Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Disusun Oleh :
Arif Hanif Hidayat
22016303
BANDUNG
2017
1. Fine some definitions of soil from many different viewpoints, such as the
soil scientist, geographers, geotechnical engineer, rock mechanics expert
and geologist. Explain why there are still so such different in defining the
soil. Please submit at least two-page summary.
2. Explain a typical progression of soil profile development from parent
rocks into O horizon.
3. What do you think about the following figure regarding soil formation
processes (Wesley, 2010)? Please submit at least one page critical review.
1. Fine some definitions of soil from many different viewpoints, such as the
soil scientist, geographers, geotechnical engineer, rock mechanics
expert and geologist. Explain why there are still so such different in
defining the soil. Please submit at least two-page summary.
Soil scientist
The Earth's dynamic skin: Did you know, soils are the dynamic skin of the Earth,
formed by the interaction of minerals, organic materials, organisms, water and air”
Although soils may look uniform in the hand, at microscopic level they consist of
complex structures of solid grains separated by pores, channels and chambers. The solids are
chemically active and are slowly, but continually changing in composition and shape. The
spaces between these grains (pores) are filled with constantly changing mixtures of air and
water and are inhabited by huge numbers of microscopic organisms.
Vasily Dokuchaiev
The soil as a natural bodyhaving its own genesis and its own history of development, a body
with complex andmultiform processes taking place within it. The soil is considered as
different frombedrock. The latter becomes soil under the influence of a series of soil-
formingfactors--climate, vegetation, country, relief and age. According to him, soil shouldbe
called the "daily" or outward horizons of rocks regardless of the type;they are changed
naturally by the common effect of water, air and various kinds ofliving and dead organisms.
Geologist
P.A.Kostychev
The outstanding soil-science specialist, P.A.Kostychev (1892), in developing the theory of
soil, attaches special importance tobiological factors. He considers the soil as a botanist and
not as a geologist. Onthe question of the origin of the chernozem, Kostychev attributes the
most essentialrole to plants and microbes. He writes that chernozem formation is involved
withthe geography and physiology of higher plants as well an that of lower ones
whichperform the decomposition of organic matter. The accumulation of soil humus
dependson the intensity and completeness of the decomposition of plant residues, the
rootsand the parts which are above the ground. In these processes Kostychev identifiesthe
most important role with microscopic creatures-fungi and bacteria. Being anexcellent
microbiologist he carried out interesting experiments on the decompositionof organic matter
and the formation of humus. The experiments showed that in differentcases the decay of plant
residues began in a different way. Sometimes bacteria inhabitdecaying matter first, and
sometimes fungi emerge first. Various parts of the samedecaying matter decompose
differently, in one part one organism multiplies and nearit an entirely different organism may
be found. It is further pointed out that variousforms of decomposition change consecutively
according to changes in the propertiesof the decaying substance.
Djauhari Noor
Pada dasarnya tanah adalah lapisan yang menyeliputi bumi antara litosfer (batuan yang
membentuk kerak bumi) and atmosfir. Tanah adalah tempat tumbuhnya tanaman dan
mendukung hewan dan manusia. Tanah berasal dari pelapukan batuan dengan bantuan
tanaman dan organisme, membentuk tubuh unik yang menyelaputi lapisan batuan. Proses
pembentukan tanah dikenal sebagai pedogenesis. Proses yang unik ini membentuk tanah
sebagai tubuh alam yang terdiri atas lapisan-lapisan atau disebut sebagai horizon. Setiap
horizon dapat menceritakan mengenai asal dan proses-proses fisika, kimia dan biologi yang
telah dilalui tubuh tanah tersebut. Secara umum, komposisi material tanah berbeda sama
sekali dengan material induknya, terutama perberbedaan dalam sifat saift fisik, kimia,
mineralogi dan morfologinya. Hampir semua tanah mempunyai densitas berkisar antara 1 dan
2 g/cm³. Tanah juga diketahui sebagai bumi, karena merupakan nama dari planit bumi kita.
Hanya sedikit tanah yang terdapat dimuka bumi yang berumur lebih tua dari Tersier, dan
kebanyakan tanah tidak lebih tua dari Pleistosen.
2. Explain a typical progression of soil profile development from parent
rocks into O horizon.
Gambar 2 Profil Tanah, Solum, Pedon dan Polipedon Oleh Dr Ir Sarwono Hardjowigeno
Horison. O. lapisan tanah yang didominasi bahan organik, gelap, sebagai tumpukan sisa
tanaman
O1 Bentuk asli sisa-sisa tanaman masih terlihat.
O2 Bentuk asli sisa-sisa tanaman tidak terlihat.
Horison. A.
Horison di permukaan tanah yang terdiri dari campuran bahan organik dan bahan mineral.
Merupakan horison eluviasi yaitu horison yang mengalami pencucian.
- Horison mineral yang terbentuk di bawah hor. O
- memperlihatkan hilangnya struktur batuan asli
- akumulasi bahan organik, terhumuskan dan bercampur mineral.
- mempunyai sifat yang menunjukkan akibat pengolahan tanah.
A1 Bahan mineral campur dengan humus, berwarna gelap.
A2 Horison dimana terdapat pencucian/ eluviasi maksimum terhadap tanah liat, Fe,
bahan organik.
A3 Horison Peralihan ke B.
Horison. B
Horison iluviasi (penimbunan) dari bahan-bahan yang tercuci di atasnya (liat, Fe, Al, bahan
organik).
- horison mineral di bawah hor. A, E, atau O
- struktur batuan asli hilang
- penimbunan klei, silkat, Fe, Al, gipsum, karbonat, atau campurannya
- adanya gejala pemindahan atau penambahan senyawa karbonat
- konsentrasi oksida-oksida secara residual
- penyeliputan sesquioksida
-alterasi yang menghasilkan klei silikat atau membebaskan oksida-oksida atau
keduanya, struktur granuler dan gumpal
B1 Peralihan dari A-B
B2 Penimbunan (iluviasi)
B3 Peralihan ke C
Horison. C
Batuan Induk, sedikit terlapuk
- lapisan mineral di bawah hor. A, E, atau O
- bukan batuan yang keras
- sudah terpengaruh pedogenesis
- tidak memiliki sifat-sifat pada hor O, A, E, dan B
- sediment atau saprolit
- digali tidak sulit
Horison. R.
- batuan dasar tersementasi kuat atau sampai mengeras
- granit, diorit, basal, batu gamping, dll..
- digali sangat sulit
- kompak
3. What do you think about the following figure regarding soil formation
processes (Wesley, 2010)? Please submit at least one page critical
review.
Das, B. M. (2008): Advanced Soil Mechanis, 3rd Edition, Taylor and Francis 270 Madison
Ave, New York, United State America.
Hardiyatmo, H. C. (2006): Penangan Tanah Longsor dan Erosi, Gadjah Mada University
Press, Yogyakarta.
Hardjowigeno, S. (1987): Ilmu Tanah, Mediyatama Sarana Perkasa Press, Jakarta.
Murthy, V. N. S (2007): Geotechnical Engineering Principles and Practice of Soil
Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Ave,
New York, United State America.
Smith, G. N (1998): Element of Soil Mechanics, 7th Edition, The Cambride University Press,
United Kingdom
Verruijt, A. (2006): Offshore Soil Mechanics, Delft University of Technology Holland,
Nederland.
Wesley, L. D. (2012): Mekanika Tanah Untuk Tanah Endapan dan Residu,
ANDIPUBLISHER, Yogyakarta.