THEFRENCH CAMPAIGN IN EGYPT

1798-1801
PartI - HtstorlcalIntrodsctlon
by StephenEde-Borrett

The reasonsbehindthe Frenchattackon Egypt in 1798are sun.Manydiscarded theircoatsonlyto Iind themselves freezing
various,complex,and not all of a mililary nature. at night. The Army was unusedto the exlremesof a desert
Bonapafte,heroof thevictoriousItaliancampaigns, wasseen climate.
by the Directorsin Parisasa rival andthusto gethim out of the On July 13th at Shebreketthe Frenchhad their first real
way (andEgypt waspretty far out of the way!) seemedlike a encounterwiththe Mamelukes'.The Frenchdeployedinto six
goodidea.Coupledwith thiswasthe hopethat if Turkeycould great squares,six men deep with guns at the comers.The
be Dersuaded to enterthe waron the Frenchsidethenit would Mamelukeswere braveif not lacticallyadeptand launcheda
takepressureoff the Frencharmiesby divertingAust an and seriesof headlongcavalrychargesstraightat the French.The
Russiantrcopsto theTurkishfronl- Thesereasons alliedtothe result was almost a foregoneconclusion,the attackswere
French"dream"ofa MiddleEastemEmpire,(whichwentback completely broken by disciplined musketry and eventuallythe
to rhe Middle Ages- even Louis XIV had contemplated an Mamelukes wereforcedtoretirefromthefield.TheFren€hhad
invasion of Egypt) was sufficient to persuadethe Paris lost thirty men, Mamelukelossesare unknown.
Covemmentto give its blessingto Bonaparte's plans. Bonapartepressed on towardsCairoandreachedthe Nile on
SincetheTreatyofCampo-FormiotheveteranArmy ofltaly July 21st and here in the shadow of the Pyramidsthe
had beenidle andit wasfrom thisArmy that the Army of the Mamelukeshad massedtheir army.
Orientwaschosen'. The best estimatesput the Mamelukesat around 6-8000
The Commander-in-Chief wasBonaparte,with Berthieras cavalryand, perhaps,40,000foot. Theselatter mostly the
hisChiefof Staffand his brother,Louis,andstepson,Eugene semi-feudal Egyptianfellaheen.
de Beauhamais, as his Aides. The Generalsof Divisionwere Beforethe battlebeganBonaparteis allegedto havegiven
"Soldiels, forty c€nturiesof hhtory
Vaubois, D'Hilliers, Desaix, Kl6ber, Menou, Reynier and the speechwith its famous
Dugua.The Generalsof BrigadeincludedLannes,Davoutand look downon you" content.whether thisis anecdotal or not it
Murat and amongstthe Colonels were Marmont, Junot, probably expressesBonaparte's feelings for there can have
Bessidresand Lefebvre-Desnouettes. Truly this was a be€n fewer more spectacularbackdropsfor a battle than the
NapoleonicArmy in the making. Pyramidsof Giza.
Bonapa(earrivedin Toulonon May 9th andwhenthe fleet Again Frenchtacticsweresimple- the Divisionsformed huge
sailedon May 19th it comprised15 Shipsof the Line, 15 squares andawaitedtheMamelukeondaught.The Mamelukes
Frigates,7 Corvettes,30 asso(edsmalllightly'armedvessels, obligedthe invadersand lalnched,asat Shebreket,a seriesof
and some400 transportscarrying betweenthirty'six and forty massedcavalrychargesstraightat the Frenchsquares.The
thousandmen.The greatestshortage, however,wasin horses- infantry were left within their hastily thrown-up defencesand
only 1230wereembarked,and of these700werereservedfor ignored.
the useof the Staff! Predictablythe experienced Frenchinfantrykepttheirnerve
On June9th the fleetanivedoff Malta.Therewasnextto no and mo*ed down the Mamelukeattacks,iust as the British
resistanceand in thrce daysthe Frenchhad occupiedthe whole wereto do to the Frenchcavalryal Waterloo17 yearslater.
island. General Vaubois was aDDointedGovernor and a Eventually the Mamelukes were forced to break off their
garrisonwasinstalled'.D'Hilliers_was sentbackto Pariswith action - it seemsdoubtful if the Maneluke infantry had even
the capturedtrophies. beenengaged. MuradBeyledhalfofthe Mamelukearmysouth
Admiral Brueys, the Fren€h Naval Commander, then whilstIbrahim Bey, who had spentmuchof the battleon the
skiltullyevadedthe British squadrondespatched to intercept wrong(or at leastsaJest) bank of the Nile - the east,took his
him (commanded by noneotherthanHoratioNelson)andsix forcessouth-west towardsSinai.
weeks later on June 30th the fleet anchored safely off French casualtieswere less than five hundred (Mameluke
casualtiesare again unknown) and by nightfall they were in
On 2ndJulythe DivisionsofBon, Menou,andKleberledthe possesion of Cairo.Bonapartehad haltedonly long enoughto
assaultashoreand immediatelystormedthe City's somewhat fight the battle and bury his few dead.
out of datedefen€es. Within twenty-fourhoursthe entireCity ln Cairo Bonapa(e now set about organizing a form of
wasunderFrenchcontrol. self-government for the Egt?tian people- whetherthey wanted
Bonapanespent a few days restinghis men after their
undoubtablyuncomfortablevoyageand it was thus not until Meanwhile,but outsidethe scopeof thisarticle,Nelsonhad
July 8th that the Army moved out towardsCairo. Kl6ber atlastfoundtheFrenchfleetat anchorinAboukirBay,and,ina
remainedasGovernorof Alexandria,theFrenchbasefor much daring attack, known as th€ Battle of the Nile, comPletely
of the restof the campaign. destroyedit - and with it Bonaparte'scommunications with
It now becameapparentthat the Army was totally unpre
parcd for the Egypriansummer- they were still in their In mid-August the Turks declaredwar on France.The whole
Europeanuniformsof heavywoolwith bearskins andbicornes, French stmtegy was falling apart. There was a revolt in Cairo
neitherof which offeredany protectionagainstthe Egyptian whichBonaDarte.no doubt with memodesof the Padsmob,
suppressed btoodily. Menou'spositionwashopeless, but he heldout for aslongas
Desaixhad beendespatched into UpperEgypt in punuit of hewasableuntil in September, with onlyAlexandrialeft under
MuradBey.Followingthe courseofthe Nile, the mainarterial Frenchcontrol, the Army capitulatedwholesale-The terms
routeof Egypt, DesaixpursuedMurad Bey as far as the first w€reg€nerous(whichmay demonstrate how muchof a threat
cataractsupportedby a flotilla of gunboats.The Mameluke theFrenchstill represented) and,althoughall horsesweretobe
commander hadleamt from histwo battlesagainstthe French handedover,the menandtheirweapons wereto be transported
howeverand retusedto fight a third, contentinghimselfwith back to France,along with the rno(al remainsof General
hit-and-runtacticsand a guerillawar. Kl6ber.
Ibrahim Bey had by now reached Palestineand, after (Although militarily for Francethe expeditionhad beena
recruitinghisarmyfrom locallypurchased slaves,(whoproved completefailure the great number of archaeologists and
to be goodsoldiers!)Bonapartefollowedin January1799.By scientists whoaccompanied Bonapartecontributedenormously
now the French were also leaming and had water-bottles to the studyof Eglpt's ancientpast and gaveus the Rosetta
"issued"and had adoptedcottonuniformsand a lightweight Stone.)
helmetwith neckcoverr.
The invasionwentwell. By the endof Februarythe Turkish
fon at El Arish hadfall€nto the French- all survivorsof the ORDERSOF BATTLE OF
garrisonwere put to the sword, in an attemptto cow other THE FRENCH ARMY
Turkishgarrisons into submisson. Gaza fell threedayslaterand The Army of the Ori€nt, Jurc 3{hh 1798.
on March4th the FrencharmywasbeforeJaffa.Threedaysof Commanderin Chief: GeneralNapoleonBonapane
bombardment andan assaultandthistowntoo fell-BonaDarte's Chiefof Staff:Generalof DivisionBerthier
communiquero rhe Direclory giv€s 1200of rhe garrironas Commandero{ Engineers:CeneralCafarelli-Dufalga
executedafter the storm. Command€r ot Anille'y. CeneralDommanil
The next objectivewas Acre, but here a British squadron
under Sir SidneySmith aided the defence.This stiffening, Headquners:
coupledwith the lossofthe sieg€train, capturedby the British Mounted Guides5(3 troops 120 men), commandedby
fleet, wasenoughto keepout the French. Bessiares
The SiegeofAcre lasted62 daysandincluded40assaults and Foot Guides(3 coys- 300men?),commandedby Bessieres
26 salliesby the garrison.Eventuallyon l4th May with a Foot Artillery (888men)
Turkish relief Army approachingit was abandonedand the HorseArtillery (485men)
Army retreatedto Egypt. Sappers(776men)
ln Egypt neanwhilean Anglo-Russian fleet was landinga Miners(192men)
TurkishArmy of 18,000 nen underMustaphaPasha. TheTurks Balloonists(25 men)
stormedtheFort at Aboukiranddroveout Marmont\ sarrison. Ensineers(164men)
Inexplicablv Musrapha rhendid nolhingbut warLfor rh; French NavalLesion'(3 bns c.3000men)
counter-attack. He did not wait long-on July 25thBonaparte
attackedwith 12,000men. Murat led a massedcavlarycharge Adyafted currd:General of Divhion Desaix
whichsmashed throughtheTurkishdefences andhe personally Brigadiers:Belliard& Frianl
capturedMustaphaPasha.The subsequentinfantry assault 6lst Deni-Bngadede Bataille( 3 bns- 1800men)
threw rhe Turks back into the seawith heavylosses. 88thDemi-Brigadede Bataille( 3 bns- 1500men)
Seeingthew tingon thewallBonapartedecidedat thispoint 2lst Demi'BrigadeL€gare(3 bns- 2000men)
that therewasno moreGlory in Egyptandreturnedto France
with his"Slaff'. Kl€berassumed commandofthe Armyofthe Right Wing: Generalof DivisionReynier
Orient. On 9th O€tober1799BonaDarte wasbackin France. Brigadie^:Damas& Verdier
The Army ofthe Orientwasnow in an unenviableposition, 9th Derni-Brigade de Bataille(3 bns- 1509men)
althoughsomesupplieswere beingshippedin (whentheycould 85thDemFBrigade de Baraille(J bns- 1720men)
run the RoyalNavyblockadeof France)by directorderof Fint Mahesetrgron' (2 bns- 1500men)
ConsulBonaparte.
On March 7th 1800 Kl€ber, with 12,000men, defeated Cenlre:Generalof DivisionKtdber
anotherMameluke/Turkish Arny of 70.000menar Heliopolis; Brigadiers:Lann€s& Lanusse
but Kl€ber hinself was assassinated in Cairo shorrly after- 25thDemiBrigadede Bataille(3 bns- 1530m€n)
Command of the army devolved onto Menou, a good 75thDemiBrigadede Bataille(3bns- 1700men)
admjnistratorbut an incompetentfield commander. 2nd Demi-BrigadeL€gare(3 bns- 1368men)
On March 4th, however,a British army under Sir Ralph
Abercrombyhadstormedashoreat AboukirBay,albeitagainst Left Wing: Generalof DivisionMenou
stiff oppositionfrom the Frenchgarlisonthere,and wasnow Brigadiers:Vial & Mireur
firmlyemplaced in Eglpr andin KIeber<rear. 13thDemi-Brigadede Bataille(3 bns 2430men)
69thDemi-Brigadede Bataille(3 bns 1500men)
Kldberrapidlyreturnedto Alexandriawhere,on Mar€h13th, 22ndDemi-BrigadeLesere(3 bns- l0l9 nen)
Abercrombyattackedhim. The Britishtroopsfoughrwith their
usualcouragebut couldmakeno headwayagainstthe French R€s€rvcGeneralof DivisionBon
positions.In lhe early hoursof the next morningthe French Brigadiers:Rampon& Murat
counter-attacked and the resultanthard,foughtbattle was a 18thDemi-Brigadede Bataille(3 bns 1550men)
Britishvictory,albeitthatAbercrombywasmortallywounded. 32ndDemi-Brigadede Bataille(3 bns 1850men)
The casualties were 1,376Britishand around2,500French. 4th Demi-BrieadeL6gdre(3 bns- 1016men)
Intelligence
nowreachedMenouthatan Anglolndian Army
underGeneralBairdhadlandedin UpperEgyptfrom the Red Lavattl:-ueneraror Drv
Sea and was marchingnorth, whilst the Turks were again Brigadiers:Leclerc& Zayonszeck
movingtowardsCairofrom th€ east. 3rd Dragoons(2 sqns 360men)
32
14thDragoons(3 sqns 600nen) have servedmainly as police, ganisons,and lines of com_
15thDragoons(2 sqns 200nen) municationguards,rather than as part of the Field Arny
18thDragoons(4 sqns 400nen) Foper. Amongsttheseauxiliarieswere:
20thDragoons(2 sqns- 350men) The Grcek Legion Formed in April 1799 as two battalions.
7th bis Hussan(3 sqns 600men) Reacheda peak of 1200nen, but by March 1800had been
22ndChasseuree-Cheval (3 sqns- 250men) reducedto only 850 men as a combinedbattalionwith the
This organisation occurredandgarrisons
changedascasualties CoDticLeeion.
fti copci rrgion formed in September1799at a strength of
two battalions,eachof five companies,plus one companyof
The Army of the Orient, lSth August 1798, grenadierswhichin March1800was, at a strengthofl00men,in
lst DivisiorrGeneralDagau a combinedGrenadierBrigadeof the Field Army.
Brigadiers:Damas,Verdier & Destaing TheSJrian CavarryFonned early in 1799(?), reachedastrength
25thDemi-Brigadede Bataille(3 bns- 1296men) of two companiesand seemsto have been mergedinto the
75thDeni-Brigadede Bataille(3 bns 1692men) Mamelukessometimeafter March 1800.
2nd Demi-BrigadeL6gCre(3 bns- 1194nen) TheTurkish GuardsFormed 1799or 1800and usedasa form of
Artillery (51 men) CampPolice.
Sappers(41 men)
The Janirsary CompanyFomed in 1799or 1800and comman'
2nd Division:GeneralBon ded by one CaptainOmar, usedmainly as guides.
Brigadiers: Rampon & Marmont TheComprnyofMameluk€softhe RepublicFormedin 1799and
18thDemiBrigadede Bataille(3 bns 1271nen) laterto becomethe famousMamelukesof the ImperialGuard.
32ndDemi-Brigadede Bataille(3 bns- 1450rnen)
4th Demi-BrigadeL6scre(3 bns- 973men) Nonetheless the strength of the French Army declined
6th Coy, 4th Foot Artillery (59 men) inexorablydespite,as mentionedabove,somerecruitsfrom
Part of 8th Horse Artillery (27 men) France and the wholesale recruitment of Egyptians and
Pan of 5th Sappers(44 men)
The Arlny of the Orient, lsr March 1800
3rd Division: Genenl Reynier (Note: figures for inJantry are fit for seFice/men in depots,
Brigadier:Lagrange garrisons,sick,etc. Figuresfor cavalryare men/horses).
9th Demi-Brigadede Bataille(3 bns- 1430men) Commanderin Chief: General Kl€ber
85thDeni-Bdgadede Bataille(3 bns- 2627men)
Part of 4th Foot Artilery (22 nen) Division: Gercml Reynier
Part of 4th Horse Anillery (42 nen) Bdsade:GeneralRobin
4 coysof 5th Sappers(249men) 9th-Demi-Brigade de Bataille(794155),
+ 2 x 4 P&s
21st Demi-Brisade L6gare (800/102),+ 2 x 4 pdrs
4th Divkion General Desaix Brigade:GeneralBaudot
Bdgadiers:Friant & Belliard 13thDemi-Brigadede Bataille(841/66),+ 2 x 4 pdls
61stDemi-Brigadede Bataine(3 bns 1690men) 85rhDemi-Bdgadede Bataille(890/86),+ 2 x 4 pdrs
88th Demi-Brigade de Bataile (3 bns 11f'4men) Artillery:
21stDemi-BrigadeLlgere (3 bns- 1629men) 1 coy of 4 x 8 pdrs and 2 howitzen
llth coy, lst Foot Artillery (65 men)
5th coy, 1st Hone Anillery (67 men) Division: Gen€ral Friana
Sappen (49 rnen) Brigade: General zayonszeck
25thDeni-Brigadede Bataille(910/50),+ 2 x 4 pdrs
5th Divisionr General Lannes 22nd Demi-Brigade Legare (?8'4183)
Brigadier: Veaux Bdgade: General Delegorgue
13thDemi-Brigadede Bataille(3 bns- 1580men) 61stDeniBdgade de Bataille(950/130),+ 2 x 4 pdrs
21stDemi-Brigadede Bataille(3 bns- 1123rnen) 75thDemi-Brigadede Bataille(930/50),t 2 x 4 pdls
3rd coy, 4th Holse Artillery (73 nen) Artilery:
5th coy, 6th Sappers(49 men) 1 €oy of 4 x 8 pdls and 2 howitzerc

C.vrliy Division: General Dumas Division: G€neralLenusse

Brigadiers: Davout, Leclerc, Mumt and Zayonszeck Brigade: General Silly
3rd Dragoons (2 sqns 239 men) 18th Demi-Brigade de Bataille (794155),+ 2 x 4 P&s
14thDragoons(3 sqns- 436men) 4th Demi-BrigadeLfgere (790,44),+ 2x4pdls
15th Dragoons (2 sqns- 205 men) Brisade: Genenl Valentin
18th Dmgoons (4 sqns- 197men) 69th Demi-Bdgade de Bataile (895/30), + 2 x 4 pdrs
20thDragoons(2 sqns- 225men) 88th DemiBrigade d€ Bataille (843/45), + 2 x 4 pdrs
7th bis Hussars(3 sqns- 222nen) Anillery:
22nd Chasseurs-d-Cheval (3 sqns- 179men) I company

Gaffison of Alex.n&ia: General Kleber Divisiotr: Gener.l Rampon

69th Demi-Brigade de Bataille (3 bns 1497men) Bdsade: General Morand
Anilery (126 nen) 32nd Deni-Brigade de Bataille (773160),plus artillery
2nd Demi-Brigade kgire (771150),plus adllery
The lack of reliable communicationswith Franceas a source Anilery:
for recruiis and replacementsplus continuing lossesforced the 1 company
Frenchto rarsea number of "Forcign l-egions"8which seemto
Cavalry Division: Gen€ralRoize GRTAT
COCK-UPSlN HISTORY,
No.2
Brigade:GeneralBon ISANDHTWANA 1879
?th bis Hussars(2701240) "THISLOOKSIIKE A
22ndChasseurs-a-Cheval (2791230) COOD PTACETO CAMP"
Marnelukes & SyrianCavalry(2s3lr38)
Brigade:GeneralBoussart
3rd Drasoons(255225)
TH]E NRON D[J[<E
14thDragoons(322245) ,"IHE NICESTfICURE PAINTERIN TOWN"
15thDragoons(l8Ul29) Ihere is NO beller value
18thDragoons(190/115)
Sendthreelst classstamps andsaetor a sample ol theDuket rccruils
20thDragoons(2931233)
Artillery: 5@ page 55, W.33 for photos of ny wa*
I HorseArtillery coy of 4 x 4 pdrsand 2 howitzers **** I a n B a r s t o w* * * x
E d-e e h i l l C o t t a s e . R o o e v a r d . w o o t t o n B a s s e t t .
Additionally "availabl€" at this date we.e: witrs sN4 ?Bw: Tel: (0701)850805
accEss
NavalLegion1940Inen
Greek& CopticLegions850men
1stand 2nd lnvalid Bns 604men
Sappers516
Artillery c.500men
trf 14 wARRroR
wt-trtrtt\-rrl rvflf{rArunEs
trttrtr/-rr ryz].
\Jfttto'}a'Y -
TivertonAv., GlasgowG32 9NX Scotland.
Corpsof Dromedades253men Mail Ordd only. VISA. ACCESS.Phone041-7783426 (Evenins)
Headquarters Guides150infantry& 80 cavalry For tul atal{ne & emDle ffq. send tuo fiEt clN stamDs& SAE
Plea* staie intara{r'and ;hi.h .ataldu€ reduii.d o; bd6
The RegimentofDrornedaireshadbeenforned in April 1799 Jd 3one of ou Drodud tuG:
-
from picked grenadiersof the Demi,Bdgades.It absorbed rsnm aR lEs 25mm ARMIEs
Or u f9.95 , f1.30 Do{ NaFleonicOnb fl6.q5 , f2.50 Pon
other small camel mountedelemenrsof the 85th and 88th B"i;h aid FF..h Na;b.n. Bnl6h Frh(h RKan Pru*'d
Demi-Brigadesde Bataille, and of rh€ 2lst DemiBrigade Roman EmD.lslC.AD iECw Rovali$ Atrstian Speish - All amre.
include 4 fsr dt 16r. 2 regt of
L€gareand eventuallyreacheda peak of over 700 men. Its ECW Padj;n€nbnan ACW unjon
ACW Conledebre . 18ii Cdturu- hoE + a sm.r.l. Erf6 in tuI
successwas due in part to the fact that the French had a Fansrasv Good Fanlas Eujl calalogue 2Sm Gun qe{s lo *il
6bovFl1.50 F d ot t Fd or
permanentproblemwith the scarcityof remountsand camels AI 156m ffos ro add t6 above
akilable Ho@.
were an easily availablesubstitute.By the time of rhe
capitulationthestrengthofrhe Regimenrhadshrunktojust140 NEw Fm Wdid r5M C.lon6lr
pluslmy more.A tuple of the
officersand men-
rs|m EOUIPMENT
Footnoteon str€nglbs: E l coLo,i.rkrd @n
MC68 Zulu.unnadied.lhruroilfi
Asesi
Except if specifiedotherwiseall strengthsare basedon MC69Zul!.unmzmdLhmsngAs€!.i E ? Ma"mqn 22i
E 3 Ga'lmodn 22D
official returns of the date given and erclude officers. MC70Zuluunmamed {ih XnoblaR E 4 Coortbnb., U;
MCTIZuLu unm.hed.innq nlle E 5 Cotoiiatoq?daa@n 35p
Nonetheless eventhesefiguresareoperlto somelaxitysinceit is MC72Zuluunmdedadvuidr nf€ l0D
rarelycl€arevenwhat is meanrby "fit for duty". MC73Zulu,lacco.thfun.*iih in.
lrceo.drur uiih AssaL
E 7 M?dPva
E
F,nbd,bdrd
M?dielnlEbnfllardnddd
roD
MC74ZuLu 3 lob
Next nonth: Pa.t II Uniforms of the F.ench in trgypt. MC75Z'nuLicm.*id, Xnobk€nie E 9 Baftl*il4) U;
Ero sftohomb.d 22i
MC772 u!ic@3dr0il\ lg ELL Grarnea b.nb.'d 45D
MC782'rlu.tulldB.lhtutsid, Affii- El2 Ecwlnlanw.oor loi
MC79Z'rlr.\tuld6rh@Assai El3Ecwc:'ilrysbnd.rd loD
1. Of the FrenchReginentsemployedin Egyptonly the l4th MC80zllqtun &6.fiing nlle El4 ECWSa,\fl 45D
Ett Ecwlimbe 3sD
Dragoonshad not servedwith Bonapartein 1797. Mc3I Zd[ &6.!ilh Xndbketrie El6 I 6 | 7'h Gnt liqh,ennon 450
MC822u[,tu1]d6.adv.!iih ine E17 l6rllhcemmedrun.mioi
2. The garrisonalloredto Vauboisconsistedof: Er3 rdllhcenrmotu
45D
3si,
19rhDemi-Brigadede Bataille,2nd & 3rd Baualions. lrc34 Bd&hlnfdnblmnhjng E19 ral7lhc.mrimba 35i,
'Iter€'s
A detachment of the 6rh Derni-Brigadede Bataille. a lot mor w6rsdjng from Wadioi Chin Amy sooi (25nn).
A deta€hment Cominq@n: At pan olour lonstm @mmilln?nilo uarsd6' *e have
of the 41stDemi-Brigadede Bataille. *(urcd rhp U( ;anula(iuiiq ;qhB ol S.bdach & CruaadeI{inialu6.
A detachment of the 80th DemiBrigadede Bataille.
I battalionof the 7th Demi-BrigadeL€gbre.
The CarabinierCompanyof.he 23rd DemiBrigadeL€gtre.
The Artillery detachmentsof rhe 19th, 30th, and 69rh
Deni-Brigadesde Bataille, and of the 4th Demi-Brigade 4. The cotton uniformwas not a greatsuccess- This and the
Ldgare. otheruniformdetailswill be coveredin Part IL
18thConpanyof.he 6th Foot Artillery. 5. How muchof this "cavalry"had honesat this time canbe
13thCompanyof Artillery "Arti?ans". seenftom the factthattherewereonly 530horseson boardfor
In all anountingto about3,500men. It seemsthat Bonapa(e a.llregiments.A shortageof horseswasto plaguethe French
took thisopponunityto divesthimselfof part Demi-Brigades, commandthroughoutthe campaign.
odd compani€s, etc. 6. Th€NavalLegionwasformed,obviouslyfron thesailonof
Henceforward thesetroopswerenotconsideredtobe partof thefleet theirabs€nces from theshiosmavhaveconnibutedto
The Army of the Orient, but as "Lines of Communications" the Frenchdefeatat Aboukir Bay.After ihat battlethe sailors
continuedto serve,mainlyasganisons.
N.B. ThetermDemi-Brigade cameinro usebythe Revolution- 7. TheMalteseLegionwasformedinJunefromthe Knightsof
aryAnniesin 1793andequates, roughly,to a Regimentofrhree St. John,nany of whomwereof Frenchoriein, and from the
battalions, Knights'own regularregiments.It disappeanquiteearlyin th€
3- The MamelukeshadorginallybeenKurdishslavesbur had campa'8n.
becomeconvertedto Islamandwere,by now, fanari€alin the 8. Remarkablya number of these Foriegn kgion troops
serviceofAllah- Theywereto all intentsandpurposes rulersof relumedto Franceafterthe capitulationof 1801.
Eglpl andpaidonl) lip service ro rheTurkishviceroy.

lVhen replying to adverts please rnention Wargames Illustrated,

30

THEFRENCH
CAMPAIGN
IN EGYPT,
1798.1801
PART II - The Uniforms of the French Army
by StephenEde-Borrett

Whenthe Frencharmy landedin Egyptin July 1798it wasstill CAVALRY

wearingtheEuropeanuniform notjustin colourandstylebut.
moreimpodantly,incloth andheadwearandthiswasto prove Dragoorls;
greencoatwith the variousunitsdifferinginlapel,collar,
a greatproblemfor the Frenchcommand(seePart I in last Dark
cuffcolour (seeTablel for the regimentsin Egypt).White,or
mo h's Warsanes luustnted\.
moreusually buFI.$ai\rcoat andbreeches. Again.oncampaign
trousersor overallsof anyof a numberof grey/brownhu€scould
INFANTRY be worn. Brasshelmetwith a blackpeakandhorsehairmane.
The Horse fumiture was dark green with edging in the
(EachDerni-Brigade comprisednine €ompanies - eight 'cen,
regimentalfacingcolorr GeeTable 1).
tre , fusiliersfor de Batailleand chasseurs for de L€gare,and
one '6lite . grenadiersor carabiniersrespectively.) Cbass€urs:
Dark green coat with regimentalfacings (see Table 1).
Demi-B.igadesde Bataill€: Netherwearshould have been dark green, but becaus€of
All ranksworea darkbluecoatwith red collarandcuffs.DiDed shortages, Iikethatof thedragoons, couldhavebeenalmostany
in u hile.whilelapehandturnbackr. pipedin red.blueshouldel dull colour insteador as well within the same company.
strapspipedin red for the fusiliersand red epauleuesfor the Headwearwasthe blackshako.usuallycylindricalandin some
grenadiers.Most deni-brigadeshad the simple 1791 cuff regimentsof the mirletontype (regretablyI don't know what
opening- essentially a straight'cut' pipedred -but somemay the 22ndwere wearing).
havehaddarkbluepipedred cuffflaps,aswouldbecomeusual
duing the Empire.All buttonswere brass. Hussars:
Headwearwas.officiallyan).xay,the 'Tarleton helmetof Only the 7lh biswerein Egyptand,asusualwith Hussars,their
blackleatherwith blackcrestand nationalcockadeon the left unitbrmwasquite unique.
side it is highlyunlikelythat anyof theunitsin Egyptworethis The7thbh', ex Hussars dela Liberte,uniformwasa mid-blue
however.In its Dlacewas worn the almost universalblack pelisseand red dolnan with mid,bluecollar and cuffs. All
bicornewith nationalcockadeand, possibly,companyporn- braidingon both was yellow. The breecheswere nid-blue,
pom above it. Although the beankin had proved to be pip€din yellow.The mirletonshakohada red wingandplume
prohibitivelyexpensive for the Republicnany unitsdid manage (if and whenwom in the latter case).All buttonswerebrass-
to retaintheirold issueswithbrassplateson thefront andat the Hors€furniiurewasa whitesheepskin edgedin blue;rhevalise
backpatchofa white€rosson a red field.(Althoughsomeunits
are known to haveusedalternatered/bluegrounds.) Officerswore generallythe sameuniformas th€ir men but
Legwearshouldhavebeenbreechesand blackgaiters- in with goldor silverin placeofthe mens'yellowor whitebuttons
practicetrousersweremoreusuallyworn, in white.grey,dark and lace.Dragoonand Chasseur officerswore epauletteslike
blue or eventricolourstripes." the Infantry, Hussarofficershad a complexsystemof ever
Grenadiersofficiallycarriedthe sabrebr?uer overthe right increasing amountsof gold laceon the breechesand cuffs.
shoulder,but many units did not have sabresand some
grenadiersmay thereforehave carriedtheir bayonetson rhe
cartridgebox strapin the nanner of fusiliers. CHANGES
The first changeswhich took place were to replace rhe
Demi-Brigadesl,€gare: impracticalheadwear of the infantrywith a newleatherhelmet
The coatwasof a similarstyleto the de Balaillebut with dark which had a cover lor the neck. Each demi-brisadehad a
blueturnbacksandlapelspipedwhite.The collarandcuffsare drfferenr colourcrer(on ils helmer.tseeTablell.)
also sometimesshownas blue, piped white. Shoulderstraps About the sametime new uniformswere issuedto all the
werebluepipedwhitefor the Chasseurs;the Carabinierswore intantryto replacethosewhich had becomeraggedsincethe
redepaulettes. The de Bataillewhitewaistcoat wasusually(but invasion.The newuniformswere to be ofthe samedarkblueas
not always)replacedby blue and officiallythe breeches were the usualpattern,but wereofa slightlydifferentcut and,more
alsoblue, but againtrouserswere more normallyworn. importantly,were to be in €oiton. (Ordersdated6th August
Headwearwas sometimesthe bicorne but often. when 1798.confirmed14thOctober1798.)
available,oneof a numberoftypesofshako.Theseweremost Thenewuniformswere.obviously,madelocallyandthismay
olten of oneofthe cylindricalformsand I haveseennotesthat accountfor thedifferenceinstylethatis sometimes commented
some units in Italy had even worn a form of the Hussars' on basically the newstyleofcoatseemsto havebeensimilarto
mirleton.Carabinierswore the bearskinwithout front plate. the later turtouf, that is singlebreasted,withour lapelsand
Officen wore essentially the sameuniformas their menbut with simple,shorl tails.''
with gold rank epaulettesand, of course, with differeflt Offic€rs and some units, however, managedto retain
equipment.Boots shouldhave been worn in lhe field, but uniformsof the old stylealthoughin rh€newcut. Whetherthis
shortages forcedmanyofficersto weargaitersand/ortrousers. changeaffectedthe cavalryI havenot beenableto discover.
 3I

The newcottonuniformswerenot a greatsuccess andin the

Autumn of 1799GeneralBonaparte,beforehis departurefor
France,gaveorder for a moredrasticsolution- the resultis
usuallyknownas the 'Kl6ber Ordinan€e'. WARGAMES
The basicproblen facingthe Frenchwas that not enough
clothwasavailableofsuitablequalitytoclothethe wholearmy RESEARCHGROUP
in thecorectcolour(which,afterall,wasmainlydarkblue not Coming Soon
a popularcolourin a semi-tropicalclinate). Thereforeit was
decidedto clothethe army in the colour that was available. 1815 _ THE WATERLOOCAMPAIGN
Dark blue was r€servedfor the Artillery, Sapperc,etc. The by Geoff Wootten
Dragoonsstill managedto hangon to their traditionaldark
green- A fi61 volume o' ,cendnosto accompanylhp aurhors Corps
The new uni{ormwas madewithout lapelsand with short D Amep Rulp\.The book qivesthe h:sroiicalbacksroundto th€
camoaianIoo,rh"r ulh acc;u"B of the battle,ol Iionu. Ou"Ee
tumbacks(looking rather like the Austrian coat of c1805), Bras, Wawe and Waerloo, comprehensve Orden oi 6atrli: and
exceptfor the Dragoons,Horse Artillery, and Officerswho five sugg6led gamp {€nafios (ApproximalelylJO pagpc
retainedthe samecur as the old coat. if not the colour. Incruorngmaps and dEqrams,
The resultwasa veritablerainbowof uniformcolourswith Price f,9.95
every DemiBrigade dresseddiff€rently (see Table III). AlsoAvailable
Officersdressedin the samecolour as their men and seem Corps D'Armee NapoleonicRulesf3.75
almostto haveviedwith eachorherin sarrorialsplendour.Each
Postag€
officerhad beengiventwo 'aunes'of his unit's cloth to dress UnitedKnsdom- Add 10%,Minimum50p
himsellanda profusionof laceandbraidappearstohavebeen Ov€lseas Add 15% Sudacei50% Aimail. Minimum50p
VISA & ACCESS(Eurcard, ldaslercard)ACCEPIED
The Dragoo.s,as mentionedabove,managedto retainthe
traditionaldark green.apparendywith facingsas in Table I. For details of our oth€r publications
The Chasseurs werere-equippedin a Hussartype uniformof pleasesent an s.a.e. or 2 IRC'S to:
light gr€endolmanand dark greenpelisse(and br€eches?),
presumably with white lacingsand steelbulrons.The Hussan Wargames Research Group,
retainedtheirpreviousuniformsincesuchcoloursof clothwere The Keep, Le Marchant Barracks, London Road,
not in shortsupply." Devizes,Wiltshir€. SN10 2ER
I don't haveany noteson the uniformsofthe moreooscure Tel (0380)724558
unitsexceptlhat the MountedGuidesworedarkgreenandthe
ott'quoted DromedaryUnit whoseunifom was a sky blue
hussar-typ€ dolmanwith a scarletkaftanworn over it.r2
All of this is very neat, but there are a great numberof
variationsrecordedfor all demi-brigades. Thesevariaiions.
however,are usuallyin facingcolour ratherthan actualcoat
colour,so TableIII is a goodguide,sinceto attemptto cover
evena smallnumberof theserecordedvariationswouldrakeall
ofthis issu€of IyI andnost ofthe nextoneaswell- somethins
that I don't think the Editor will allowl

TABLtrI
Facingsof the CavalryRegiments
in Egypt
Rect. Lapels&
no. Turnback Piping"
3 scadet green
14 pink green prnk pink'"
15 pink pink grcen pink
18 pink pnK green pink
20 yellow grcen yellow
22 Ereer, orange orange orange
Note: In dragoonregimentsfacingcolour collar, cuffs, etc.
werepipeddarkgreenandviceversa,the shoulderstrapswere
alwaysin dark greenand piped.The 22ndChasseurs haddark
greenshoulderstrapspiped orange,and greenpiping to the
collaror1y, the lapeh may havebeengreenpipedorange.

G.J.M.FIGURINES
Wa4amesFigu.espainiedto colledoGstandard.
smm to 30mm.5mn samplelrcewilh SAEor 5lRCs
ForsamplarSmm liqure6ndlisrssendfl.95or f2.95
\c'90
tor 25mmsampl€figur€payableioGerardCronin,
24ChelslleldMerc, StanlonClos€,Oeingion,
Examplesof the lT98patternhelmet-
Blackleatherwithleather
5mmasp.ci.lily. T.lcphone:06392011512"ht orcottonneckcoverandcolouredwoollen crest(seeTableII).
After Marrion & Fosten.
32

TABLE II
Crestsof the Demi-Brigades
AreYOUusing

DemnBrigade
S€ptemb€r1798
Cr€st
stMoN'ssotDtERs?
9th de Bataill€
l3 blue Thepointingseryicefor worgomeGby o worgomer
18 black
19
All scolescoteredfof but lsmm o speciolily.
32 blue & white Send9l.50 for lsmm sompleor contoctl
6l black& white SimonChoreswodhon 0656768556for detoils.
69 yellow& white
75 blue & red
85 yellow& red 14 Co9 Ffynnon,Brqcklq,Brldgend
88 yellow& blue Mld Glqmorgon,CF3l 2HO
2meL6gere green
4 green& while
21 green& yellow
22 green& red
GuideeA-Pied lricoloured
Notei Bi colouredcrestscouldbe dividedequallyone colour
abovethe other, or in altematebandsalongthe length.

TABLE III
The KldberOrdinanceof October1799
Demi-
Brigad€ Coat Collar Cuffs Turnback Piping
Creen green green whrte
9 Bataille
blue white white red
13 dk.blue puce puce green
yellow yellow yellow white
18
scarlet blue blue blue
25 blue blue blu€ white
32 scarlet lt.orangelt.orange white
dk.blue dk.blue dk.blue yellow
61 dk.blue lt.green ll-green white
yellow lt.green ll.green 1
69 scarlet white whiie white
sky blue sky blue sky blue white IllDstration II
85 scarlet yellow yellow white Exampleof the Kl6berOrdinancepatierncoat.The 1798issue
88 blue green green white cottoncoatwasprobablyoften similar.After Rigo.
2 Leqare rr.green dk.blue dk.blue dk.blue white
4 rr.green crimson crimson crimson white NOTES:
zl sky blue It.orangelt.orange red white 9. Stripedtrousersareoftenshownin contemporary pdnts,in
22 sky blue crirnson crimson crimson white a numberof hues.I haveevenseenone print of an Officerin
Italy wearingtrouserswith altematered and blueioops on a
Io{t whiteground.
Artillery blue red red red red 10. The buttonson thesecoals (and on thosemade{or the
yellow yellow yellow v. ^r KldberOrdinance) $ereclorhco\eredlor all e\ceprOlfice$
Miners blue black black blue red brttons, but ;s brassbuttonswere in useiocallyas a form of
Balloonists blue green red blue red curren€yit seemsunlikelythat suchwouldhavestayedon th€
Engineers blue recl green green white coatfor long.
11. Althoughone sourceafterthe KleberOrdinancegivesthe
'dark blue'.
Note: Pipingwason the collar,cuffs,turnbacksand,for some blue as
demi-brigades, down the front openingof the coat. 12. This unit'suniformshavebeenthe sourceof manyarticles
Wheretwosetsof€oloursaregiven(gth, 18th)orthree(61st)by manyauthorities,mostof whomdo not agreein detail.lt
thenauthoritiesdiffer andI haveno firm evidencein favourof seem,lhar a number of,lighrlydiffenngunitonn,werein u.ear
one or the other. Possiblyboth uniformsexistedsideby side, thesametime, likewisethe headwear wasofa numberof forms
but it is alsoworth considering how colourschangein bright from czapskato rurbanto shako.
sunlight for exampleir the 6lst, crimsoncanappearasbrown 13. Whenuniformswereissuedin Egypt in October1798the
if grubbyor badlydyed,andbluefadesto greenafterprolonged pipingmay not havebeenpresent.
exDosure to sunlisht. 14. Rigo (seeSourcet showsthis as a very dark pink.
22

THEFRENCH
CAMPAIGN
INEGY?T
I798.I8OI
lll - TheStondords& Coloursof ihe FrenchArmy
PART
by StephenEde-Borrett
Th€regin€ntswhichGeneralBonapanetook with him to Egjpt in The squadroncoloursare lst - red (necessitating
the Phrygian
1798were all ftom the 17ql "Amy of Italy", exceptfor th€ 14th capto be gold); 2nd sky blue; 3rd light geen; 4th - yelow.
Dmgoons.Thus,exceptfor thislastrcgiment,all werecarryingthe
1797pattem Army of Italy standardsand colous.

E
fRANc,{s
REPUBUQUE
TIIE CAVALRYSTANDARDS
Eachsqua&onin a rcgiinent17caried a standard.Thes€wereaI
t4-R,"..0"^-."1i"
identicalexceptfor two points: / /.u^-*, l3{a*-*A^6
1. The revers€canied the squadronnumber.(s€e L m) 0 ",."rd$ ,.25rl!,{.6
2. The field of the standarddjffercd ftom squadronto squadron, b-. P,,*"- - 3r'A^t
-t
viz: B ; Az**" 7 --"* A"
rst Squadrcn- rcd
2nd Squadron- blue
&d Squadron- gr€en
4lh Squadrcn- ye ow
All embroidery,ftinge, etcwasgold exceptfor the Phrygiancap
and the straF around the fasceswhich were red. The staff was
mid-bluewith a gold stapleand point. The s.3d wastricoloured.
For som€reasonthe squadroncoloun ofthe Army of the Orient
pattemissuedto the 14ihDragoonsin 1799andto the Reeinentof
Dromedariesin the sameyear were different, vi:
1st Squadron- tricolour
2nd Squadron- r€d
3rd Squadron- sky blue
4th Squa&on- green
Sadly, unlike the information availablefor the inJanuy (see
below)dlat for d|e cavaLyis remarkableonly for ils paucity,lhe THE INFANIRY COLOURS
following howeveris what I have to date. Ill.IV shors the basic1797Army of Italy pattem which hadbeen
All Regin€ntscaded standards(the aclual 17ql orde$ often issuedto all tbe demi-bdgaderpres€ntin Eglpt. There were,
refer to "Guidons" which nay, or may not, be significant)of a however,somevariations,but they were only slight.
similar design. Probably lhis was little different to the actual The obv€rs€of this pattem carriedthe namesof the battl€sat
pattem of lhe "Army of lhe Orienf' (se€in.Itr). The sizeof ihe which the demi-brigadeshad been presentin Italy and, as time
standadswEs5G55cmby 52-53c:trl, exdudingftinge. Th€ revers€ pass€d,the namesof the Eglptian victorieswerc addedwhile the
caried, like ih€ infantry colous, the nanesof the batd€sin which colous were still in use.
lhe regimenthaddistinguished itsefi,sadlyev€nPiere charie has Eachbanalioncarriedonecolour,only the sleevebeuayingthe
ftiled to discoverexactlywhat lhes€honoun werefor ihe cavalry. battalion:
The mountedGuid€showever,who c€rriedihe Army of Italy 1stbattalion- white
pattem, had the following on the reve$e of their standards: 2nd battalion- red
REPIJBUQUE FRANC{SE 3rd battalion- blue
COMP' DES GIJIDES. . . ESCADRON The revers€of somecoloun did, however,c,Iry "p" B"",
B. DE LODI the top dght ad bottomleftmmers,
B. DE BORGIfiITO with the demi-bigadenumberin the other two comels, but this
C. DE INNATO wasNOT univ€Isal.
B. DE CASTIGLIONE The gen€rald€signof the reversewasessentiallythe sameasthe
B. DE BASSANO obveNe(iI.9, excrpt that the centralsquareborethe lascesand
B. DE SA]NT.GEORGE Pbrygian cap and the legend "REPIJBLIQIJE FRANCAIS"
B. D'ARCOLE abovethe squareand "DISSPLINE ET SOUMISSION AIlx
B. DE RIVOLI LOIS MILITAIRES" below.
PAS DE I,{ PIAVA The Demi-brigadesEgere carriedthe samepattem of colour,
PAS: DU TAGLIAMENTO but with a hom in the centreof the laurelson the obverse.
 IANCASHIREGAMES
20 PI.ATIIITG ROAD, LYI'GAE, OLI'HAItfi OII 4DL
Dueio populardemandr€gardingour Napoleonicrangervehavebeenaslcd to relist lhe fgurcs so far.
15mmCASTTNGS
I{APOLEOI{ICPENINSULAR
NPPI- Une inlaltv RUSS|A|{|{ABOLEON|C{18121
NPF1 Une inlanlry advancino
- NPP2 Cad.b€ RN1 MusN€t*r
NPF2 Grenadie//ollioEr NPP6 Dragoodheavycavatry RN2 c€nadier
NPF3 Voniouers&mishrm RN3 Jao€r
NPFs cha*eur/Gren. chilino Au3dan l|Dolsonlc FN4 lnLnty command
- - ANI Gernan inl. advandnain shako FN5 Fool anilbry c'e$ (4 fios)
NFF10 Cha.seu 6 Cheal
ANz Gsman kf. advandnd in hethet
-(shatot BN10 Uhld
NPFI2 Dragoon AN3 Gema ht, charlho
ANa Geman ml. cna.i nd lh€treil RN12 Uaooon
SD€nish AN6 hlanlrv mmmanafii h€lmet RN13 Co*ack
NPS1 Une inlant AN7 Tvroleaniaeoer RN14 Cuilassi€r
ANg c'€nadie. a&€nqno RN15 Ho|so adill€rvcres {4 fo€t
AN10 Grenzerint advancino FN16 Hussarwitr tene
Brllbh ANl4 Hussar FNiT Muskele€/Gr€n.in foraoe c€D
-€gls)'
NPBI Une inrarw cenlre Co. ANi5 Chsvaul€qer/Daooon BN18 Disntld.Dragooi (Foot
NPBz Une Intanw nank Co. AN16Curlai€i
NPB3 Hiohlands' AN17 Mllery c'ew (4 ligs)
NPB6 Fu-silid PBUSSIAI{NAP,OLEOI{|CIiSlEis)
NPBT Uohl in|anwFiff€md PAINTING SERVICE PN1 Muskois€radancino
NPA10 Udtll Draooon OURUSUALHIGHOUALTTY PAII{flI{GSEBVICE PN2 Grenadier
NPB11 H6avy O6sioon IS AVAILABLE AS OUBPOPULAADESIGIIER PN3 Inlanw cornmand
AR Y (200pc& lqDc) BAFGAIIS
200poD€3ign€rrnrl6$0Ix) + C5prp(ov€l3es) PN5 F6€ryist inlantv

@El
P(EIAL CHARGES
3.€ P&Prile3l or i(Xlpc4 annlo!t/4.00 + Cl plp
{owrss leG ptD 6la3)
SE D SAEOR 3 lRCe FOROUBUSIS
PN6 Bes€rvis(bnds6hr command
PN7 LEndwehrintanw
PNg Foot artlt€ry c€iv {4 fosl
PN10Hus6
U( & BFPoonlv10%d ord€lvalue.Mn.3Oo. Pad( Ptlc€e PN11Uhlan
&eEeas Annaf30%ol oder vajueMin.[i.00 Slandardpack(,lOloot 5 csvl €1.00 PNlz DEooon
$dae Mat 15%or oder vau6 Min.t1.00 Commandt5 toor) m.60 PNls tlorae anitbry c€w (4 figs)
Ph€senoterc insu€all pdrelsol v€lueols eso Anilbrycw(4bot) m.trc

theFrenchArmy in ESpt,l1 -1N1" i\TtudnionN6A,43

&47;L don r97?.
Nafiiger, George The Frcnch Amt: Royd, Repubtban&
Inpeial, Palts I, ll & m; keds 1987& 1988.

@
o
T Rigob Plumet"J'EtaisEtrltalieEtEnErypte" in Tradition
To give a full list of battle honours here would serve little
purposeand I doubt that many wargamerswould acluallypaint
them onto their Regiments'mlours any\rvay, If you are interested
in any particllar deni-bigade then I canthoroughlyrecommend
the works cited und€r "sources".
Nafriger,Georg€Variousitens ftom the Col.l"crlo,material.
Rigofl, Plumet Unifom platesNos 201,209, & 216.
No.11;Paris1987;pplc21.
Rigonaud,Albert "The 88th Demi-Brigadeof the French
Army In Eglpt, S€ptember1801"id Trrdrto, No.57;London
196?,pp2-8.
Plusvariousnoteson the FrenchRepublicanArmies collected
ftom numeroussourcesovef many years.

SPENCERSMITH
(Metal
andPlastic
MINIATURES
2sl3omm
17. How mariysquadronsof eachregimentwerein E$T't issetout s€ale)
in Part Il (sEeWaryame:I t rrar€dNr.lt, althoughwhich 3i',fiilYl3;u *- "r*,^'ar b€q,nne^
oacrase.
in.lud'nB 'ule! and d€mo s,;e t270 loot, 66 c.vati,
squadronswere presentI do not know - can anyonehelp? 113,45UK o' 135.45oreF.s pon paid. 4 cunt
a Ancic.n War ol Ind@nds@sft. Y.a6 War

Pdes M.r.l daric

21p 6o
SOURCES Cavalry 45p 2op
fl.l5 65p
Clw]?tr'ie,
Pie,JeDtupeauxet EEndatA de la rcyolaion et de Samplerpack (mel or plani.) 4t.95
L'Enpirct Paft 198r''. Pleaseend sAEfo. detailsto:
Ede-Borrett,S.L. "lnfantry Coloun of tbe Army of Iialy'' in Perer,ohnnoN, s Br@3,l. no.d, ctirricl,
London,W4 4QX, Uniled Kqdd
Mililtry Modc ing for No.enber 1983;p.848. PA|NI|NG SttVtCt AVAIA81I
Marrion, R. & Fosten,D. "The Uniforms and equipmentof