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BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED,

SAFIDON

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

DEPTT. OF ELECTRONICS &


TELECOMMUNICATION ENGG.

SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY:


************** **************
Er. Himani Wadhwa Mr. Gulab Singh
Roll No. 0804110033

COMPANY PROFILE
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is World's 7th largest
Telecommunications Company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in
India: Wire line, CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier service,
MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, IN Services etc.

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (known as BSNL, India Communications Corporation


Limited) is a public sector communications company in India. It is the India's largest
telecommunication company with 24% market share. Its headquarters are at Bharat
Sanchar Bhawan, New Delhi. It has the status of Mini-ratna - a status assigned to reputed
Public Sector companies in India.BSNL has installed Quality Telecom Network in the
country and now focusing on improving it, expanding the network, introducing new
telecom services with ICT applications in villages and wining customer's confidence.
Today, it has about 47.3 million line basic telephone capacity, 4 million WLL capacity,
20.1 Million GSM Capacity, more than 37382 fixed exchanges, 18000 BTS, 287 Satellite
Stations, 480196 Rkm of OFC Cable, 63730 Rkm of Microwave Network connecting 602
Districts, 7330 cities/towns and 5.5 Lakhs villages. BSNL is the only service provider,
making focused efforts and planned initiatives to bridge the Rural-Urban Digital Divide
ICT sector. In fact there is no telecom operator in the country to beat its reach with its
wide network giving services in every nook & corner of country and operates across
India except Delhi & Mumbai including inaccessible areas of Siachen glacier and North-
eastern region of the country.

BSNL cellular service, CellOne, has more than 17.8 million cellular customers, garnering
24 percent of all mobile users as its subscribers. That means that almost every fourth
mobile user in the country has a BSNL connection. In basic services, BSNL is miles
ahead of its rivals, with 35.1 million Basic Phone subscribers i.e. 85 per cent share of the
subscriber base and 92 percent share in revenue terms. BSNL has more than 2.5 million
WLL subscribers and 2.5 million Internet Customers who access Internet through various
modes viz. Dial-up, Leased Line, DIAS, and Account Less Internet (CLI). BSNL has
been adjudged as the NUMBER ONE ISP in the country.

BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP infrastructure


that provides convergent services like voice, data and video through the same Backbone
and Broadband Access Network. At present there are 0.6 million DataOne broadband
customers. The company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network
integration and Maintenance of Switching & Transmission Networks and also has a
world class ISO 9000 certified Telecom Training Institute. BSNL plans to expand its
customer base from present 73 millions lines to 125 million lines and infrastructure
investment plan to the tune of Rs. 733 crores (US$ 16.67 million) in the next three years.
Today, BSNL is India's largest Telco and one of the largest Public Sector Undertaking
with estimated market value of $ 100 Billion. The company is planning an IPO with in 6
months to offload 10% to public in the Rs 300-400 range valuing the company at over
$100 billion.
SECTIONS VISITED:
 E-10B SWITCHING
 OCB SWITCHING
 MDF
 TRANSMISSION SECTION
 MOBILE SECTION
 MICROWAVE
 POWER STATION
 BROAD BAND
 COSTUMER CARE

Mobile Section
In this section we learnt how mobile communication takes place.
There are two ways by which mobile communication takes place,

 GSM
 CDMA

The basic transmission procedure:

1. BSC: Base Station Controller


2. BTS: Base Station TRANSCEIVER
3. MSC: Mobile Switching Center
4. HLR: Home Location Register
5. VLR: Visitor Location Register
6. AUC: Authentication Center
7. EIR: Equipment Identity Register
8. SC: Short Message Center
9. OMC: Operation and Maintenance Center

E-10B (ELECTRONICS - 10 BINARY)

Here we came to know about function of:--

OMC: -- Operation maintenance centre.


OC:--Monitoring unit.
ETA:--Frequency sender and receiver.
URM:--Multiplex connection unit.(5 unit)
CSE:--Subscriber connection unit.
DSF:--Stand by charge unit.
MR:--Multi resistor (5 unit)
MQ:--Marker (2 unit)
TR:--Translator (2 unit)
TX:--Tax (charging unit) (2 unit)
RLM:--Remote lining unit.
COM:--Switching module.
CX: -- Switching unit.

TAX (Trunk auto exchange)


This section deals when a caller picks up the receiver, gets the dial tone and how the
call is made and processed.

Transmission

The call is transmitted from telephone to:

Caller
/
D.P
/
Pillar
/
MDF
/
Exchange
/
Tax
/
Exchange
/
MDF
\
Pillar
\
D.P
\
Receiver

There are two types of media:

• Guided Media (OFC)


• Un-Guided Media.

BROADBAND
A trend of changes in telecommunication technology is very fast. The
need of hour is large bandwidth and its optimum utilization at reasonable cost.
Any data access rate more than 2Mbps is considered as broadband access.
As per the recent broadband policy of govt. of India, access rate over
256kbps will come under category of broadband access.

Equipment's required in customer premises are

• Filter:-The filter separates out the signal for telephone. (Called as Splitter)
• Modem:-The modem directs the signal to PC and TV.
• Set Top Box (STB)-The STB converts the digital IP based signal to a form
compatible with the TV set.
• PC and TV

What is DSL?
• A high speed digital communication line
• Has several advantages over other high speed communication solutions.
• DSL runs on existing copper
• DSL helps carriers reduce congestion on their voice-switching
systems
• Very high speed.

Data Card

There are two type of data card:


1. IX data card (speed -144kbps (max))
2. E-VDO data card (speed - 2Mbps)

OCB EXCHANGE SYSTEM


SALIENT FEATURES
• OCB stands for organ control bhersion.
• Digital switching system developed by CIT ALCATEL of France.
• OMC & S/N duplicated.
• Varieties of service provided are: basic telephony, ISDN, Mobile, Videotext etc.
• Supports different types of signaling system.
• Max. no. of junctions may be 60000 and 35 types of cards can be used.
• Less space requirement.
• Automatic fault recovery and remote monitoring.
• Environmental requirement is not very stringent.

MAJOR UNITS OF OCB SYSTEM

Subscriber Connection Unit (CSN)

A CSN basically consists of 1 basic rack and 3 extension racks capacity of CSN is
5000.Subs may be analog and digital.

TRUNK & JUNCTION CONNECTION UNIT (SMT)

It is the interface between switching network and junctions from other exchanges (or
remote connection unit).

SWITCHING MATRIX

The Switching matrix is a single stage ‘t’ made up of host switching matrix and
branch selection & amplification function, SMX is duplicated.

AUXILLIARY EQUIPMENT CONTROL STATION


(SMA)

It consists of frequency receiver/generator conference call CCTS, tone generators etc,

CONTROL UNIT (SMC)


The six control units are as under:
• Multi register (MR) for connecting and disconnecting calls.
• Translator (TR) for storing exchange database.
• Charging unit (TX) for carrying out charging jobs.
• Marker (MQ) for performing connection & disconnection of subscribers.
• Ccs-7 controller (PC) for carrying out routing & traffic management
functions.
• Matrix system handler (GX) for monitoring connection in S/N.

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE UNIT (SMM)

It is OMC for supervising functions of different units and for taking suitable actions
at the event of faults. Magnetic disks each of capability 1.2 GB for various stages.

In the field of telecommunications, a telephone exchange or telephone switch is a


system of electronic components that connects telephone calls. A central office is the
physical building used to house inside plant equipment including telephone switches,
which make phone calls "work" in the sense of making connections and relaying the
speech information

MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Mobile phones send and receive radio signals with any number of cell site base stations
fitted with microwave antennas. These sites are usually mounted on a tower, pole or
building, located throughout populated areas, then connected to a cabled communication
network and switching system. The phones have a low-power transceiver that transmits
voice and data to the nearest cell sites, normally not more than 8 to 13 km (approximately
5 to 8 miles) away.

When the mobile phone or data device is turned on, it registers with the mobile telephone
exchange, or switch, with its unique identifiers, and can then be alerted by the mobile
switch when there is an incoming telephone call. The handset constantly listens for the
strongest signal being received from the surrounding base stations, and is able to switch
seamlessly between sites. As the user moves around the network, the "handoffs" are
performed to allow the device to switch sites without interrupting the call.

Cell sites have relatively low-power (often only one or two watts) radio transmitters
which broadcast their presence and relay communications between the mobile handsets
and the switch. The switch in turn connects the call to another subscriber of the same
wireless service provider or to the public telephone network, which includes the networks
of other wireless carriers. Many of these sites are camouflaged to blend with existing
environments, particularly in scenic areas.

The dialogue between the handset and the cell site is a stream of digital data that includes
digitized audio (except for the first generation analog networks). The technology that
achieves this depends on the system which the mobile phone operator has adopted. The
technologies are grouped by generation. The first-generation systems started in 1979 with
Japan, are all analog and include AMPS and NMT. Second-generation systems, started in
1991 in Finland, are all digital and include GSM, CDMA and TDMA.

The nature of cellular technology renders many phones vulnerable to 'cloning': anytime a
cell phone moves out of coverage (for example, in a road tunnel), when the signal is re-
established, the phone sends out a 're-connect' signal to the nearest cell-tower, identifying
itself and signaling that it is again ready to transmit. With the proper equipment, it's
possible to intercept the re-connect signal and encode the data it contains into a 'blank'
phone -- in all respects, the 'blank' is then an exact duplicate of the real phone and any
calls made on the 'clone' will be charged to the original account.

Third-generation (3G) networks, which are still being deployed, began in 2001. They are
all digital, and offer high-speed data access in addition to voice services and include W-
CDMA (known also as UMTS), and CDMA2000 EV-DO. China will launch a third
generation technology on the TD-SCDMA standard. Operators use a mix of
predesignated frequency bands determined by the network requirements and local
regulations.

In an effort to limit the potential harm from having a transmitter close to the user's body,
the first fixed/mobile cellular phones that had a separate transmitter, vehicle-mounted
antenna, and handset (known as car phones and bag phones) were limited to a maximum
3 watts Effective Radiated Power. Modern handheld cell phones which must have the
transmission antenna held inches from the user's skull are limited to a maximum
transmission power of 0.6 watts ERP. Regardless of the potential biological effects, the
reduced transmission range of modern handheld phones limits their usefulness in rural
locations as compared to car/bag phones, and handhelds require that cell towers be
spaced much closer together to compensate for their lack of transmission power.

Some handhelds include an optional auxiliary antenna port on the back of the phone,
which allows it to be connected to a large external antenna and a 3 watt cellular booster.
Alternately in fringe-reception areas, a cellular repeater may be used, which uses a long
distance high-gain dish antenna or yagi antenna to communicate with a cell tower far
outside of normal range, and a repeater to rebroadcast on a small short-range local
antenna that allows any cell phone within a few meters to function properly.

GSM
Global System for Mobile communications (GSM: originally from Groupe Special
Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. Its promoter, the
GSM Association, estimates that 82% of the global mobile market uses the standard.
GSM is used by over 3 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. Its
ubiquity makes international roaming very common between mobile phone operators,
enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. GSM differs from its
predecessors in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus is considered
a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This has also meant that data
communication was easy to build into the system.

The ubiquity of the GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers (who benefit
from the ability to roam and switch carriers without switching phones) and also to
network operators (who can choose equipment from any of the many vendors
implementing GSM). GSM also pioneered a low-cost, to the network carrier, alternative
to voice calls, the Short message service (SMS, also called "text messaging"), which is
now supported on other mobile standards as well. Another advantage is that the standard
includes one worldwide Emergency telephone number, 112. This makes it easier for
international travellers to connect to emergency services without knowing the local
emergency number. Newer versions of the standard were backward-compatible with the
original GSM phones. For example, Release '97 of the standard added packet data
capabilities, by means of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). Release '99 introduced
higher speed data transmission using Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE).

GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching
for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM networks operate in four different frequency
ranges. Most GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some
countries in the Americas (including Canada and the United States) use the 850 MHz and
1900 MHz bands because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands were already
allocated.

The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries, notably
Scandinavia, where these frequencies were previously used for first-generation systems.

GSM-900 uses 890–915 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base
station (uplink) and 935–960 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing 124 RF
channels (channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is
used. In some countries the GSM-900 band has been extended to cover a larger frequency
range. This 'extended GSM', E-GSM, uses 880–915 MHz (uplink)

and 925–960 MHz (downlink), adding 50 channels (channel numbers 975 to 1023 and 0)
to the original GSM-900 band. Time division multiplexing is used to allow eight full-rate
or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency channel. There are eight radio
timeslots (giving eight burst periods) grouped into what is called a TDMA frame. Half
rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate is
270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms.

The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in


GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900.

GSM has used a variety of voice codecs to squeeze 3.1 kHz audio into between 5.6 and
13 kbit/s. Originally, two codecs, named after the types of data channel they were
allocated, were used, called Half Rate (5.6 kbit/s) and Full Rate (13 kbit/s). These used a
system based upon linear predictive coding (LPC). In addition to being efficient with bit
rates, these codecs also made it easier to identify more important parts of the audio,
allowing the air interface layer to prioritize and better protect these parts of the signal.

GSM was further enhanced in 1997 with the Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) codec, a
12.2 kbit/s codec that uses a full rate channel. Finally, with the development of UMTS,
EFR was refactored into a variable-rate codec called AMR-Narrowband, which is high
quality and robust against interference when used on full rate channels, and less robust
but still relatively high quality when used in good radio conditions on half-rate channels.

There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network—macro, micro, pico, femto and
umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation
environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is
installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose
antenna height is under average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas.
Picocells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen meters; they are mainly
used indoors. Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or small business
environments and connect to the service provider’s network via a broadband internet
connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in
gaps in coverage between those cells.

Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain and propagation
conditions from a couple of hundred meters to several tens of kilometers. The longest
distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is 35 kilometers (22 mi). There
are also several implementations of the concept of an extended cell, where the cell radius
could be double or even more, depending on the antenna system, the type of terrain and
the timing advance.

Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by using an indoor
picocell base station, or an indoor repeater with distributed indoor antennas fed through
power splitters, to deliver the radio signals from an antenna outdoors to the separate
indoor distributed antenna system. These are typically deployed when a lot of call
capacity is needed indoors, for example in shopping centers or airports. However, this is
not a prerequisite, since indoor coverage is also provided by in-building penetration of
the radio signals from nearby cells.

The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a kind of


continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto the
carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter prior to being fed to a frequency
modulator, which greatly reduces the interference to neighboring channels (adjacent
channel interference).

Network structure
The network behind the GSM system seen by the customer is large and complicated in
order to provide all of the services which are required. It is divided into a number of
sections and these are each covered in separate articles.

• The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers).
• The Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most similar to a
fixed network). This is sometimes also just called the core network.
• The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based Internet
connections).
• All of the elements in the system combine to produce many GSM services such as
voice calls and SMS

The structure of a GSM network.

Subscriber Identity Module


One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), commonly
known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's
subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his or her
information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change operators
while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block

this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this
practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some countries.
Many operators lock the mobiles they sell. This is done because the price of the mobile
phone is typically subsidized with revenue from subscriptions, and operators want to try
to avoid subsidizing competitor's mobiles. The locking applies to the handset, identified
by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number, not to the account (which
is identified by the SIM card). In some countries such as India, all phones are sold
unlocked.

GSM security
GSM was designed with a moderate level of security. The system was designed to
authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response.
Communications between the subscriber and the base station can be encrypted. The
development of UMTS introduces an optional USIM, that uses a longer authentication
key to give greater security, as well as mutually authenticating the network and the user -
whereas GSM only authenticated the user to the network (and not vice versa). The
security model therefore offers confidentiality and authentication, but limited
authorization capabilities, and no non-repudiation. GSM uses several cryptographic
algorithms for security. The A5/1 and A5/2 stream ciphers are used for ensuring over-the-
air voice privacy. A5/1 was developed first and is a stronger algorithm used within
Europe and the United States; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries. Serious
weaknesses have been found in both algorithms: it is possible to break A5/2 in real-time
with a cipher text-only attack, and in February 2008, Pico Computing, Inc revealed its
ability and plans to commercialize FPGAs that allow A5/1 to be broken with a rainbow
table attack. The system supports multiple algorithms so operators may replace that
cipher with a stronger one.

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)


Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is the equipment which facilitates the wireless
communication between user equipments (UE) and the network. UEs are devices like
mobile phones (handsets), WLL phones, computers with wireless internet connectivity,
WiFi and WiMAX gadgets etc. The network can be that of any of the wireless
communication technologies like GSM, CDMA, WLL , WAN, WiFi, WiMAX etc. BTS
is also referred to as RBS (Radio Base Station), Node B (in 3G Networks) or simply BS
(Base Station).

Though the term BTS can be applicable to any of the wireless communication standards,
it is generally and commonly associated with mobile communication technologies like
GSM and CDMA. In this regard, a BTS forms part of the Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
developments for system management. It may also have equipments for encrypting and
decrypting communications, spectrum filtering tools (band pass filters) etc. Antennas
may also be considered as components of BTS in
general sense as they facilitate the functioning of BTS. Typically a BTS will have several
transceivers (TRXs) which allow it to serve several different frequencies and different
sectors of the cell (in the case of sectorised base stations). A BTS is controlled by a
parent Base Station Controller via the Base station Control Function (BCF). The BCF is
implemented as a discrete unit or even incorporated in a TRX in compact base stations.
The BCF provides an Operations and Maintenance (O&M) connection to the Network
management system (NMS), and manages operational states of each TRX, as well as
software handling and alarm collection. The basic structure and functions of the BTS
remains the same regardless of the wireless technologies.

BROADBAND
Broadband in telecommunications refers to a signaling method that includes or handles a
relatively wide range of frequencies, which may be divided into channels or frequency
bins. Broadband is always a relative term, understood according to its context. The wider
the bandwidth, the greater the information-carrying capacity. In radio, for example, a
very narrow-band signal will carry Morse code; a broader band will carry speech; a still
broader band is required to carry music without losing the high audio frequencies
required for realistic sound reproduction. A television antenna described as "normal" may
be capable of receiving a certain range of channels; one described as "broadband" will
receive more channels. In data communications a modem will transmit a bandwidth of 56
kilobits per seconds (kbit/s) over a telephone line; over the same telephone line a
bandwidth of several megabits per second can be handled by ADSL, which is described
as broadband (relative to a modem over a telephone line, although much less than can be
achieved over a fiber optic circuit, for example).

In data communications

Broadband in data communications can refer to broadband networks or broadband


Internet and may have the same meaning as above, so that data transmission over a fiber
optic cable would be referred to as broadband as compared to a telephone modem
operating at 56,000 bits per second.

However, broadband in data communications is frequently used in a more technical sense


to refer to data transmission where multiple pieces of data are sent simultaneously to
increase the effective rate of transmission, regardless of actual data rate. In network
engineering this term is used for methods where two or more signals share a medium.

In video
Broadband in analog video distribution is traditionally used to refer to systems such as
cable television, where the individual channels are modulated on carriers at fixed
frequencies. In this context, baseband is the term's antonym, referring to a single
channel of analog video, typically in composite form with an audio subcarrier. The act of
demodulating converts broadband video to baseband video.

However, broadband video in the context of streaming Internet video has come to mean
video files that have bitrates high enough to require broadband Internet access in order to
view them.

Broadband video is also sometimes used to describe IPTV Video on demand.

In DSL

The various forms of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) services are broadband in the sense
that digital information is sent over a high-bandwidth channel above the baseband voice
channel on a single pair of wires.

In Ethernet

A baseband transmission sends one type of signal using a medium's full bandwidth, as in
100BASE-T Ethernet. Ethernet, however, is the common interface to broadband modems
such as DSL data links, and has a high data rate itself, so is sometimes referred to as
broadband. Ethernet provisioned over cable modem is a common alternative to DSL

BSNL is in the process of commissioning of a world class, multi-gigabit, multi-protocol,


convergent IP infrastructure through National Internet Backbone-II (NIB-II), that will
provide convergent services through the same backbone and broadband access network.
The Broadband service will be available on DSL technology (on the same copper cable
that is used for connecting telephone), on a countrywide basis spanning 198 cities.

In terms of infrastructure for broadband services NIB-II would put India at par with more
advanced nations. The services that would be supported includes always-on broadband
access to the Internet for residential and business customers, Content based services,
Video multicasting, Video-on-demand and Interactive gaming, Audio and Video
conferencing, IP Telephony, Distance learning, Messaging: plain and feature rich, Multi-
site MPLS VPNs with Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. The subscribe will be able to
access the above services through Subscriber Service Selection System (SSSS)portal.

OBJECTIVES
• To provide high speed Internet connectivity (upto 8 Mbps)
• To provide Virtual Private Network (VPN) service to the broadband customers
• To provide dial VPN service to MPLS VPN customers.
• To provide multicast video services, video-on-demand, etc. through the
Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS).
• To provide a means to bill for the aforesaid services by either time-based or
volume-based billing. It shall provide the customer with the option to select the
services through web server
• To provide both pre-paid and post paid broadband services.

TECHNICAL CAPABILITY
The Broadband Service will be given through the state of the art Multi Protocol Label
Switching (MPLS) based IP Infrastructure, which is designed to provide reliable
routes to cover all possible destinations within and outside the country. Layer 1 of the
network will consist of a high speed Backbone comprising of 24 powerful Core
Routers connected with high speed 2.5 Gbps (STM-16) links. The routers are located
on the national DWDM network interfacing at STM-16 optical level to provide for
high transmission speeds.

Advantage of MPLS over other Technologies


MPLS VPN is a technology that allows a service provider like BSNL to have complete
control over parameters that are critical to offering its customers service guarantees with
regard to bandwidth throughputs, latencies and availability.

Services available through Broadband


• High speed Internet Access: This is the always-on Internet access service with
speed ranging from 256 kbps to 8 Mbps.
• Bandwidth on Demand: This will facilitate customer to change bandwidth as per
his / her requirement. For example a customer with 256 kbps can change to 1
Mbps during the video Conferencing session.
• Multicasting: This is to provide video multicast services for application in
distance education, telemedicine etc
• Dial VPN Service: This service allows remote users to access their private
network securely over the NIB-II infrastructure.
• Video and Audio Conferencing:
• Content based Services: Like Video on Demand, Interactive Gaming, Live and
time shifted TV

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