Tectonic and Structural Controls to Porphyry

and Epithermal Mineralization in Cenozoic

Magmatic Arcs of SE Asia and the W Pacific

STEVE GARWIN
Independent Consultant
sgar@iinet.net.au Grasberg, 24 Mt Cu / 2560 t Au

AIG Annual Meeting – Keynote Lecture

27th May, 2013 Sanur - Bali, Indonesia
Cenozoic Magmatic Arcs and Au-(Cu) Deposits
of SE Asia and W Pacific

>10 M Oz Au Resource
> 5 M Oz Au Resource
(Garwin et al., 2005)
 Gold and Copper Contents (%, metric tonnes)
of Deposit Styles in SE Asia & W Pacific

3 2 6

Au 2
15

Cu

28 Deposits > 5 M Oz Au (Garwin et al., 2005)

 GOLD AND COPPER - GOLD DEPOSITS
Average Gold Grade (g/t Au) SOUTHEAST ASIA

Low- and intermediate-sulfidation

classifications for data in this plot
were made by Garwin in 2002;
the classifications were revised
by Garwin et al. (2005).

Deposit Size (million tonnes)

 Porphyry and Epithermal Deposits
Controls to Mineralization: SE Asia – W Pacific

• Neogene to Pleistocene magmatic activity

• Subduction slab discontinuity (e.g., kinks / tears)
• Fault inversion along collisional margin (New Guinea)
• Arc-transverse fault zone(s) that control magmatism
& sedimentation – structural link to the mantle
• Region of contraction / uplift / exhumation
• Structural settings favorable to focus heat-
and fluid-flow (e.g., stress-transition regime)
SE Asia Tectonic Elements, Cenozoic Magmatic Arcs and Large Porphyry
and Epithermal Deposits Shown on Sea-floor Bathymetry and DEM
 Digital Elevation Model and Bathymetry of Indonesia
105°00’E 115°00’E 125°00’E 135°00’E

0°00’ 0°00’
Investigator Ridge

10°00’S 10°00’S

Roo Rise

105°00’E 115°00’E 125°00’E 135°00’E

DEM USGS EROS Data Centre Elevation Bathymetry

250 meter resolution 0m
2000m
200m
B a t h y m e t r y NOAA-AVHRR Sandwell database 1000m 0 400 800
1000 meter resolution 3000m
200m KM
50m
0m
Indonesian Region – Tectonic Elements
>10 M Oz Au Resource
> 5 M Oz Au Resource
 Indonesian Region – Tectonic Elements
>10 M Oz Au Resource
> 5 M Oz Au Resource

Interpretation of tectonic elements for the Indonesian region, after Garwin et al. (2005). Tectonic
elements and lineaments are interpreted from digital topography models, satellite gravity and bathymetry,
and Radarsat (ERS) data described by Garwin (2000), and reflect compilation and modification of the
results of Hamilton (1979), McCaffrey (1988 and 1996), Hutchison (1989), Garwin (1996), Hall (1996),
Simandjuntuk and Barber (1996), and Snyder et al. (1996). The magmatic arcs and orogenic belts are
modified from Hamilton (1979), Hutchison (1989), Carlile and Mitchell (1994), and Garwin (1996, 2000).
Indonesian Region – Earthquake Hypocenters (1973-2010)
>10 M Oz Au Resource
> 5 M Oz Au Resource

Mw > 4.0 (hypocenters above depth of 25 km are not shown)

 Indonesian Region – Gold and Copper Deposits

Martabe

>10 M Oz Au Resource
> 5 M Oz Au Resource
 Indonesian Region – Gold and Copper Deposits

Martabe

>10 M Oz Au Resource
> 5 M Oz Au Resource
Major gold and copper districts, deposits and prospects of the Indonesian region (after Garwin, 2000). The magmatic
arcs and orogenic belts are modified from Hamilton (1979), Hutchison (1989), Carlile and Mitchell (1994) and Garwin
(1996). The tectonic features and lineaments are interpreted from the digital elevation model, AVHRR, satellite gravity,
bathymetry and Radarsat (ERS) databases and reflect the results of previous authors, such as Hamilton (1979),
McCaffrey (1988, 1996), Hutchison (1989), Pulunggono (1993), Garwin (1996), Hall (1996), Simandjuntuk and Barber
(1996) and Snyder et al. (1996).
 INDONESIAN REGION TECTONIC ELEMENTS &
PORPHYRY DEPOSITS

Toba
30o
40o
Martabe

EQ
<300km
EQ
>600km
T. Bukit >70o
Krakatoa 60o
 EAST SUNDA & BANDA ARCS, INDONESIA
EARTHQUAKE FAULT PLANE SOLUTIONS
Hypocenter depths < 30 km

Batu Hijau
T Bukit
Elang

55o
Roo 65o
Rise 500 km

N15oE subduction at 7 cm/yr. 2 - 3 mm/yr E-W extension on strike-slip faults.

(Modified from McCaffrey, 1988)

East Sunda Arc
Metal Deposits, Geology, DEM / Bathymetry

Roo Rise
(Maryono and Setijadji, 2012)
Simplified Geology of Sumbawa
Differential Exhumation

Least uplifted
Eastern block
Western block
Soripesa

Hu’ u
Central block
Elang
Most uplifted
 INTRUSION-RELATED MINERALIZATION & TECTONICS

Uplift

Amphibole

Crustal-scale arc-transverse fault system occurs in the arc above a kink,

or tear, in the subducting slab

Rapid rise of asthenospheric melts and efficient release of mineralizing

fluids at high crustal-levels
Tectonic Framework of Luzon, Philippines

100 km

60o

Uplift from
~ 4 Ma
30o
(Garwin et al., 2005)
70o
Scarborough Seamounts

>10 M Oz Au Resource
Sea-floor Bathymetry of Luzon, Philippines

Vigan High

Lepanto - FSE

Stuart Bank Baguio

Sto. Thomas

Scarborough Seamounts
Papua New Guinea and Papua, Indonesia
Au – (Cu) Deposits and Settings

(Garwin et al., 2005)

Golpu

>10 M Oz Au Resource
> 5 M Oz Au Resource
Papua New Guinea
Basement Faults and Cross-Sructures

>10 M Oz Au Resource

(Gow and Walshe, 2005)

Neogene Thrust Inversion of Mesozoic Extensional
Faults in Cratonic Basement – Porgera Example (6-5 Ma)

(Hill et al., 2002)

Geodynamic Model for Structural Setting to Pliocene
Cu-Au Deposits in Papuan Fold Belt of New Guinea

(Hill et al., 2002)

EXHUMATION RATES - OROGENIC REGIONS
Exhumation Rate (mm/ yr) West Solomon Is:
8 mm/yr (50 K yrs)
Alpine Fault, NZ:
7-8 mm/yr (14 K yrs)
Longitudinal Valley
Fault, E. Taiwan:
23 mm/yr (8 yrs - now)

Boso, Japan
Alps, Italy
Alpine Fault,
NZ
Roti Island

Batu Hijau Grasberg

Kupang
Atauro Island Semau Island
Alpine Fault,
NZ

Duration (mybp to present)

 Porphyry and Epithermal Deposits
Favorable Geological – Structural Settings: SE Asia

• Dilational zones in long-lived fault systems

• Basement high / dome / anticline / horst-block
• Batholith / horst margins in zones of low mean-stress
• Dike swarms as paleo-stress indicators
-orientation, composition and age
• Thin, young cover sequences in arc-transverse belts
- volc-sed basins, alt magmatic centers, po intrusions
• Mineralized rock fragments in cover sequences
 Simplified Geology – Batu Hijau, SW Sumbawa

EXPLANATION

IT
Volcano-sedimentary Rocks A
N

A
Alluvium

R
5 kilometers
Quaternary

T
S
Coral reef

S
A
Plio- Andesitic domes and dykes 9 020 000N

L
A
Pleistocene Volcaniclastic rocks

Late Miocene- Limestones Symbols

Early Pliocene Dacitic volcaniclastic Quartz vein zone
Andesitic volcaniclastics Fault
Topographic lineament
Volcanic conglomerate Batu Hijau ultimate pit
Volcanic lithic breccia 25
Bedding
Early to
Middle Miocene Limestone
Volcanic sandstone BATU HIJAU
Undiff volcanics volcaniclastics

Intrusions 9°00'S

Mid- Pliocene Diatreme

Tonalite porphyry
Porphyritic tonalite
Quartz diorite
B
Undifferentiated quartz diorite INDIAN OCEAN
Late Miocene Phyric andesite
480 000E 117°00'E 500 000E
 Schematic Cross Section - SW Sumbawa

A N20oW S20oE B
c volcaniclastic seque
2 4 KM
daciti nce 2
1 1

0 km 0 km
-1 -1
-2 -2

Volcano-sedimentary Rocks Intrusions

Quaternary Alluvium Mid-Pliocene Tonalite porphyry
Plio-Pleistocence Volcaniclastic rocks Porphyritic tonalite
Late Miocence to Limestone Eg quartz diorite
Early Pliocene Dacitic volcaniclastics
Late Miocene Phyric andesite
Early to Middle Volcanic lithic breccia
Miocene
Limestone Fault
Volcanic sandstone
Batu Hijau District Geophysical Signature -
Airborne Magnetics

NAGA
EMAS
 Hishikari, Southern Kyushu
5.5 MT @ 55 g/t Au (1996)
500 m
Cr-Sm
Andesite Il-Sm
Qz-Sm

Andesitic Pyroclastics
Dacite
Mine Section

NW Regional Section SE

Izawa et al., 1990

Hishikari
Cross-Section B-B’
NW SE

Gravity High

Andesite

Cr-Sm Dacite
Qz-Sm

Il-Sm
Ch-Se

Basement Siliciclastic Rocks

Izawa et al., 1990

Hishikari
Honko
vein
Greywacke High > 100 g/t Au
system basement Medium / Low =
“confidential”
 Porphyry and Epithermal Deposits
Controls to Mineralization: SE Asia – W Pacific

• Neogene to Pleistocene magmatic activity

• Subduction slab discontinuity (e.g., kinks / tears)
• Fault inversion along collisional margin (New Guinea)
• Arc-transverse fault zone(s) that control magmatism
& sedimentation – structural link to the mantle
• Region of contraction / uplift / exhumation
• Structural settings favorable to focus heat-
and fluid-flow (e.g., stress-transition regime)
BATU HIJAU MINE
2011

Looking southwest
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