Full Text 01

An Energy-Balancing Unequal
Clustering Algorithm for Multi-hop

Routing in WSN
Sheima Hassan Elamin Hamed

January 2013
This thesis is presented as part of

Degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering
Blekinge Institute of Technology

School of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
Supervisor: Professor Wlodek Kulesza
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Abstract
Energy saving is a critical issue in Wireless Sensor Networks as they have limited
amount of energy and no rechargeable batteries. Clustering plays an effective role in
utilization and saving of the limited energy resources of the deployed sensor nodes,
where nodes are grouped into clusters and one node, called the cluster head is
responsible for collecting data from other nodes, aggregates them and sends them to the
BS, where data can be retrieved later. In multi-hop communication, the cluster head
farthest away from the BS routes its data over several hops until they reach the BS. A
network portioning problem arises when the nodes that are very close to the BS
burdened with heavy relay traffic load and therefore die much faster than others.
In this research we introduced a new unequal size clustering algorithm that balances
the energy consumption among all clusters, where each cluster will have an optimal
number of nodes, clusters that are close to the BS will have few number of nodes to be
able to save energy for inter cluster communication compared to the ones that are far
from the BS, that have large number of nodes. This optimal clustering algorithm helps to
balance energy and prolong the life time of nodes. Simulation results show that our
unequal clustering mechanism balances the energy consumption well among all nodes
and it achieves an obvious improvement on the network lifetime
Key words:
Multi-hop routing, Energy balancing, Linear optimization, Network lifetime, Unequal
clustering, Wireless Sensor Networks
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Table of Contents
Abstract .............................................................................................................................................................. 3
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................ 4
Glossary .............................................................................................................................................................. 7
Chapter One...................................................................................................................................................... 8
Introduction and Review of Related Works ........................................................................................ 8
1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 9
1.2 Review of related work .......................................................................................................... 11
1.3 Problem statement, research questions and main contribution ........................ 13
Chapter Two ...................................................................................................................................................15
A novel algorithm of the unequal clustering balancing energies for inter and intra
cluster communication ..............................................................................................................................15
2.1 Overview of clustering techniques ................................................................................... 16
2.1.1 Hierarchical clustering (Connectivity based clustering) .................................... 16
2.1.2 Data centric clustering ..................................................................................................... 17
2.2 Energy model of a wireless sensor ...................................................................................... 18
2.3 The proposed algorithm .......................................................................................................... 20
2.3.1 Energy balancing layered model.................................................................................. 21
2.3.2 Multi-hop data transmission ......................................................................................... 22
Chapter Three .................................................................................................................................................28
Validation of the algorithm and simulation results ......................................................................28
3.1 Simulation Setup and Scenarios ........................................................................................... 29
3.2 Validation of the proposed method ..................................................................................... 31
3.3 Validation and simulation results for other scenarios ................................................. 34
3.3.1 First scenario (variation of number of nodes) ....................................................... 34
3.3.2 Second scenario (variation of the maximum radius)........................................... 39
3.3.3 Third scenario (variation of the maximum angle) ................................................ 44
3.3.4 Fourth scenario (variation of number of clusters (M))....................................... 49
Chapter Four ...................................................................................................................................................54
Conclusion and future work .....................................................................................................................54
4.1 Conclusion and future work ................................................................................................ 55
References ......................................................................................................................................................56
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List of figures
Figure 1: Network illustration of single hop and Multi-hop routing in WSN. ..................................................................................... 17
Figure 2: Diagram shows the first order radio model equations. ............................................................................................................ 18
Figure 3 Flow chart illustrating the Gradient Descent minimization algorithm ................................................................................ 21
Figure 4: Illustration of geometry of three cluster network ........................................................................................................................ 26
Figure 5: Flowchart of the proposed optimal clustering algorithm ......................................................................................................... 27
Figure 6: Random deployment of 250 nodes in a circle section area, ........................................... 30
Figure 7: Initial equal radius cluster formation of the network (M=3, Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=250). ........................... 32
Figure 8: New optimal clusters formation (M=3, Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=250). ...................................................................... 32
Figure 9: Life time of the network after applying the equal clustering (M=3, Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=250). ............ 33
Figure 10: Life time of the network after applying the proposed clustering algorithm (M=3, Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad,
N=250). .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 33
Figure 11: Initial equal radius cluster formation of the network (M=3, Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=100). ........................... 35
Figure 12: New optimal clusters formation (M=3, Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=100)........................................................................ 35
Figure 13: Life time of the network after applying the equal clustering (M=3, Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=100). ............. 36
Figure 14: Life time of the network after applying the optimal clustering (M=3, Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=100). ........ 36
Figure 15: Initial equal radius cluster formation of the network (M=3, Rmax =150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=500). .......................... 37
Figure 16: New optimal clusters formation (M=3, Rmax =150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=500). ..................................................................... 37
Figure 17: Life time of the network after applying the equal clustering (M=3, Rmax =150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=500)............. 38
Figure 18: Life time of the network after applying the optimal clustering (M=3, Rmax =150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=500). ....... 38
Figure 19: Initial equal radius cluster formation of the network (M=3, Rmax =50m, θ=π/6 rad, N=250). ............................. 40
Figure 20: New optimal clusters formation (M=3, R=50m, θ=π/6, N=250)......................................................................................... 40
Figure 21: Life time of the network after applying the equal clustering (M=3, Rmax =50m, θ=π/6 rad, N=250). .............. 41
Figure 22: Life time of the network after applying the equal clustering (M=3, Rmax =50m, θ=π/6 rad, N=250). .............. 41
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List of tables
Table I: Initial Simulation Parameters .................................................................................................................. 30
Table II: Optimal radiuses of the new unequal cluster formation (M=3, R=150m, θ=π/6, N=250)
............................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Table III: Optimal cluster radiuses for different network parameters (first scenario) .................... 34
Table IV: Optimal cluster radiuses for different network parameters (second scenario) .............. 39
Table V: Optimal cluster radiuses for different network parameters (third scenario) .................... 44
Table VI: Optimal cluster radiuses for different network parameters (Fourth scenario, M=2) ... 49
Table VII: Optimal cluster radiuses for different network parameters (Fourth scenario, M=4) .. 49
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Glossary
Term Description
Base station (BS) An information processing center where all data that have
been sensed by the sensor nodes are collected, processed
and stored for later retrieval.
Cluster It is a group of nodes in a network that are grouped
together to reduce energy consumption during data
transmission.
Cluster Head (CH) It is a node responsible for collecting data from other
nodes, aggregates them and sends them to the base
station where they can be retrieved later.
Homogeneous It means that sensor nodes are having uniform structure
and of the same or similar nature.
Inter-Cluster Data reception and transmission between clusters.
communication
Intra-Cluster Data reception and transmission within one cluster.
communication
Network Lifetime The lifetime of a network is the active time of the network
until the first node runs out of energy.
Residual Energy Energy that remains in nodes’ batteries.
Rounds A round comprises of a set up phase (cluster organization,
CH role rotation) and a steady state phase (data collection,
data aggregation and data forwarding).
Wireless Sensor Network Large number of micro-sensors that communicate
wirelessly and bring themselves together to form a
network.
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Chapter One
Introduction and Review of Related Works
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1.1 Introduction
Rapid advances in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have enabled densely

deployment of nodes. WSNs are an emerging technology that consists of large number
of low cost, low power sensor nodes; a sensor node, an electronic device that is capable
of detecting environmental conditions. Those sensor nodes can be deployed randomly
to perform many applications such as monitoring physical events, for example
environmental monitoring, battlefield surveillance, disaster relief, target tracking, etc.
and they work together to form a wireless network.
A typical node of a WSN is equipped with four components [19]: a sensor that
performs the sensing of required events in a specific field, a radio transceiver that
performs radio transmission and reception, a microcontroller: which is used for data
processing and a battery that is a power unit providing energy for operation.
The limited energy given to each node, supplied from non-rechargeable batteries,
with no form of recharging after deployment is one of the most crucial problems in
WSN. Many routing protocols have been proposed for WSNs. Most of the hierarchical
algorithms proposed for WSNs concentrate mainly on maximizing the lifetime of the
network by trying to minimize the energy consumption [19].
Researchers agreed that clustering of nodes in wireless sensor networks is an

effective program of energy conservation [20]. Clustering is defined as the grouping of
similar objects or the process of finding a natural association among some specific
objects or data [6]. In WSN it is used to minimize the number of nodes that take part in
long distance data transmission to a BS, what leads to lowering of total energy
consumption of the system [21].
Clustering reduces the amount of transmitted data by grouping similar nodes

together and electing one node as a cluster head, where aggregation of data is
performed to avoid redundancy and communication load caused by multiple adjacent
nodes, then sending the aggregated data to the next cluster head or to the BS, where it is
processed, stored and retrieved.
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In any clustering organization intra-cluster communication as well as inter-cluster
communication can be single hop or multi-hop [1]. However, the hot spot and network
partitioning arises when using multi-hop routing in inter-cluster communications.
Because the cluster heads close to the BS, are burdened with heavy relayed traffic that
will make them die faster than other cluster heads, resulting in loss of coverage of
sensing.
To effectively prolong the life time of network sensors, the network should be
designed carefully to be energy efficient. Many of the previous clustering algorithms
organize the network into equal size clusters; however, the problems of unbalanced
energy consumption exist. We proposed an unequal size clustering algorithm that
results in more uniform energy dissipation among cluster heads and prolongs the life
time of the whole network.
This thesis consists of four chapters, Chapter One consists of an introduction to the
WSN and a review of related works; the problem statement, research questions, and
main contributions are also discussed. Chapter Two describes the network model and
details of the proposed algorithm. The validation and simulation results of the proposed
algorithm were shown in Chapter Three. Chapter Four concludes the report.
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1.2 Review of related work
During last few years many unequal clustering algorithms have been proposed for
Wireless Sensor Networks as an efficient way for balancing the energy consumption and
prolonging the lifetime of the networks. Here we mention some of the most relevant
clustering algorithms.
Chengfa Li et al., proposed an energy efficient unequal clustering algorithm (EEUC),

where several cluster heads are selected to compete for final cluster heading based on
residual energy of each node [1]. EEUC calculates a competition radius (Rcomp) for each
node, which is a function of its distance to the BS, where there are no two competitive
nodes within the same competition radius. Node’s competition radius should decrease
as its distance to the BS decreases; the result is that clusters closer to the BS are
expected to have smaller cluster sizes. Voronoi diagram of sensor nodes is then
constructed.
Heinemann et al. [20] described the LEACH protocol as a hierarchical self-organized

cluster based approach for monitoring applications. The data collection area is
randomly divided into clusters. LEACH uses Time Division Multiple Access scheme
(TDMA), to transmit data from the sensor nodes to the CH. Then the CH aggregates the
data and transmits them to the next CH or to the BS for processing. The cluster heads
rotate randomly and a re-clustering is performed at the beginning of each round.
Gong et al. [2], suggested multi-hop routing protocol with unequal clustering
(MRPUC). Nodes that have the largest residual energy are selected as CHs. After
calculating the maximum distance between the nodes and the BS and using a predefined
values for the maximum and minimum cluster radius, MRPUC calculates the cluster
radiuses of all nodes. If the node’s distance to the nearest CH is less than its cluster
radius, then the node will join that cluster.
Another clustering algorithm was discussed in [3]. The authors analyzed an approach
called unequal clustering size (UCS) where the network is organized into clusters of
different sizes, by controlling the number of nodes in every cluster with respect to the
number of nodes in next cluster. Thus the position of the cluster head is determined a
priori.
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Wei Li [8], proposed a geometric programming approach, he suggested an iterative
method for solving the geometric programming by selecting the optimal location of
cluster heads. The optimum mentioned in his proposal refers to minimizing energy
consumption under certain constrains.
Tashtarian et al. [5] developed energy efficient level based and time based clustering
algorithm that has the ability of forming unequal size clusters related to the lower and
upper boundaries of each energy level. The network is divided into radial levels based
on the energy saved in each cluster. This energy is defined as the difference between
energy used by cluster head when using single hop and multi hop communication
models. Based on this saved energy, some clusters expand their sizes to cover some
extra nodes instead.
A Degree and Size based Clustering Approach (DASCA) is another distributed

clustering strategy introduced by Venkataraman et al. [7]. It restricts the number of
nodes in each cluster and limits the number of next hop neighbors of a node in a cluster
for achieving load balance in the network. Clusters are formed based on energy spent
to communicate with the farthest next hop neighbor and the total energy spent on each
link of its next hop neighbors which are calculated in the first step of the algorithm.
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1.3 Problem statement, research questions and main
contribution
Researches that have been done on the area of energy consumption in WSN show that
about 70% of the energy is being consumed during the data transmission phase.
Therefore, the data transmission process should be optimized and an efficient data
aggregation should take place to avoid redundancy caused by adjacent sensor nodes.
Network architectures, applications and deployment strategies have to be designed to
maintain energy consumption and to prolong the life time of the network.
In general, each cluster head spends its energy on intra-cluster communication

which increases proportionally with the number of nodes within a cluster, while other
amount of the energy is spent on inter-cluster communication and it is a function of the
expected amount of information relayed from further clusters. Hot spots and network
partitioning are major problems that result from limited energy resources in WSN. In a
multi hop routing when cluster heads cooperate with each other to forward their data
to the BS, the cluster heads closer to the BS are burdened with heavy relay and tend to
die early due to the continuous many-to-one traffic pattern.[1]
 The research question that arises in respect to the mentioned problem can be
formulated as:
How to perform unequal clustering process in order to balance the energy

consumption and to avoid those CHs closer to the BS die quicker than those which are
far from the BS due to large intra-cluster communication?
 The hypothesis, that answers the research question is:
As a possible solution for this problem, we proposed to model the WSN field as a circle
section where the position of nodes are located in polar coordinates system by radius
and angle and to define cluster sizes by inner and utter boundaries and finally to
calculate the unequal clusters’ size using an optimization algorithm balancing energy
consumption between inter and intra cluster communication resulting in longer WSN
life time.
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 The main contributions of this thesis are:
In this thesis we investigated energy balancing and network life time maximization. A
new energy efficient clustering algorithm that balances the energy consumption among
CHs of WSN by dividing the network into unequal size clusters was proposed, based on
mathematical calculations; number of nodes in each cluster, the average distance
between cluster members and their corresponding CHs and the distance between the
adjacent CHs can be expressed as functions of clusters’ radiuses. The energy
consumption will be optimized and the different clusters’ radiuses can be obtained.
Cluster head selection and rotation is then done based on the highest residual energy.
Simulation was performed in MATLAB, and for the validation of the proposed algorithm
the simulation was ran for different network parameters and results were analyzed
based on an analytical approach.
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Chapter Two
A novel algorithm of the unequal clustering
balancing energies for inter and intra cluster
communication
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2.1 Overview of clustering techniques
Clustering is the task of dividing objects into groups called clusters, those objects
has to be similar in a way or another. In WSN, clustering techniques are applied to
solve the challenges encountered in WSN as a result of constrained energy supplies,
communication range and bandwidth capabilities. In large scale WSN, clustering is
an effective technique for the purpose of improving the utilization of limited energy
and prolonging the network lifetime. [19].
Communication within one cluster as well as communication between different

clusters can take place as combination of single hop and multi- hop as illustrated in
Figure 1.
In single hop communications, each sensor node can directly reaches the BS. While in
multi- hop communications, nodes are forced to route their data over several hops until
the data reaches the BS; due to the transmission range limitations. However, the single
hop transmission from the CHs to the BS is not scalable because of limitation of the
maximum transmission range.
However, both models face the unavoidable of unbalanced energy consumption

among different sensor nodes, leading to hotspot and network partitions problems.
Clustering algorithms differ with respect to the metrics they use for cluster control such
as energy, lifetime calculations, hops, distance from the cluster head and also the type of
controls such as centralized or distributed [7].
In this chapter we will discuss some of the clustering strategies.
2.1.1 Hierarchical clustering (Connectivity based clustering)
Hierarchical clustering approach breaks the network into several clustered layers
[15], data travels from a lower clustered layer to a higher clustered layer. Data is first
aggregated but as it moves from one node to another it covers greater distances that
helps the data to reach the BS faster, thus reducing travel time and latency [16]. A good
example of the hierarchical clustering algorithms is Low Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy (LEACH).
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2.1.2 Data centric clustering
Data centric clustering is designed to find shortest distance between pairs of nodes
[13]; it aggregates data and sends it from different recourses to a destination using
named data. Since assigning global identifiers to every sensor nodes in a WSN may not
be feasible due to the huge number, nodes are addressed by their locations, proximity,
or capability rather than a globally unique identifier. It has been shown that data-centric
clustering offers an obvious performance gain over a wide range of operational
scenarios.
Figure 1: Network illustration of single hop and Multi-hop routing in WSN.
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2.2 Energy model of a wireless sensor
In all WSN organizations, the wireless communication element of a sensor node is
responsible for the most of energy wastage activities. Energy cost of transmission and
reception of data can be evaluated using a simple model for the radio hardware energy
dissipation as illustrated in Figure 2 [20].
Antenna
k-bit packet Transmit Electronics Transmit Amplifier
Eelect * k Eamp * d2*k d
Antenna
k-bit packet Receiver Electronics
Eelect * k
Figure 2: Diagram shows the first order radio model equations.
Depending on a distance d between the transmitter and receiver, the energy required
transmitting and receiving a k –bit packet over the distance can be expressed as stated
in the equations 2.1 and 2.2 respectively where both the free space and the multi-path
fading channel models are used in the model:
( ) ( )
(2.1)
{
Likewise, the energy consumed to receive this message is shown in:
( ) (2.2)
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where:
- energy dissipated per bit at transmitter;
- energy dissipated per bit at receiver;
- amplification factor;
- cost of circuit energy when transmitting or receiving one bit of data;
- free space coefficient;
- multi path coefficient;
k - number of transmitted data bits;
d - distance between a sensor node and its respective cluster head or between a CH
to another cluster head nearer to the BS or between CH and BS;
- distance threshold value [14] obtained by √
For scalability purpose, we assume that the intra-cluster transmission range must
satisfy d < d0 and inter-cluster transmission range must satisfy the bound d ≥ d0. An
error free communication and an ideal MAC layer [14] are also assumed so that
transmission is perfect and there is no collision and retransmission.
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2.3 The proposed algorithm
The basic idea of the clustering technique is a situation where sensor nodes are
clustered and one CH is selected in each cluster that aggregates and compresses data in
order to save energy and thereby to prolong the lifetime of the WSN.
We proposed an energy efficient clustering algorithm that balances the energy

consumption for intra and inter cluster communication. The algorithm organizes the
network into unequal size clusters, where the clusters closer to the BS consist of a fewer
number of nodes, to balance the energy used for the intra-cluster and inter-cluster
communication.
To optimize sizes of clusters, an optimization algorithm called Gradient descent is

used [22]. It is a first order optimization algorithm that finds a local minimizer of a
function by taking steps proportional to the negative gradient of the function at the
current point. It can also approach the local maximum of the function by taking steps
proportional to the positive gradient of the function. The flow chart that illustrates the
steps of the Gradient Descent algorithm is shown in Figure. 3.
Gradient descent is based on the observation that if the cost function F(x) (energy
consumption in our case) is defined and differentiable, it starts with an initial point ( )
and generates a sequence of points according to an iterative procedure of a factor (α) as
illustrated in Figure. The cost function F(x) decreases faster if one goes in the direction
of the negative gradient of F(x) at a certain point (a set of radiuses in our study case).
Our goal is to determine the optimal clusters’ radiuses that minimize the total power
consumption among all CHs:
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Figure 3 Flow chart illustrating the Gradient Descent minimization algorithm
2.3.1 Energy balancing layered model
After the random deployment of nodes, each of M clusters can have ( , , ,… )

numbers of nodes. Since the sensor nodes are deployed with a uniform distribution,
then the network density ρ is:
⁄ (2.3)
where N is the total number of nodes, S is the surface of deployment. According to our
proposal, different clusters contain different number of nodes which can be defined as a
product of the network density and the cluster surface:
(2.4)
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where is number of nodes in i-th cluster of surface. Then each of M clusters
contains, N1 = ρ. S1, N2 = ρ. S2, N3 = ρ. S3 and NM = ρ. SM; S1 , S2 , S3 and SM are surfaces of
each clusters respectively.
2.3.2 Multi-hop data transmission
All cluster nodes send the data gathered from sensing field to the CH. CH receives data
from its cluster members, aggregates them then sends them to the CH closer to the BS
or directly to the BS. Intra-cluster communication assumes single hop data
transmission, while the inter-cluster communication implements multi-hop data
transmission to avoid long distance data transmission that causes excessive energy
depletion and CH’s premature death.
According to the radio hardware energy dissipation simple model (1), the total energy
for forwarding k bits of data is the sum of energy spent by each of ( ) cluster
members to transmit k bits to the CH and energy spent by CH to receive these data and
then to transmit it to the next CH or to the BS.
The total energy consumed by the network in one round consists of three
components: inner transmission energy used within each cluster, utter transmission
energy applied for sending data between clusters and then the receive energy necessary
for receiving data. The total energy can be described in equation 2.5:
∑ ( ) ( ) ( ) (2.5)
We assume that:
-denotes the distance between cluster nodes in the ith cluster and their corresponding
CH.
-denotes the distance between CH of the ith cluster and the CH of (i-1)th cluster or the
BS.
-denotes number of nodes in the ith cluster.
– a number of bits transmitted in ith cluster by each node,
M – a number of clusters.
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Assuming that numbers of transmitted bits by each regular node are the same for
each node then the total inner transmission energy of the WSN is:
∑ ( ) ∑( )( )
(2.6)
Appling the same assumption we can define the total WSN utter transmission energy:
∑ ( ) ∑[( )( )]
(2.7)
The total receiving energy used by all CHs is defined as:
∑ ( ) ∑ [( ) ∑ ] (2.8)
We can illustrate the method principles for a case study of M=3. Energy consumed by
the CH3 of the furthermost cluster from the BS per transmission round when each node
sends k bits is the energy consumed for receiving data from other non CH nodes plus the
energy consumed for transmitting this data over a distance to the CH2.
( ) ( ) (2.9)
Energy consumed per each non-CH node in furthermost cluster i=1 is only the energy
consumed to transmit data over an average distance to CH1:
( ) (2.10)
Thus, energy consumption per unit time of all nodes in cluster 1 is:
( ) (2.11)
Substituting (2.9) and (2.10) into (2.11) we get:
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( ) ( ) ( )( ) (2.12)
( ) ( )
All CHs in other layers have to transmit data generated in their clusters as well as
data originated from the farther layers. Therefore, the energy consumption per
transmission round in cluster number 2 (i=2) is:
( ) ( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) (2.13)
Likewise in the third cluster when i=1,
( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )
( ) ( ) (
) (2.14)
The total energy spent by the whole network is the sum of energy consumed in all
clusters and stated in equations (2.12), (2.13) and (2.14) that can be expressed as:.
(2.15)
For this clustering mechanism, the problem is formulated as energy minimization

using Linear Optimization Programming techniques. Based on the geometric structure
of the network; numbers of nodes, average distances between cluster members and CHs
di and distances between contiguous CHs Di can all be expressed as functions of
clusters’ radiuses (R1, R2 ,… Ri,… and Rmax).
We assume that the distance between cluster members and the CH (di)is taken as an
average distance that is expressed mathematically as a half of the root mean square of
the a half of the cluster width defined as (Ri-Ri-1) and a half of the distance between two
points farthest from the cluster center. For a case of three cluster network of maximum
radius Rmax and the angle , see Figure 4, the three average distances are:
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(2.16)
√( ) ( )
(2.17)
√( ) ( )
(2.18)
√( ) ( )
Average distances between contiguous CHs, are assumed to be equal to the distances
between adjacent clusters’ centers. For a case of three cluster network of maximum
radius Rmax and the angle , see Figure 4, it can be expressed as:
(2.19)
(2.20)
(2.21)
The number of cluster members can be computed as a product of network average

density and the surface of each cluster. Accordingly for the case of three cluster network
of maximum radius Rmax and the angle , it is:
(2.22)
(2.23)
(2.24)
and are the maximum radius and maximum angle that define the boundaries
of area of deployment respectively.
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d3
D3
d2
D2 Rmax
R2
d1
D1 R1

Figure 4: Illustration of geometry of three cluster network
Figure 5 illustrates the proposed clustering algorithm that mainly consists of:
Formation of clusters based on optimal radiuses calculations. Selection of CHs in each
cluster formed. Data aggregation phase which involves gathering of collected data by
the cluster head from the sensor nodes within its cluster. Data transmission phase
involves the transfer of all data from each cluster head to the next cluster head(s) and
then to the BS. CH election and rotation is performed by taking into consideration the
largest residual energy of nodes in the cluster.
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Figure 5: Flowchart of the proposed optimal clustering algorithm
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Chapter Three
Validation of the algorithm and simulation
results
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In Chapter 2, we described our proposed unequal clustering algorithm for
improving the network lifetime. In this chapter, we used simulation tools to prove that
the algorithm performs better in terms of energy balancing and therefore improving the
lifetime of WSN.
We assume that a network consists of N nodes which are uniformly deployed in a
circle section area defined by a maximum radius and a maximum angle of , see
Figure 4. The proposed method has been validated for different combinations of
network parameters: a number of clusters, a number of nodes, maximum radius and
angle. The chosen numbers of nodes are: N = 100, N = 250 and N = 500 nodes.
Maximum radius took three values of 50m, 150m and 500m. And finally the
chosen angle took three different values of: rad, rad and rad. The network has
the following general characteristics:
1. All nodes are homogeneous and they have the same capabilities.
2. All nodes have the same initial energy (n).
3. The BS is placed at (0, 0); the origin of the area of deployment.
4. Nodes positions are defined by radius and angle ( and respectively).
5. Nodes are immobile after deployment.
6. A normal node transmits its data directly to its respective cluster head within a
particular cluster.
7. Cluster heads use the multi-hop routing scheme to send their data to the next
cluster head and then to the BS.
8. Nodes are uniformly randomly distributed.
3.1 Simulation Setup and Scenarios

We implemented the proposed algorithm on MATLAB. An example of 250 nodes
randomly deployed in a circle section area, that has a maximum radius of 150 m, and
maximum angel of rad with the BS being placed in the origin of the plane (0, 0) is
shown in Figure 6. All nodes have an initial energy of 0.5J, Eelec set to 50 nJ/bit, 𝜖amp set
to 100 pJ/bit/m2, and the size of the sensor data packet was set to 4000 bit. Initial
simulation parameters are listed in Table I. We apply the radio model (2.1) and (2.2) to
calculate the energy consumption for 400 transmission rounds.
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Random Deployment of nodes
150
Y axis Length in Metres
100
50
0
0 50 100 150
X axis Length in Metres
Figure 6: Random deployment of 250 nodes in a circle section area,
Table I: Initial Simulation Parameters
Parameter Symbol Unit Value

Total number of nodes N - 250
Maximum radius meters 150
Maximum angel Radians ⁄
Initial energy of node (n) Joules 0.5
Data packet size k bits 4000
Energy circuitry cost at Nano Joule per bit

50 nJ/bit
transmission and reception
Free space coefficient Pico Joule per bit per meter

10 pJ/bit/ m2
square
Multipath coefficient Pico Joule per bit per meter 0.0013

to power 4 pJ/bit/ m4
Distance threshold [14] meters 87m
30
3.2 Validation of the proposed method
To validate the proposed method we simulate the network model and estimate the
lifetime for different scenarios. For illustration of the validation procedure Figure 7 and
8 shows the equal and optimal cluster formation respectively for three clusters where
250 nodes are deployed randomly over a circle section that has a maximum radius of
150 meter and a maximum angle of rad. The optimal cluster sizes are obtained from
the optimal analysis and calculations discussed in chapter 2 and have the values listed
in Table II. Cluster head selection and rotation is done based on largest residual
energy.
Table II: Optimal radiuses of the new unequal cluster formation (M=3, R=150m, θ=π/6, N=250)
Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=250, M=3
R1 (m) 14.55
R2 (m) 68.4
The network lifetime of the equal clustering and the unequal clustering for three
clusters (M=3) are shown in Figure 9 and Figure 10 respectively. We observe that the
first node dies after 145 rounds in the equal cluster formation and the network lifetime
increases to 210 rounds in the proposed unequal clustering method. Unlike the equal
cluster formation, the proposed multi-hop unequal clustering technique in which
cluster hierarchy takes presence in cluster formation and highest residual energy for
selection of next cluster head, we observed that this technique offers a longer life time
for individual nodes and even the entire network.
As a result of the efficient clustering technique, considerable amount of energy is saved

during both intra and inter cluster communication, where clusters far from the BS tend
to spend their energy in intra cluster communication while collecting the data from a
large number of nodes.
31
Equal Radius Cluster Formation
150
Y axis Length in metres
100
50
0
0 50 100 150
X axis Length in metres
Figure 7: Initial equal radius cluster formation of the network (M=3, Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=250).
Optimal Cluster Formation

150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150
Figure 8: New optimal clusters formation (M=3, Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=250).
32
Graph Illustrating the Network Life Time
(Number of Alive Nodes for a Particular Round of Simulation)

250
200
Number of Nodes
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Number of Rounds
Figure 9: Life time of the network after applying the equal clustering (M=3, Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad,
N=250).

250
200
Number of Nodes
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Number of Rounds
Figure 10: Life time of the network after applying the proposed clustering algorithm (M=3, Rmax=150m,
θ=π/6 rad, N=250).
33
3.3 Validation and simulation results for other scenarios
In this section we will show simulation results for different scenarios and different
network parameters (Maximum radius, Maximum angle and number of nodes).
3.3.1 First scenario (variation of number of nodes)
With a change in network density by increasing the number of nodes N= 100 and N=500
nodes, we have got the clusters radiuses as listed in Table III:
Table III: Optimal cluster radiuses for different network parameters (first scenario)
Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad, Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad,

N=100, M=3 N=500, M=3
R1(meters) 28.6 10.8
R2 (meters) 80.8 67.8
Figure 11 and 12 show the cluster formations for the equal radiuses and optimal
radiuses respectively when a number of nodes N equal 100. The corresponding network
lifetimes for those scenarios are shown in figure 13 and 14 respectively. In Figure 15
and 16 N increases to 500 nodes and their corresponding network lifetimes are
compared in Figure 17 and 18. We observed that the proposed unequal size clustering
method has shown better results for both scenarios; the first node dies after 138 rounds
approximately in the equal clustering formation and the first node dies after 155 rounds
in the optimal cluster formation for the case of N=100. While the network lifetime
increases from 10 rounds in equal radius cluster formation to 25 rounds when we apply
the proposed unequal clustering mechanism in the case when N=500.
34
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150
Figure 11: Initial equal radius cluster formation of the network (M=3, Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=100).

150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150
Figure 12: New optimal clusters formation (M=3, Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=100).
35
100
90
80
70
Number of Alive Nodes
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Number of Rounds
Figure 13: Life time of the network after applying the equal clustering (M=3, Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad,
N=100).

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Number of Rounds
Figure 14: Life time of the network after applying the optimal clustering (M=3, Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad,
N=100).
36
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150
Figure 15: Initial equal radius cluster formation of the network (M=3, Rmax =150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=500).

150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150
Figure 16: New optimal clusters formation (M=3, Rmax =150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=500).
37
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Number of Rounds
Figure 17: Life time of the network after applying the equal clustering (M=3, Rmax =150m, θ=π/6 rad,
N=500).

500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Number of Rounds
Figure 18: Life time of the network after applying the optimal clustering (M=3, Rmax =150m, θ=π/6 rad,
N=500).
38
3.3.2 Second scenario (variation of the maximum radius)
For further verification of our proposed method, we run the simulation for two other
values of the maximum radius R= 50m and R= 500m. The equal cluster formation and
the optimal cluster for R= 50m are shown in Figure 19 and Figure 20 respectively. Their
corresponding network lifetimes are displayed in Figure 21 and Figure 22 respectively.
While Figure 23 and Figure 24 show the equal and optimal cluster formation for R=
500m. The network lifetimes for both scenarios shows remarkable improvement when
we compare the equal clustering to our proposed algorithm due to the considerable
amount of energy saved during the intra and inter cluster communications.
Table IV: Optimal cluster radiuses for different network parameters (second scenario)

N=250, M=3 N=250, M=3
R1 (m) 8.5 103.7
R2 (m) 22.6 290.4
39
Equal Raduis Clustering (R=50)
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Figure 20: New optimal clusters formation (M=3, R=50m, θ=π/6, N=250).
40
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Number of Rounds
N=250).

250
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Number of Rounds
N=250).
41
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
42
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Number of Rounds
N=250).

250
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Number of Rounds
N=250).
43
3.3.3 Third scenario (variation of the maximum angle)
Another scenario for the validation of the proposed algorithm is the variation of the
maximum angle, two different values for were examined rad and rad.
Having the optimal cluster radiuses listed in Table V for both scenarios, the equal size
clusters as shown in Figure 27 and Figure 31 and the optimal unequal clusters were
constructed in Figure 28 and Figure 32. The network lifetimes for both equal and
optimal clustering were displayed and compared. When the first node dies after
92 rounds in the equal radius clustering while the first node runs out of energy after
155 rounds in the case of our optimal unequal size clustering. When network
lifetime increases from 83 rounds to 97 rounds which indicates that longer network
lifetime is achieved.
Table V: Optimal cluster radiuses for different network parameters (third scenario)

N=250, M=3 N=250, M=3
R1 (m) 34.3 21.4
R2 (m) 81.5 73.9
44
Equal radius Cluster Formation
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150

150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150
45
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Number of Rounds
N=250).

250
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Number of Rounds
N=250).
46
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150

150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150
47
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Number of Rounds
N=250).

250
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Number of Rounds
N=250).
48
3.3.4 Fourth scenario (variation of number of clusters (M))
The proposed algorithm was implemented for the case of two and four clusters, equal
cluster formation is shown in Figure 35 and Figure 39 respectively and optimal cluster
formation is shown in Figure 36 and 40 based on optimal radiuses listed in Table VI and
Table VII. After the comparison of equal clustering lifetime to the lifetime of the optimal
clustering; it has shown improvement in the network life time as shown in Figure 37
and 38 from 12 rounds to 37 rounds when M=2.
Table VI: Optimal cluster radiuses for different network parameters (Fourth scenario, M=2)
Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=250, M=2
R1 (m) 43.7
Table VII: Optimal cluster radiuses for different network parameters (Fourth scenario, M=4)
Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=250, M=4
R1 (m) 19.8
R2 (m) 42.05
R3 (m) 92.7
Unlike the equal radiuses cluster formation where first node dies after 157 rounds,
the first node dies after 344 rounds in the proposed unequal clustering technique as
shown in Figure 41 and Figure 42. We observed that our technique offers a longer life
span for individual nodes and for the entire network. With optimization in energy
consumption, we can conclude that the network lifetime in our proposed unequal
clustering technique extends to an impressive range when compared to the equal
clustering technique. This impressive improvement in the lifetime of the network from
our proposed technique can be seen as a result of efficient energy balancing among
cluster heads in each cluster formed.
49
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150

150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150
50

250
200
Number of Nodes
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Number of Rounds
N=250).

250
200
Number of Nodes
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Number of Rounds
N=250).
51
Equal radius Cluster Formation
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150

150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150
52

250
200
Number of Nodes
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Number of Rounds
N=250).

250
200
Number of Nodes
150
100
50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Number of Rounds
N=250).
53
Chapter Four
Conclusion and future work
54
4.1 Conclusion and future work
In this thesis, we analyzed a new efficient clustering approach for multi-hop routing of
WSN, in order to balance energy consumption among CH nodes, in which unequal size
clusters are formed based on numerical analysis for Linear Optimization.
Our proposed unequal clustering mechanism is compared to an equal clustering

where cluster approximately consists of the same number of nodes. Through analysis
and simulations, we showed that our unequal size clustering achieves a significant
improvement of the lifetime of the network.
Our approach applies an unequal cluster formation of sensor nodes. Cluster head
selection and rotation were done based on highest residual energy. The important
feature of our proposed unequal clustering technique in transmitting data to the base
station was analyzed and emphasized.
The proposed unequal clustering technique shows better results when the network’s
lifetime is compared to the equal clustering. After the validation of the results, we
investigated the network lifetime of the proposed technique by comparing the time in
which the first node dies and time in which all nodes die during the 400 rounds of
simulation to that of the equal radiuses clustering technique for different simulation
parameters such as varying number of clusters, node density, maximum angle and
maximum radius with the aim of life time maximization.
Analysis shows that energy efficiency of WSNs can be further improved by using the
unequal clustering method. Its concept can be effectively used to design energy efficient
routing protocol in WSN. In our approach, the clusters are formed unequally into
different sizes to analyze how it could affect the network lifetime of WSN.
As a future work we will use dynamic programming to analyze completely new

estimation of energy consumption to form a new set of clusters carried out at the
beginning of each transmission round for the cluster and thereby energy consumption
is being reduce to the minimum, and utilization of nodes energy is being maximized to
ensure a longer network lifetime.
55
References
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[20] Ismail Olalekan Eleburuike; Soetan Simeon Adekunle, “Energy Efficient Wireless
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58

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An Energy-Balancing Unequal

Clustering Algorithm for Multi-hop

Sheima Hassan Elamin Hamed

This thesis is presented as part of

Blekinge Institute of Technology

Rapid advances in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have enabled densely

Researchers agreed that clustering of nodes in wireless sensor networks is an

Clustering reduces the amount of transmitted data by grouping similar nodes

Chengfa Li et al., proposed an energy efficient unequal clustering algorithm (EEUC),

Heinemann et al. [20] described the LEACH protocol as a hierarchical self-organized

A Degree and Size based Clustering Approach (DASCA) is another distributed

In general, each cluster head spends its energy on intra-cluster communication

How to perform unequal clustering process in order to balance the energy

 The hypothesis, that answers the research question is:

Communication within one cluster as well as communication between different

However, both models face the unavoidable of unbalanced energy consumption

In this chapter we will discuss some of the clustering strategies.

2.1.1 Hierarchical clustering (Connectivity based clustering)

Figure 1: Network illustration of single hop and Multi-hop routing in WSN.

k-bit packet Transmit Electronics Transmit Amplifier

Eelect * k Eamp * d2*k d

k-bit packet Receiver Electronics

Figure 2: Diagram shows the first order radio model equations.

Likewise, the energy consumed to receive this message is shown in:

- energy dissipated per bit at transmitter;

- energy dissipated per bit at receiver;

- cost of circuit energy when transmitting or receiving one bit of data;

- free space coefficient;

- multi path coefficient;

k - number of transmitted data bits;

- distance threshold value [14] obtained by √

We proposed an energy efficient clustering algorithm that balances the energy

To optimize sizes of clusters, an optimization algorithm called Gradient descent is

2.3.1 Energy balancing layered model

After the random deployment of nodes, each of M clusters can have ( , , ,… )

2.3.2 Multi-hop data transmission

-denotes number of nodes in the ith cluster.

– a number of bits transmitted in ith cluster by each node,

The total receiving energy used by all CHs is defined as:

Substituting (2.9) and (2.10) into (2.11) we get:

Likewise in the third cluster when i=1,

For this clustering mechanism, the problem is formulated as energy minimization

The number of cluster members can be computed as a product of network average

Figure 4: Illustration of geometry of three cluster network

the following general characteristics:

3.1 Simulation Setup and Scenarios

Y axis Length in Metres

Figure 6: Random deployment of 250 nodes in a circle section area,

Table I: Initial Simulation Parameters

Parameter Symbol Unit Value

Maximum radius meters 150

Maximum angel Radians ⁄

Initial energy of node (n) Joules 0.5

Data packet size k bits 4000

Energy circuitry cost at Nano Joule per bit

Free space coefficient Pico Joule per bit per meter

Multipath coefficient Pico Joule per bit per meter 0.0013

Distance threshold [14] meters 87m

Rmax=150m, θ=π/6 rad, N=250, M=3

As a result of the efficient clustering technique, considerable amount of energy is saved

Optimal Cluster Formation

(Number of Alive Nodes for a Particular Round of Simulation)

Graph Illustrating the Network Life Time

3.3.1 First scenario (variation of number of nodes)