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As a general definition, valves are devices used to control, regulate and open/close the
flow and/or the pressure of a pipeline and/or a piping system. Valves are highly critical and
expensive components and one of the determining factors of pipelines reliability, safety,
and performance.
There are many different types of valves, most often used in combination, which perform
specific functions within the piping system or the pipeline.
The main types of valves used in the petrochemical and oil & gas industry are the
following:
gate valve (API 600 cast gate, API 602 forged, API 603 cast stainless steel gate,
API 6D expanding gate, API 6D slab gate valve, knife gate valve, pressure seal
gate valve, etc.)
globe valve (BS 1873 cast globe valve, API 603 stainless steel globe valve, API
602 forged globe valve, y-globe valve, pressure seal globe valve…)
check valve (swing check valve, piston check valve, ball check valve, spring
check valve, pressure seal check valve, etc.)
ball valve (floating, trunnion)
butterfly valve (concentric, double eccentric, triple eccentric)
strainers (y-shape, t-shape or basket strainers)
plug valve (API 6A plug valve, API 6D plug valve)
pinch valve
pressure relief/safety valve
diaphragm valve
control valves (ball, butterfly and globe type valve)
cryogenic valves (used when the operating temperature falls below 100°F – 73°
C).
others less
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Standard valves are generally available on the market via distributors that stock products
from global manufacturers. Custom, big-size and exotic materials valves follow instead
the “make to order” manufacturing process and are sold directly from producers to end
users and EPC contractors. The last distribution channel is the online valves websites,
that are gaining traction for a couple of years.
FUNCTIONS OF VALVES
1. Start/stop the flow of the fluid (hydrocarbons, oil & gas, steam, water, acids)
through the pipeline (example: gate type)
2. Modulate the flow of the fluid through the pipeline (example: globe type)
3. Control the flow of the fluid (control type)
4. Change the direction of the flow (example 3-way ball)
5. Regulate the pressure of a process (pressure reducing)
6. Protect a piping system or a device (pump, motor, tank) from overpressures
(safety or pressure relief) or back-pressures (check)
TYPES OF VALVES
In this article, we illustrate the main types of valves used in the petrochemical and power
generation industries:
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Based on the movement of the disc, there are three main types of valves:
GATE VALVE
Gate valves open and close the flow of the fluid through the pipeline (and belong therefore
to the family of the on-off valves). The wedge of the valve is positioned between two
parallel (or oblique) seats positioned perpendicular to the flow. The fluid flows horizontally
through gate valves and is not subject to pressure drops. Gate valves cannot be used to
modulate and regulate the flow of the fluid, as the high speed of the fluid would damage
the wedge and the seats of a partly open / partly closed gate valve. The main type of gate
valves in the oil & gas industry are: API 600 (cast body carbon / alloy steel), API 603 (cast
body stainless), API 6D (pipeline gate valve, expanding gate/slab gate type), API 602
(forged body gate valves), pressure seal gate valves (for high pressure
applications). Knife-gate valves are the last type of gate valve with a very sharp sized and
machined disc. Knife gate valves are manufactured according to the TAPPI standards. In
terms of construction, gate valves may have rising / non-rising stems and different types
of wedges (solid wedge, flexible wedge, and split wedge).
GLOBE VALVE
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Globe valves are used to regulate the fluid flowing through the pipeline (modulating valve)
or in applications that require a frequent and quick opening/closing of the flow (as the
movement required to close/open the valve is very short for this type of valve). Globe
valves are available in various models (straight and y pattern), sizes and material grades
(from cast steel to forged steel bodies) to cover the various requirements in terms of fluids,
working temperatures, and pressures. A frequently asked question is what is the
difference between gate and globe valves: gate valves are used to close/open the flow,
whereas globe valves are used to modulate the flow. The most common types of globe
valves in the petrochemical industry are BS 1873 (carbon/alloy cast body globe), API 603
(stainless steel cast body), API 602 (forged body). Pressure seal globes are used for
high-pressure applications.
CHECK VALVE
Check valves (also named “non-return”) are used to protect equipment as pumps, as they
prevent potentially damaging backflows. These valves provide a tight seal as well as a
fast closing in case of unwanted back-flows. The swing check type is the most common
and is designed to produce a low-pressure drop in the pipeline. Compared to the API 600
type, widely used for petrochemical applications, API 603 valves are used with the
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corrosive media and abrasive conditions. High-pressure check valves are also available
on the market, and they have pressure seal cover with different configurations. API
602 check valves (piston check, ball check) are made of forged steel. Dual plate check
valves are special types that are used to protect pumps and compressors from potentially
damaging backflows (they conform to the API 594 norm).
BALL VALVE
Ball valves have a spherical disc that is able to modulate the flow of a fluid in the pipeline.
The ball inside the valve has a hole through which the flow passes as the hole is aligned
with the two ends of the device. Otherwise, when the hole is in a perpendicular position to
the ends, the flow is interrupted. The lever of the valve is aligned to the position of the ball,
so the open/close status is clearly visible. The two main types are the floating ball and the
trunnion mounted type. Both types can be either side or top entry. Three-way ball valves
and wafer ball valves are also available on the market. The key norm for ball valves is API
6D and BS 5351 (forged type). Ball valves, as well as butterfly valves and plug valves,
belong to the quarter turn family. Stainless steel ball valves are used for corrosive pipeline
applications. A specific type is the so-called “double block and bleed ball valves ” (DBB):
they feature a double seating surface that seals the pressure on both sides of the device.
BUTTERFLY VALVE
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Butterfly valves are used to cut off or modulate the flow of a fluid. Manual butterfly is often
preferred to other valves as they are cheaper, lighter and easier to maintain (but for some
application, actuated types are also available). The key part of this type of valve, the disc,
is positioned at the center of the pipe and the disc is connected via a rod to an external
actuator. Differently, from a ball valve, the disc is always present within the flow and
creates a specific pressure drop. Resilient butterfly valves (otherwise defined “concentric”)
have seats in soft material (EPDM, VITON, NBR, BUNA-N seats or similar) and have
lowest pressure ratings than high-performance type (also called double eccentric). The
third type that has a metal to metal seal is the triple eccentric type (a type that competes
with ball valves for some applications). Butterfly valves used in petrochemical are
manufactured in accordance with the API 609 Norm.
Strainers
Y-strainers and basket strainers are used to filter solids from a fluid flowing in a pipeline by
means of a perforated or wire-mesh filtering element (i.e. the strainer). These devices are
relatively cheap equipment to protect downstream mechanical equipment from damages
due to debris like rust, pipe scale, sediment, and other solids that flow together with the
conveyed fluid. Strainers are available with both cast and forged body materials.
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PLUG VALVE
There are three different designs of plug valves. The short pattern design type has a
compact face to face dimensions and port areas accounting for 40% to 60% of a full-bore
valve. The regular pattern has a longer face to face dimensions and a port area of 50-70%
the full-bore plug valves and is designed to provide minimal loss of flow. Full bore design
has long face to face dimensions and a round port. This last configuration provides
unrestricted flow and allows pigging operations of the pipeline. Modern plug valves are an
evolution of a basic design that was developed back in the Roman empire. API 6A design
is used for upstream operations.
The goal of a pressure relief valves (PRV or safety) is to release possible overpressures
of specific equipment (example boilers, pressure vessels) or pipelines; they open
automatically as a set pressure (or temperature) is exceeded and the overpressure is
released. Pressure relief valves are available in most material grades from carbon steel to
stainless steel and can manage overpressure of any fluid (hydrocarbons, gas, steam or
water). One of the main components of this type of valves is the spring. PRV valves can
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be used as a safety valve or a relief valve depending on the application. What is the
difference between a pressure relief valve and a safety valve? The term pressure relief to
valves used to control overpressures in vessels that contain liquids (the opening of the
valve is not sudden, but proportional to the increase of the pressure in the vessel). The
term safety valve is instead used for mechanical devices that have compressed fluids or
for vessels filled with gas (safety valves open all of a sudden, as the set pressure of the
valve is reached). It is any way possible that these terms are interchangeable. Safety
valves are available either in the API 526 and ASME construction.
CONTROL VALVE
Most of the above valves may have different types of connections with tubes and process
equipment:
VALVES PARTS
Valves are rather complex mechanical devices, consisting of multiple parts and
components:
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The body is a key part of any valve: it contains the other critical components and it has to
withstand pressure loads from the connected piping system. Valve are joined to other
piping components by different connections as, for instance, butt weld or socket weld,
threaded or flanged types. The body can be manufactured out of cast steel or forged steel
in a variety of shapes, designs and material grades. The most common grades are high
temperature carbon steel, low temperature carbon steel and austenitic stainless steel
(SS304, SS316, SS321, etc). For specific applications, special material grades with
stronger corrosion resistance are used, such as super austenitic stainless steels (SMO
254), duplex and super duplex steels, and nickel alloys (Inconel, Incoloy, Hastalloy). For
marine applications, non ferrous materials or alloys are used (Monel,
cupronickel, aluminum bronze). Iron bodies are used in less critical applications as water
distribution systems.
VALVE BONNET
The bonnet is an another important part of most valves. When dismantled from the body, it
allows the access to the internal components of the valve to execute maintenance
activities or replacement of parts (such as the disc, seat, stem, etc). Valve bonnets are
available in many designs and models (the most typical are: bolted, round bolted, welded,
pressure seal) and are manufactured in cast steel or forged steel (generally using the
same material grade of the body). The bonnet is connected with the body by a threaded,
bolted, or welded joint connections – and gaskets are used in between the body and the
bonnet. Manufacturers strive to optimize the design of this part (to reduce the overall
dimension of the device and to ensure that the connection is tight and leakage-proof).
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TRIM
The valve trim is a collective name for all the internal parts of the valve that can be
removed and replaced and that have a direct contact with the fluid flowing through the
pipeline. Typically, the trim includes components as the disc, the seat, the stem, the
glands, the bushings and the sleeves needed to guide the stem (but the specific elements
that constitute the trim of a valve depends on the valve type). The trim is a fundamental
component of the performance and the operation of the valve and the trim materials
combination shall be choosen with care. The most used trim combinations for gate, globe
and check valves are defined by the API trim chart.
VALVE DISC
The disc is the part of the valve that opens, closes or modulate the flow of the fluid within
the pipeline, depending on its relative position to the seat. In the case of a gate valve, the
gate (wedge) is the disc of the valve (whereas the disc is called “ball” for ball valves).
After the body and the bonnet, the disc is the third most important element that determines
the performance of the valve and its tight seal. Discs are generally manufactured in
forged steel and are often reinforced (hard faced) to enhance the mechanical properties of
the base material.
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VALVE SEATS
Seats accommodate the movements of the disc, and valves may have one or multiple
seats. Globe or a swing-check valve are fitted with one seat that, in connection with the
disc, creates the seal that interrupts the flow of the fluid. Gate valves have instead two
seats, one on the upper side and the other on the lower side of the valve. Seats are often
hard-faced. A proper finish of the seats is required to ensure a good seal when the valve is
in the closed position.
VALVE STEM
The stem of a valve is used to maneuver the valve (open / close) because it moves the
disc inside the valve. The stem is linked to the valve actuator or to the manual hand wheel
(or lever) at one end, and is connected to the valve disc on the other end. In the case of
gate and globe valves, the stem exercises a linear motion on the disc, whereas for ball,
butterfly and plug valves the disc rotates to open or close the valve (therefore such valves
are called “quarter turn valves”). Stems are made of forged steel and are connected to the
disc by threading or other means. To prevent the leakages of the valve, a proper finish of
the stem surface is necessary.
Rotary Stem: This is a standard type for ball, plug, and butterfly valves. A
quarter-turn motion of the stem opens or closes the valve.
Sliding Stem: In this case the stem does not execute any rotation. The stem slides
in and out the valve to open or close it. This design is common in hand-operated
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lever rapid opening valves. It is also used in control valves are operated by
hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders.
Rising type with outside screw and yoke (“OS&Y”): the external side of the stem is
threaded while the part of the stem which is inside the valve is plain. The threads
of the stem are isolated from the medium by the packing. Two alternative designs
are available. The “OS&Y” design is common for valves above 2″.
Rising type with an inside screw (“IS&Y”): The threaded part of the stem is
positioned inside the valve body, whereas the stem packing lays outside. With this
design, the stem threads are in touch with the medium flowing through the pipeline.
Once rotated, the stem and the hand wheel rise together and open the valve.
Non-rising stem type with inside screw: The threaded part of the stem is inside the
valve and does not rise. The valve disc floats on the stem, like a nut if the stem is
rotated. Stem threads are in contact with the media of the pipeline, and as such,
may be exposed to its corrosive impact. This is the reason why such design is
used when the available space to position the valve is too narrow to permit linear
movement, and the media does not cause erosion, corrosion or abrasion of the
stem material.
VALVE PACKING
The gasket that seals the stem with the bonnet is called packing, and comprises the
following components:
Gland follower, which is a sleeve that compresses the packing, by a gland into the
stuffing box.
Gland, a type of bushing, which compresses the packing into the stuffing box.
Stuffing box, a chamber in which the packing gets compressed.
Packing, available in different materials, like PTFE, elastomers, fibrous material,
etc.
A backseat is a seating inside the bonnet. The backseat provides a seal between
the stem and bonnet and prevents system pressure from building against the
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valve packing once the valve is fully open. Back seats are often used in gate and
globe valves.
The valve packaging shall be properly designed and manufacture to minimize the
possible damages to the stem and minimize the risk of leakages of fluids. On the
other hand, it is necessary to observe that a too tight packing may affect the stem.
VALVE ACTUATOR
An hand operated or manual valve is generally equipped with a hand wheel that can be
rotated clockwise or counter-clockwise to open and / or close the valve (typical for gate
and globe valves). Ball, plug or butterfly are actuated using a lever (manual quarter turn
valves).
In the following cases, it is not either possible nor advisable to use manual valves:
In all these cases, a valve actuator is needed. The actuator produces linear and rotary
motion able to open ot close a valve (the actual movement depends of course on the type
of the valve, linear or quarter turn). The main types of valves actuators are:
Gear Actuators
Electric actuators
Pneumatic actuators (pneumatic control valves use this type frequently)
Hydraulic actuators
Gas over oil actuators
Solenoid Actuators
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There are three main types of valve end (that impact the way a valve can be connected to
a pipe or other mechanical devices in the piping arrangement). Valves should be tightly
connected to pipes to ensure a tight sealing. The most used types of pipe/valve
connections are:
FLANGED ENDS
A flanged connection requires the use of two flanges with the related bolts, nuts, and
washers. Flanged connections are widely used in pipeline systems regardless the
pressure and the bore of the valves and the connected pipes. Flanged connections are
generally a cheap solution to join pipes with valves
In case of welded connections, the valve is welded directly onto the pipe. This type of
connection is generally more expensive but ensures a good protection against leakages.
Weld connections are used in high-pressure pipelines and can be of two types, butt weld
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and socket weld (the valve has a socket and the pipe is welded therein, generally in case
of pipelines below 2 inches of diameter).
THREADED ENDS
In this case, the valve is connected to the pipe by a thread (tapered thread). This type of
connection is generally used for low-pressure pipelines with bore size lower than 2 inches.
It is also a very cheap connection, because no other material, then the pipe and the valve
are necessary, and no flanges, no bolts, and no weld operation are needed. In case of
leakage, however, repair chances are limited for threaded connections.
The valves could also be classified based on the materials of construction. There can be
any number of combinations possible with the materials of construction. It is for the
piping engineer to select the same in consultation with the process engineer to suit the
process fluid.
The environment in which the valves are installed is also to be considered for selection
of materials of construction. However, the most commonly available materials are:
Cast Iron
Bronze
Gun metal
Carbon Steel
Stainless Steel
Alloy Carbon Steel
Poly Propylene UHMW-PE,UHMW-HDPE etc
Special Alloys
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ASME B16.34 Valves Flanged, Threaded and Welding End applies to new construction.
It covers pressure-temperature ratings, dimensions, tolerances, materials, nondestructive
examination requirements, testing, and marking for cast, forged, and fabricated flanged,
threaded, and welding end and wafer or flangeless valves of steel, nickel-base alloys, and
other alloys. Wafer or flangeless valves, bolted or through-bolt types, that are installed
between flanges or against a flange are treated as flanged-end valves. Alternative rules
for NPS 2½ and smaller valves are given in Mandatory Appendix V.
Body & shell materials comply with ASME and ASTM material standards for
chemistry and strength
Body & shell materials are heat-treated to ensure proper grain structure, corrosion
resistance, and hardness.
Wall thicknesses of body and other pressure-containing components meet ASME
B16.34 specified minimum values for each pressure class.
NPT and SW end connections comply with ASME B1.20.1 or ASME B16.11.
Stems are internally loaded and blowout proof.
All bolting will be ASTM grade with maximum applied stress controlled by B16.34.
Each valve is shell tested at 1,5x rated pressure for a specific test time duration.
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Each valve is tested for seat leakage in both directions for a specific test time
duration.
Each valve is permanently tagged with materials of construction, operating limits
and name of the manufacturer.
Any buyer shall check with the manufacturer the compliance of the offered valves to
ASME B16.34 before placing a purchase order.
ASME B16.34 classifies also the material grades for forged and cast valves, matching
them with other critical material grades used for the manufacturing of piping products.
ASME B16 34 classified materials in 3 main groups (carbon / alloy steel, stainless steel
and nickel-alloy steel). Find following the matching tables proposed by the norm:
Group Designation
No.
1.2 C-SI A
3 1/2NI A350 Gr. LF3 A352 Gr. LC3 A203 Gr. E A350 Gr. LF3
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A696 Gr. B
1.5 C-1/2MO A182 Gr. F1 A217 Gr. A204 Gr. A A182 Gr. F1 A
WC1
1.6 C-1/2MO – – – A
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1.1 2 1/4CR-1MO A182 Gr. F22 A217 Gr. A387 Gr. 22 A182 Gr. F22 –
Cl.3 WC9 Cl.2 Cl.3
1.11 3CR-1MO A182 Gr. F21 – A387 Gr. 21 A182 Gr. F21 –
Cl.2
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5CR-1/2MO-SI A
1.13 5CR-1/2MO A182 Gr. F5a A217 Gr. C5 – A182 Gr. F5a –
1.15 9CR-1MO-V A182 Gr. F51 A217 Gr. A387 Gr. 91 A182 Gr. F91 A
C12A Cl.2
2.1 18CR-8NI A182 Gr. A351 Gr. CF3 A240 Gr. A182 Gr.
F304 304 F304
A479 Gr.
304
A479 Gr.
304H
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2.2 16CR – 12N I- 2MO A182 Gr. A240 Gr. A182 Gr.
F316 316 F316
A479 Gr.
316
A479 Gr.
316H
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A479 Gr.
304L
A479 Gr.
316L
A182 Gr.
F321H
A479 Gr.
321H
2.5 18CR – 10NI – CB A182 Gr. A351 Gr. CF8C A240 Gr. A182 Gr.
F347 347 F347
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A479 Gr.
347
A479 Gr.
347H
A479 Gr.
348
A479 Gr.
348H
A240 Gr.
309H
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2.7 25CR-20NI A182 Gr. A351 Gr. CK20 A240 Gr. A182 Gr.
F310H 310S F310H
A479 Gr.
310S
2.8 20CR – 18NI – 6MO A182 Gr. A351 Gr. A240 Gr.
F44 CK3MCuN S31254
A479 Gr.
S31254
A479 Gr.
S32750
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N- CB -W F55 S32760
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What is the face to face dimension? In a valve (or fitting), the face to face to face
dimension is the distance in
mm from the face of the inlet port to the face of the outlet port.
CLASS 150 | CLASS 300 | CLASS 600 | CLASS 900 | CLASS 1500 | CLASS 2500
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CLASS 150 FACE TO FACE DIMENSION FOR VALVES ASME B16.10 (in mm)
150# Ball Ball Gate Gate Plug Plug Plug Plug Globe
Long Short Solid Conduit Short Regular Venturi Round Lift an
Pattern Pattern Wedge Pattern Pattern Pattern Port Full Swing
and Bore Check
Double
Disc
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22 – – – 508 – – – – 1067
32 – – – 711 – – – – –
34 – – – 762 1016 – – – –
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CLASS 300 FACE TO FACE DIMENSION FOR VALVES ASME B16.10 (in mm)
300# Ball Long Ball Short Gate Solid Wedge Plug Short Plug Plug Globe
Pattern Pattern and Double Disc and Venturi Regular Round Port and
and Conduit Pattern Pattern Full Bore Check
5 – – 381 – – – 400
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CLASS 600 FACE TO FACE DIMENSION FOR VALVES ASME B16.10 (in mm)
600# Ball Long Gate Solid Wedge and Double Plug Regular and Plug Round Globe Lif
Pattern Disc and Conduit Long Venturi Pattern Port Full Bore Swing C
Pattern Pattern
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5 – 508 – – 508
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CLASS 900 FACE TO FACE DIMENSION FOR VALVES ASME B16.10 (in mm)
900 # Gate Solid Wedge and Double Plug Regular and Plug Round Globe Lift Check and
Disc and Conduit Long Venturi Pattern Port Full Bore Swing Check Long
Pattern Pattern
3/4 – – – 229
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5 559 – – 559
14 1029 – – 1029
18 1219 – – 1219
22 – – – –
24 1549 – – 1549
CLASS 1500 FACE TO FACE DIMENSION FOR VALVES ASME B16.10 (in mm)
1500# Gate Solid Wedge Double Plug Regular and Plug Round Globe Lift Check and
Disc and Conduit Long Venturi Pattern Port Full Bore Swing Check Shor
Pattern Pattern
1/2 – – – 216
3/4 – – – 229
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5 673 – – 673
14 1257 – – 1257
18 1537 – – 1537
20 1664 – – 1664
22 – – – –
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24 1943 – – 1943
CLASS 2500 FACE TO FACE DIMENSION FOR VALVES ASME B16.10 (in mm)
2500# Gate Solid Wedge Double Disc and Plug Regular Globe Lift Check and Swing
Conduit Long Pattern Pattern Check Long Pattern
1¼ 349 – 349
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Choose the most suitable valve is very important, related to the safety of the pipeline, loss
of traffic, cost, etc., must be familiar with the characteristics of the valve and select the
valve steps and basis.
At present, China’s valve industry has been able to produce a wide range of gate valves,
globe valves, check valves, ball valves, butterfly valves, throttle valves, plug valves,
diaphragm valves, safety valves, regulating valves, traps and special valves; The
maximum working pressure is 600MPa, the maximum nominal diameter of 5350mm, the
maximum working temperature of 1200 ℃, the minimum working temperature of -196 ℃,
the media for water, steam, oil, natural gas, strong corrosive media (such as concentrated
nitric acid, Concentration of sulfuric acid, etc.), flammable media (such as stupid, ethylene,
etc.), toxic media (such as hydrogen sulfide), explosive media and radioactive media
(metal sodium, – pure water, etc.). Stainless steel cast iron, cast iron, forged steel, high
and low alloy steel, stainless steel acid resistance, Hastelloy alloy,
Inquire nickel ore, Monel alloy, duplex stainless steel, titanium and so on. And to
supporting the production of various electric, pneumatic, hydraulic valve drive device.
In the face of such a large number of valve varieties and such a variety of complex
conditions, to choose the most suitable for the installation of the pipeline system valve
products, first of all should understand the characteristics of the valve; Second, the master
should select the steps and basis of the valve; the rules.
Valve family (example ball valve), subfamily (example ball/trunnion) and exact
type (ball/trunnion/top entry)
Bore size, generally expressed in NPS or DN (main bore and reducing bore, if
applicable)
Valve rating/class (class range from 150# to 4500#)
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Source: China Valves Manufacturer – Yaang pipe fitting Industry Co., Limited
(www.metallicsteel.com)
(Yaang Pipe Industry is a leading manufacturer and supplier of nickel alloy and stainless
steel products, including Super Duplex Stainless Steel Flanges, Stainless Steel Flanges,
Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings, Stainless Steel Pipe. Yaang products are widely used in
Shipbuilding, Nuclear power, Marine engineering, Petroleum, Chemical, Mining, Sewage
treatment, Natural gas and Pressure vessels and other industries.)
If you want to have more information about the article or you want to share your opinion
with us, contact us at sales@metallicsteel.com
Please notice that you might be interested in the other technical articles we’ve published:
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References:
http://www.asme.org/products/codes-standards/b1634-2013-valves-flanged-t
hreaded-welding-end
https://www.pipingonline.com/valves/valve-face-to-face-asme-b-16-10/
https://www.yaang.com
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