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VCC (8)
D3 10KΩ
AC R5
INPUT D
1 Q1 Q3 Q5
VO (6)
(3)
R6 Q8
Q2 Q4 Q6
VCC
22K 1 8
4.7KΩ
115V D1 D2 D3
A-C 6
INPUT
3 (B)
5
7
(A)
Photo Photo
Diode (A) Diode
(Pin 7) (Pin 7)
Input Input
60Hz AC Waveform 60Hz AC Waveform
NOTE: Normal specified 4mA RMS input current. Output NOTE: Below normal specified 4mA RMS input current.
saturated (latched). The 120Hz pulses from the photo- The level of 120Hz pulses from the photodiode are now be-
diode D3 are above the threshold of the amplifier; there- low the input threshold of the amplifier and the pulses ap-
fore, the MID400 output is low anytime the AC current is pear on the output. The output pulse width depends on the
present. AC input drive level.
+5V
VCC MID400
Output
1 8 (B) (Pin 6)
4.7KΩ
22K Photo
(A)
6 Diode
(Pin 7)
115V A-C
INPUT (B)
Input
3
5
Figure 5. Circuit with Addition of Capacitor at Pin 7 Figure 6. Waveforms with Capacitor Added at Pin 7
.10 .10
CAPACITOR
CAPACITANCE (µf)
CAPACITANCE (µf)
CAPACITOR
AUX TO GND
.001 .001
.0006 .0006
.0004 .0004
.0002 .0002
.0001 .0001
1 2 4 6 10 100 1000 1 2 4 6 10 100 1000
T(on), mS T(on), mS
Figure 7. Plot of Capacitance Versus Turn-on Time Figure 8. Plot of Capacitance Versus Turn-off Time
MID400 Interface Circuits using a The 555 output is capable of supplying both sink and source
555 Timer currents up to 200mA. One advantage of using the 555 dis-
charge output pin is that it can be tied to another similar unit
Addition of a 555 Timer at the MID400 output, as shown in to provide the “AND” function. That is both AC inputs to
Figure 9, produces an interface circuit with improved drive both units must be present before the 555 outputs can be
capability and output switching times, and better noise high.
immunity. Figure 10 illustrates these switching time
improvements. Figure 11 shows a circuit which includes a 555 Timer for
shaping of waveforms. This circuit can provide an adjustable
The 555 Timer is basically being used as a SCHMITT trigger delay either at power on or power off. Delay is adjusted by
circuit with well defined input thresholds. The input HIGH the time constant of Rx and Cx. Insertion of diode D1, across
state is 2/3 VCC, +5 volts in this case), and its LOW state is Rx provides either a fast charge and slow discharge of Cx, or
1/3 VCC. a slow charge and fast discharge when diode polarity is
reversed. See waveforms in Figures 12 through 14. Because
The output may be taken from either 555 pin 3 or from pin 7 charge on the capacitor is established by the output of the
discharge point with a pullup resistor. Both these Pins are MID400, the delay will vary according to whether the
high when AC current is applied to the MID400. MID400 is operated in saturated mode or unsaturated mode.
In the unsaturated mode delay will depend upon the ratio of
the pulse ON to OFF time (Duty Factor).
+5V
VCC
1 8
4.7KΩ
22K 8
7 1K
6 6 VCC
THRESH DIS
115V A-C 5 “555”
INPUT 2 3
(B) TRIG OUT OUTPUT HIGH
RESET GRD (C) WITH MID 400
3 4 1 INPUT CURRENT
5
7
(A)
CAUX
555
Output
(C)
MID400
(B) Output
Figure 10. Output Waveforms for TON, TOFF. Pin 7 Auxiliary Input Open Using the 555 Circuit (Fig. 9)
+5V
VCC With D1
Turn on delay
1 8
555
22K (B) 1K (C) Output
4.7K 8
7
6 VCC
DIS
THRESH
115V A-C 6 RX 5 “555” 555
INPUT 2 3 Input
TRIG OUT
RESET GRD (C) (B)
3 D1 Cx 4 1
OUTPUT HIGH
.3µF WITH MID 400
5 INPUT CURRENT
7
(A) AC
Input
555
(C) Output
AC
Input
555
Input
(B)
Horiz = 20mS/cm
Vert. = Uncalibrated
RX = 200KΩ AC
CX = 0.3µF Input
Figure 15 shows a precision delay circuit. Here delay is With the MID400 operated in the saturated mode, the output
provided by using the 555 Timer as a missing pulse detector of the MID400 is low, which turns on the PNP transistor Q1,
or one-shot. The time out is independent of whether the stopping Cx from charging, and the 555 output is high.
MID400 is operated in saturated or unsaturated mode. In
unsaturated mode the Timer is continuously being reset by On AC line failure the MID400 goes high, causing Q1 to turn
the 120Hz pulses from the MID400 and output of the 555 is off and allowing Cx to charge, so that after the required time
high. When an AC line fails, there are no 120 Hz pulses, the the 555 is allowed to go LOW. Refer to the waveform in
555 times out and the output then goes low. Refer to wave- Figure 18.
forms in Figure 16.
By the choice of the time constant RxCx the circuit in either a
A larger capacitor at Cx will increase the time-out period of saturated or unsaturated mode can be made to either respond
the 555 causing it not to detect the missing input cycles as or not respond to one or more AC input cycles as shown in
shown in Figure 17. Figures 16 through 19.
+5V
VCC
RX
≈200KΩ
4.7K 8
22K 8 6 VCC
OUT
THRESH
5
555
6 2 TRIG DISC.
AC INPUT .01 RESET GRD
(B) 4 VCC
5
.1µF OR LARGER
MID400
7 CX
(A) Q1
2N5143
RY ≈10MΩ PNP
555
(C) Threshold (C) 555
Threshold
MID400 MID400
(B) Output (B)
Output
AC AC
Input Input
MID400 MID400
(B) Output Output
AC AC
Input Input
AC LINE
MONITORING UNIT POWER SUPPLY INTERNAL
IMPEDANCE OR OTHER
CIRCUITS WHEN MONITORING
POWER SYSTEM IS “OFF”.
SUPPLY
COMPUTER
+5V GND INPUT
8
MID400
1
RL
AC
DEVICE
6
2
5
In this system it is quite feasible to get an erroneous apparent In some applications additional circuitry may have to be
output from the MID400 if RL is 1000 ohms, or less, and the added to insure fail-safe operation. One such example is the
5V power supply in the monitor system presents a low monitor circuit shown later, Figure 24. There, both voltage
impedance when OFF. The TTL input to the computer might and current are monitored.
appear low due to current being forced through RL and the
low impedance of the OFF 5V power supply. This can be Another interesting condition to consider is operation of the
eliminated by the addition of a diode Dx as shown in MID400 if its LED input diodes are “blown out” by exces-
Figure 21. sive current. In this case the MID400 output will be in the
high state, still indicating an error condition.
MID400
VCC
1 8 DIODE
DX
RL
+5V
6 INTERNAL SUPPLY
IMPEDANCE
3 OR OTHER
CIRCUITS
5
GND
Figure 21. Diode Dx Added to Stop Reverse Current When MID400 + 5V VCC Line is Off
MID400 +5V
+5V
OUTPUT
POWER FAILURE DETECT
+5V +5V
SUPPLY
3.3K
RELAY
IB ≈ 13.5mA
Q1
MID400
Application Circuits being supplied to the load, the output of the “NOR” gate is
high. If the load current drops due to either an open circuit or
Figure 22 shows a circuit for a switching power supply to failure, the output of the “NOR” gate is low.
give advanced warning of power failure to computer, micro-
processor, memory etc., so that an orderly power down If both voltage and current are not present the output is low.
sequence can be initiated. Such a circuit is useful because a Care must be taken in overall systems design to insure fail-
switching power supply inherently provides power storage safe operation is achieved for all possible conditions. This
for a limited period of time after removal of AC input power. topic was discussed previously in this Note.
Figure 23 shows a circuit that allows a relay or solenoid of Figure 25 shows a circuit to monitor a fuse or a circuit
almost any voltage and current rating to be controlled by the breaker. With this circuit, consideration must be given to
MID400. NPN transistor Q1 must have adequate beta and Fail-Safe operation. Note that if the load is a very high
voltage/current ratings for the application. The relay is impedance, there might not be sufficient current to operate
energized when no AC current is flowing in the MID400 the MID400. In other words, the output of MID400 is low on
input diodes. an open fuse or breaker. If VCC to the MID400 is off and the
fuse opens, no MID400 indication will result.
Figure 24 shows a circuit that uses two MlD400s to monitor
both voltage and current. When both voltage and current are
POWER DIODES
115V AC CIRCUIT
LINE BREAKER TO LOAD
TO LOAD
AC INPUT
110V 60Hz 2.4V FUSE
RMS R = 22KΩ
270Ω
1 8
+5V
+5V RL
1K
6
VF
MONITOR
OUTPUT
3
01
110V
POWER
NEUTRAL TO
SYSTEM
110V
02
OUTPUT
01 Ø1 Ø1
110V POWER
POWER Ø2 Ø2 TO
NEUTRAL TO SYSTEM
110V SYSTEM Ø3 Ø3
02 +5VCC
NOR “NOR”
GATE GATE
7402 74
74LS02 RI
MID400 ETC. MID400-#B
RL
GRD OUTPUT
RI
NOTE: Circuit detects failure of either or both phases MID400-#C
R2
≈50V
AC RMS
50V
+5V
AC
INPUT
OUTPUT
MID400
R1 R3
Additional Application Ideas Figure 28 shows a circuit to monitor a three phase line. This
circuit detects a failure on a single phase, as well as all
The following circuits are included for their intrinsic value, phases failing simultaneously. The output from the NOR gate
but may need further refining for use in a specific applica- is normally high when all phases are present.
tion.
The input current limiting resistor RI is chosen so the
Figure 26 shows a circuit to detect failure of either but not MlD400s operate in saturated mode. If a phase fails, for
both phases on a two phase AC power line. The MID400 example phase Ø1 goes open circuit, this effectively places
output goes LOW when a phase fails. Figure 27 shows a MlD400’s #A and #B in series, causing them now to operate
more complicated circuit that will detect failure of either or in non-saturated mode and produce 120Hz pulses. Therefore
both phases on a two phase line. The NOR gate output stays the output “NOR” gate outputs pulses to indicate phase fail-
HIGH so long as both phases are present, but switches to ure. The output NOR gate is low when there is no power on
LOW if either or both phases fail. any phase.
DISCLAIMER
FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MAKE CHANGES WITHOUT FURTHER NOTICE TO ANY
PRODUCTS HEREIN TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY, FUNCTION OR DESIGN. FAIRCHILD DOES NOT ASSUME ANY
LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF THE APPLICATION OR USE OF ANY PRODUCT OR CIRCUIT DESCRIBED HEREIN; NEITHER
DOES IT CONVEY ANY LICENSE UNDER ITS PATENT RIGHTS, NOR THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS.
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems 2. A critical component is any component of a life support
which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, device or system whose failure to perform can be
or (b) support or sustain life, or (c) whose failure to perform reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support
when properly used in accordance with instructions for use device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.
provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to
result in significant injury to the user.
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