9.

6 Numerical Results 169

Table 9.7 A summary of the violations with no expansion

The number of contingencies resulting in islands 11
Sum of lines overloads in normal conditions (per unit) 3.93
Sum of lines overloads in generation contingencies (10% reductions) (per unit) 0.00
Sum of 230 kV lines overloads (for all contingencies) in contingency 27.54
conditions (per unit)
Sum of 400 kV lines overloads (for all contingencies) in contingency 5.75
conditions (per unit)
Sum of transformers overloads (for all contingencies) in contingency 13.69
conditions (per unit)

Table 9.8 Parameters of the candidate elements

Parameters
R (p.u.) X (p.u.) S (p.u.) Cost
Single 230 kV line 0.00025 0.001 1.1 
R 150,000/km
Double 230 kV line 0.000125 0.0005 2.2 
R 250,000/km
Single 400 kV line 0.000015 0.00025 3.3 
R 250,000/km
Double 400 kV line 0.0000075 0.000125 6.6 
R 400,000/km
400 kV:230 kV transformer 0.013 0.257 2.75 
R 12500,000

DCLF results in observing some violations in either normal or contingency

conditions, a summary of which is provided in Table 9.7. The contingencies are
assumed to be tripping out of any single transmission line or 10% reduction in the
generation level of any generation bus. As shown, the system is confronted with
some violations for which NEP has to provide some types of solutions.
In this test case, we have not considered any switching substations. Moreover,
splitting of the lines and the losses are also not considered.
In order to perform NEP, some candidate lines should be initially selected. To
do so, in our test example, we have assumed that any route between any two of the
buses with a straight length of less than 200 km may be a choice. The geographical
information of the buses is provided in Appendix J.
With the technical data provided in Table 9.8 for the candidate elements, an
overall 673 candidate paths (1346 candidate lines; each path with a 400 kV line
and a 230 kV line) and 11 transformer candidates are selected for further process.
The hybrid algorithm is then applied. The steps are summarized in Table 9.9.
The details are shown in Appendix K. As shown, following the backward stage,
from 1346 of 230 kV and 400 kV candidate double circuit lines and also 11
candidate transformers, eleven 400 kV paths (22 lines) and twenty nine 230 kV
paths (58 lines) are justified to remove all violations for the normal conditions. The
network is made robust in response to all contingencies, provided extra 400 kV (10
paths; 20 lines) and 230 kV (6 paths; 12 lines) lines are added. These are justified
using the forward stage. In none of the above stages, a transformer candidate is
justified. The decrease stage is then tried. At this stage, four 400 kV and twelve
230 kV double circuit lines are reduced to single circuit lines.