter, the
GSM Association, estimates that 82% of the global mobile market uses the standard.
GSM is used by over 3 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. Its
ubiquity makes international roaming very common between mobile phone operators,
enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. GSM differs from its
predecessors in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus is considered
a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This has also meant that data
communication was easy to build into the system.
The ubiquity of the GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers (who benefit
from the ability to roam and switch carriers without switching phones) and also to
network operators (who can choose equipment from any of the many vendors
implementing GSM). GSM also pioneered a low-cost, to the network carrier, alternative
to voice calls, the Short message service (SMS, also called "text messaging"), which is
now supported on other mobile standards as well. Another advantage is that the standard
includes one worldwide Emergency telephone number, 112. This makes it easier for
international travellers to connect to emergency services without knowing the local
emergency number. Newer versions of the standard were backward-compatible with the
original GSM phones. For example, Release '97 of the standard added packet data
capabilities, by means of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). Release '99 introduced
higher speed data transmission using Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE).
GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching
for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM networks operate in four different frequency
ranges. Most GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some
countries in the Americas (including Canada and the United States) use the 850 MHz and
1900 MHz bands because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands were already
allocated.
The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries, notably
Scandinavia, where these frequencies were previously used for first-generation systems.
GSM-900 uses 890–915 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base
station (uplink) and 935–960 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing 124 RF
channels (channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is
used. In some countries the GSM-900 band has been extended to cover a larger frequency
range. This 'extended GSM', E-GSM, uses 880–915 MHz (uplink)
and 925–960 MHz (downlink), adding 50 channels (channel numbers 975 to 1023 and 0)
to the original GSM-900 band. Time division multiplexing is used to allow eight full-rate
or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency channel. There are eight radio
timeslots (giving eight burst periods) grouped into what is called a TDMA frame. Half
rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate is
270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms.
GSM has used a variety of voice codecs to squeeze 3.1 kHz audio into between 5.6 and
13 kbit/s. Originally, two codecs, named after the types of data channel they were
allocated, were used, called Half Rate (5.6 kbit/s) and Full Rate (13 kbit/s). These used a
system based upon linear predictive coding (LPC). In addition to being efficient with bit
rates, these codecs also made it easier to identify more important parts of the audio,
allowing the air interface layer to prioritize and better protect these parts of the signal.
GSM was further enhanced in 1997 with the Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) codec, a
12.2 kbit/s codec that uses a full rate channel. Finally, with the development of UMTS,
EFR was refactored into a variable-rate codec called AMR-Narrowband, which is high
quality and robust against interference when used on full rate channels, and less robust
but still relatively high quality when used in good radio conditions on half-rate channels.
There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network—macro, micro, pico, femto and
umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation
environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is
installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose
antenna height is under average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas.
Picocells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen meters; they are mainly
used indoors. Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or small business
environments and connect to the service provider’s network via a broadband internet
connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in
gaps in coverage between those cells.
Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain and propagation
conditions from a couple of hundred meters to several tens of kilometers. The longest
distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is 35 kilometers (22 mi). There
are also several implementations of the concept of an extended cell, where the cell radius
could be double or even more, depending on the antenna system, the type of terrain and
the timing advance.
Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by using an indoor
picocell base station, or an indoor repeater with distributed indoor antennas fed through
power splitters, to deliver the radio signals from an antenna outdoors to the separate
indoor distributed antenna system. These are typically deployed when a lot of call
capacity is needed indoors, for example in shopping centers or airports. However, this is
not a prerequisite, since indoor coverage is also provided by in-building penetration of
the radio signals from nearby cells.
Network structure
The network behind the GSM system seen by the customer is large and complicated in
order to provide all of the services which are required. It is divided into a number of
sections and these are each covered in separate articles.
• The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers).
• The Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most similar to a
fixed network). This is sometimes also just called the core network.
• The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based Internet
connections).
• All of the elements in the system combine to produce many GSM services such as
voice calls and SMS
this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this
practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some countries.
Many operators lock the mobiles they sell. This is done because the price of the mobile
phone is typically subsidized with revenue from subscriptions, and operators want to try
to avoid subsidizing competitor's mobiles. The locking applies to the handset, identified
by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number, not to the account (which
is identified by the SIM card). In some countries such as India, all phones are sold
unlocked.
GSM security
GSM was designed with a moderate level of security. The system was designed to
authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response.
Communications between the subscriber and the base station can be encrypted. The
development of UMTS introduces an optional USIM, that uses a longer authentication
key to give greater security, as well as mutually authenticating the network and the user -
whereas GSM only authenticated the user to the network (and not vice versa). The
security model therefore offers confidentiality and authentication, but limited
authorization capabilities, and no non-repudiation. GSM uses several cryptographic
algorithms for security. The A5/1 and A5/2 stream ciphers are used for ensuring over-the-
air voice privacy. A5/1 was developed first and is a stronger algorithm used within
Europe and the United States; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries. Serious
weaknesses have been found in both algorithms: it is possible to break A5/2 in real-time
with a cipher text-only attack, and in February 2008, Pico Computing, Inc revealed its
ability and plans to commercialize FPGAs that allow A5/1 to be broken with a rainbow
table attack. The system supports multiple algorithms so operators may replace that
cipher with a stronger one.
Though the term BTS can be applicable to any of the wireless communication standards,
it is generally and commonly associated with mobile communication technologies like
GSM and CDMA. In this regard, a BTS forms part of the Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
developments for system management. It may also have equipments for encrypting and
decrypting communications, spectrum filtering tools (band pass filters) etc. Antennas
may also be considered as components of BTS in
general sense as they facilitate the functioning of BTS. Typically a BTS will have several
transceivers (TRXs) which allow it to serve several different frequencies and different
sectors of the cell (in the case of sectorised base stations). A BTS is controlled by a
parent Base Station Controller via the Base station Control Function (BCF). The BCF is
implemented as a discrete unit or even incorporated in a TRX in compact base stations.
The BCF provides an Operations and Maintenance (O&M) connection to the Network
management system (NMS), and manages operational states of each TRX, as well as
software handling and alarm collection. The basic structure and functions of the BTS
remains the same regardless of the wireless technologies.
BROADBAND
Broadband in telecommunications refers to a signaling method that includes or handles a
relatively wide range of frequencies, which may be divided into channels or frequency
bins. Broadband is always a relative term, understood according to its context. The wider
the bandwidth, the greater the information-carrying capacity. In radio, for example, a
very narrow-band signal will carry Morse code; a broader band will carry speech; a still
broader band is required to carry music without losing the high audio frequencies
required for realistic sound reproduction. A television antenna described as "normal" may
be capable of receiving a certain range of channels; one described as "broadband" will
receive more channels. In data communications a modem will transmit a bandwidth of 56
kilobits per seconds (kbit/s) over a telephone line; over the same telephone line a
bandwidth of several megabits per second can be handled by ADSL, which is described
as broadband (relative to a modem over a telephone line, although much less than can be
achieved over a fiber optic circuit, for example).
In data communications
In video
Broadband in analog video distribution is traditionally used to refer to systems such as
cable television, where the individual channels are modulated on carriers at fixed
frequencies. In this context, baseband is the term's antonym, referring to a single
channel of analog video, typically in composite form with an audio subcarrier. The act of
demodulating converts broadband video to baseband video.
However, broadband video in the context of streaming Internet video has come to mean
video files that have bitrates high enough to require broadband Internet access in order to
view them.
In DSL
The various forms of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) services are broadband in the sense
that digital information is sent over a high-bandwidth channel above the baseband voice
channel on a single pair of wires.
In Ethernet
A baseband transmission sends one type of signal using a medium's full bandwidth, as in
100BASE-T Ethernet. Ethernet, however, is the common interface to broadband modems
such as DSL data links, and has a high data rate itself, so is sometimes referred to as
broadband. Ethernet provisioned over cable modem is a common alternative to DSL
In terms of infrastructure for broadband services NIB-II would put India at par with more
advanced nations. The services that would be supported includes always-on broadband
access to the Internet for residential and business customers, Content based services,
Video multicasting, Video-on-demand and Interactive gaming, Audio and Video
conferencing, IP Telephony, Distance learning, Messaging: plain and feature rich, Multi-
site MPLS VPNs with Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. The subscribe will be able to
access the above services through Subscriber Service Selection System (SSSS)portal.
OBJECTIVES
• To provide high speed Internet connectivity (upto 8 Mbps)
• To provide Virtual Private Network (VPN) service to the broadband customers
• To provide dial VPN service to MPLS VPN customers.
• To provide multicast video services, video-on-demand, etc. through the
Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS).
• To provide a means to bill for the aforesaid services by either time-based or
volume-based billing. It shall provide the customer with the option to select the
services through web server
• To provide both pre-paid and post paid broadband services.
TECHNICAL CAPABILITY
The Broadband Service will be given through the state of the art Multi Protocol Label
Switching (MPLS) based IP Infrastructure, which is designed to provide reliable
routes to cover all possible destinations within and outside the country. Layer 1 of the
network will consist of a high speed Backbone comprising of 24 powerful Core
Routers connected with high speed 2.5 Gbps (STM-16) links. The routers are located
on the national DWDM network interfacing at STM-16 optical level to provide for
high transmission speeds.