`

ESSENC
CE - Interna
ational Jourrnal for Envvironmentaal Rehabilitaation and Conservation
n
Volume VI: No. 1 2015 [19
[ – 32] [ISS
SN 0975 - 62722]
[ww
ww.essence-jouurnal.com]

Traditiional Agro
oforestry Systems
S off Western Himalayaan Region: A Review
w

Singh, Naarayan1; Sing

gh, Prakash2; Bhandari, A. K.3; Sund
driyal, R. C.4 & Lodhiyal,, L. S.5

2, 2015 ⏐ Acccepted: April 18, 2015 ⏐ Online:

Received: February 22 O June 30,
3 2015

Land ressource is veery scarce inn India (aboout sociio-economicc develoopment, factors
2% of thee world landd resource), which
w suppoorts influuencing chaanges in tradditional systeems, and
approximmately 16 an nd 18 perceent human and a causes to adoppt the agrofforestry systtems by
livestockk popu
ulation, respectiveely. smaallholders. Agroforestry
A y systems in i India
Agroforeestry is a multidiscipli
m nary land useu incllude trees inn farms, commmunity foreestry and
system, which inco orporates trree, crop and a a vaariety of locaal forest mannagement annd ethno
livestockk compon nents haviing multipple foreestry practicees (Pandey N,
N 2005).
objectivees that deal with
w producction of timbber, Agrro – ecosysttems are esssentially maan made
food, foddder and connservation off soil and waater ecosystems andd reflect evvolution off human
resourcess. Across thhe world, thhe agroforesstry cultture. They gear to meeet the diveerse and
system has
h gained muchm attentioon as it is veery basiic human neeeds of foodd, fodder, fibbre, fuel,
cost effeective and its economicc efficiencyy is fertiilizer, timbeer, fruit and medicine ass well as
high (L Lodhiyal, 2009). In the Indian provviding ecconomic benefits through
Himalayaan region too,t agroforrestry systeems commmodity croops (Negi ett al., 1997)). In the
have beeen identifiedd which com mes out highhly Indiian Himalayyan region, about 20% land is
productivve for inh habitants (SSharma, 19996; utiliized as agroforestry syystems (Nauutiyal et
Sharma and Sharm ma, 1997). However,
H y
yet, al., 1998). The agroforestryy systems arre being
there iss a need to study the different praccticed to fulffil the variouus needs thaat cannot
agroforesstry systems of the regioon in relationn to meeet from thee surroundinng forest reesources.
Acccording to one o estimatee, in Garhw wal hills,
For corresspondence: therre must be 66% forest which
w is justifying an
1
ecollogical balannce in naturee. Although,, there is
The Energgy and Resourcess Institute, New Delhi
2
Departmennt of Forestry an
nd Environmentaal Science, Kumaun onlyy 24.9 % of the forest, which
w comprrise only
University,, Nainital 4.1%% dense forrest. On the other hand, there is
3
Project Scientist, HRDI, Mandal,
M Gopeshwwar, Chamoli
4
Scientist – ‘F’, GBPIHEDD, Kosi – Katarmmal, Almora averrage requirrement of 1.49 kg/perrson/day
5
Associate Professor - Department of Foresstry and fuellwood (Bhattt et al., 19995) and 40-660 kg of
Environmental Science, Ku umaun Universitty, Nainital
Email– natturewithnary@gmail.com foddder/family/ day (Reynolds and Nautiyal, N
19
 Singh et al. /Vol. VI [1] 20015/19 – 32
1987, Chhauhan et al., 2001) whicch is necessaary
requirem
ment of inhab bitants for their
t continuued
existencee. Mountaain farminng is todday
encounteered with serious dilemma of
decadencce (Partap, 2001). Thhe trends are
visible inn depleting agro biodivversity stagnant
and fallling producctivity reduuced carryiing
capacity of pasturres and acccelerated soil s covver type in the
erosion leading to deeplete the prroduction baase.
The mouuntain inhab bitants by and
a large faace
with the widening gaaps of demaand and suppply
of basic needs, i.e. food, fruitt, fodder, fuelfu
timber annd related laand based prroducts besiddes
other prooblems of suustenance. One of the baasic
reasons for
f this kind d of unsustaainable grow wth
and deveelopment of mountain farming
f system
has beenn the improp per land use technologgies
developeed in isolaation over time withoout
consideriing the diverse
d neeeds of hill h
ecosystem ms. Many reeports descriibing the maajor
agroforesstry system ms in the country are
availablee (Nair, 1989; Tejwani, 1993, Kum mar,
1999; Paathak and So olanki, 2002)). Mountainoous
regions of India shown the agricultuural
evaluatioon from forests
f in the form of
agroforesstry systemss, which aree spot speciffic,
tribe speecific and conservation
c n based (Peeter
and Hollzer, 1998; Sundriyal et al., 19994;
Singh, 1998). Imporrtant agrofoorestry systeems
of Central Himalayaa has also been b describbed
by manyy scholars (Todaria
( andd Bhatt, 19992;
Nautiyal and Puroh hit, 1998; Nautiyal
N et al.,
a Leuucaena
1998; Negi and Sin ngh, 1990; Swarup 19993;
Semwal anda Maikhurri, 1996; Tokky et al., 1989,
Pathania and Uppal,, 2000; Bhaatt and Badooni,
1995; Gaur,1999;
G Ghildiyal,
G 19991; Khoslaa et
al., 19922; Maikhuri et al., 19977, Negi, 19995;
 
Neggi et al., 1989).
Ralhhan et al. (1991) studieed the structture and
funcction of thhe hill agrooforestry system in
Cenntral Himalaaya (1000 -2000 m asl) a and
noteed that the villages weere differingg in the
irriggated and rainfed croppeed areas. Naautiyal et
al. (1998) anaalyzed differrent land use u land
t rural lanndscape of Garhwal
G
Himmalayas. Naiir and Dagarr (1991) empphasized
thatt India has a long tradition of agrooforestry
andd many diifferent typpes of inddigenous
agrooforestry syystems can beb seen in different
d
partts of the country, which w are location
speccific. It hass now beenn well realizzed that
agrooforestry cann solve somme of the maajor land
use problems off rainfed farm ming systemms, and a
greaat deal can be accomplished by im mproving
the indigenouus systems. Althoughh many
tradditional muultipurpose trees have been
recoognized as valuable
v butt efforts in selection
s
andd improvemeent of such species have been
gennerally lackinng (Kedarnaath, 1984, Puri
P and
Nair, 2004), Toky et al, (1982), listeed more
thann 250 indigeenous multippurpose treess present
in different ecco region of o India, inncluding
manny lesser known sppecies thaat need
dommestication. Species likke Albizia lebback,
l
Albizia proceraa. Albizia chiinensis, Azaddirachta
indiica, Casuaarina equissitifolia, Daalbergia
sisssooo, Denddrocalamus spp., Meelocanna
bacccifera, Gmelina arboreaa, Prosopis juliflora,
j
leucocephaala, Caalliandra
caloothyrsus, Grrewia optivva, Celtis australis,
a
Ficuus spp. Bauhhinia spp., Boehmeria
B ruugulosa,
Ouggeinia dalbeergioides, Teerminalia sppp. Alnus
nepalensis, Michelia
M sppp., Exbuccklandia
poppulnea, Desm modium eleegans etc. are a in a
20 
 Singh et al. /Vol. VI [1] 20015/19 – 32 

process of do
omestication and/ or hannd, Maikhurri et al., (22000) reportted that
commerccialization ( Naugraiya and
a Puri, 20001; scatttered agrofo
forestry treess are distingguishing
Tewari, 2001; Bhaatt, 1991; Butola, 20004; feattures of scatttered uplannd farming and
a they
Chauhann, 1998; Nau utiyal and Purohit,
P 19998; are lopped too regulate crop grow wth for
Chauhann et al., 200 00; Gariolaa et al., 19990; optiimizing mulltiple beneffits. Semwall et al.,
Rana, 1998; Pathak, 2002). (20003) conductted an experriment and reported
r
Agroforeestry is relattively a new w name for the t thatt retention of
o 25% of thhe branches together
old pracctice of gro owing trees and crops in withh increase ini tree denssity in privaate farm
interactinng combinaations. It has h now beeen landd will improove tree viggour and eccological
recognizeed as an ap pproach to increase faarm funcction without any decline in cropp yield.
productivvity under loow external inputs
i resourrce Rassmussen, (1998) suggeested that maintain
m
limited situations.
s O central hypothesis is
One andd enhancing the soil fertiility of farm
mlands to
that tree provides benefits
b to farmers
f and to grow w food graiins as well asa tree biommass can
ecosystem m by capturring and usinng water, ligght helpp to deevelop, eccologically sound
and / or nutrient ressources that would remain agrooforestry sysstems such asa intercroppping and
unexploitted in tree - less sysstems (Cannnel, mixxed arable livestock system thhus can
1990). Evidence is now emerging e thhat incrrease the sustainabilitty of agricultural
agroforesstry systtems are promisiing prodduction while reducing on site andd off site
managem ment practiices to inncrease aboove connsequences and leadd to susstainable
ground and
a below grround soil Carbon
C stockk to agriiculture. Thhere is robbust evidennce that
mitigate green hou use gas em missions. TheT agrooforestry syystem havee the potenntial for
Carbon sequestratio on potentiaal of tropiical impproving wateer use efficieency by reduucing the
agroforesstry system m in recennt studies is unpproductive coomponents of o the water balance
estimatedd between 12 and 228 Mg M ha-1 withh a (Tuurner and Ward, 2002). A diverse
median value
v of 95 Mg ha-1. Thherefore, bassed mulltipurpose tree
t commuunity providdes not
on the gllobal estimaates of the arrea suitable for onlyy diverse products butt also rendeer stable
the agrofforestry (585 – 1215 x 10 6 ha), 1.1- nutrrient cyclinng (Semwaal et al., 2003).
2.2 Pg C could be stored in terrestrrial Visw wanath et all. (2000) andd Rasmussenn (1998)
ecosystem ms in next 50 years (Albrecht and a desccribed that agroforestry
a could contrribute to
Kandji, 2003). Thee diversity of traditionnal liveelihood imprrovement in India, wheree people
multipurppose tree communities has beeen havve a long history
h and accumulateed local
decimateed because of apple (M Malus pumiila) knoowledge. Inddia is partiicularly knoown for
plantationn in the western HimalayaH a
and ethnno-forestry practices and inddigenous
plantationn of Alnuss nepalensiss and Albeezia knoowledge system. Soil fertility
fe can also be
stipulata in the easttern Himalaaya during the t regaained in shhifting culttivation areas with
last 50 yeears (Singh et
e al., 1997) which are tuurn suittable speciies. For instance, a field
out to be a huge econ nomic impacct. On the othher experiment to study
s Nitrogen fixation, 307 and

21 
 Singh et al. /Vol. VI [1] 20015/19 – 32 

209 kg N ha-1 by Sesbania roostrata and S. (Anndrews and Kassam, 19976). Crop diversityd
cannabinna respectivvely. Thus S.
S rostrata can
c in settled
s terracced agricultuure of this region
r is
be used as
a a green manure
m by paanning of stem connsiderably hiigh compareed to 4 to 8 crops in
– cutting under flood
ded conditionns. otheer sedentaryy upland agro a – ecoosystems
In Garhw wal Himalaayan region,, the croppiing studdied in the Himalaya
H andd other mounntainous
patterns are built arround two major
m croppiing regiion (Golandd, 1993). Raalhen et al.. (1991)
patterns, Viz., Kharrif (April – October) and a studdied the struucture and function
f of the hill
Rabi (Occtober – Aprril) generallyy up to 18000 m agrooforestry sysstem in Centtral Himalayya (1000
asl and, and
a some lo ocations, up to 2000 m asl.
a – 2000
2 m elevvation) and described that the
At higheer altitude (>> 2000 m), only summ mer villaages were differing inn the irrigaated and
season crrops (April – October) are
a raised. Ovver rainnfed croppedd area. In Gaarhwal Himaalaya the
forty crrop speciess and num merous farm mer landd use – land cover changges in the reegion are
selected land races comprising
c c
cereals, milleets, drivven by the interaction ofo ecologicall, policy
pseudcerreals, pulsess, oilseeds, tubers, buulbs andd human facttors. It was noticed thatt present
and spicees are cultiv
vated in Garhhwal Himalaaya poliicy of treating forests and
a agricultuurebn as
(Maikhurri et al., 1997).
1 Tradditionally foour clossed and independennt ecological or
croppingg systems are a maintaiined in lessser prodduction systtems needs to t be replaceed by an
Himalayaa of Garhwaal. These arre (i) a kitchhen inteegrated landd use poliicy. Thouggh thus,
garden around thee homesteaad in which agrooforestry is not a new concept
c partticularly
seasonal vegetables and some frruits are grow wn in hill
h agroecossystems as various
v agrooforestry
for homee consumptiion (iii) an irrigated laand pracctices are adopted by the t rural folk since
croppingg systems in which rice and wheat are timee immemoriial (Nautiyal et al., 19998). It is
the mainn crops an upland
u and non
n – irrigatted widdely acceptedd that ecologgical stabilitty in the
croppingg systems, dominantly occupied by farmm sector caan only bee brought about a it
millets and
a pulses; and (iv) a summer cam mp farmmers adopt by integraating trees, shrubs,
croppingg system, mainly
m devotted to pseuudo cropps and dom mestic animmals (Khuraana and
cereals (amaranths
( and buck – wheat) and a Khoosla, 1993). Punam, (19989) has quuantified
beans (m mainly kidn ney beans). This diveerse the agroforesstry system ms of Himachal
H
croppingg system havenh designed by the t Himmalayas andd brought out o a postullate that
farmers ini tune with varying miccro - ecologiical whyy a commoon man/farm mer of 21st century
niches suiting to th he cultivatioon of speciific shouuld adoptedd the agroforestry conceept. The
crops annd crop com mbinations ( Singh, 19996). tradditional agrroforestry system
s aree based
Howeverr a standard d feature of almost all hill
h larggely on indigenous knowledge
k and on
agricultuure systems is the practtices of mixxed speccies selectioon which aree part of the cultural
croppingg, once considered primitive by pattterns of the local comm munity (Khurrana and
agronommist and soil scientists now
n suggestted Khoosla, 1993)) Punam, (1989) Though a
as a meaans to increaase world foood productiion nummber of studdies on Him malayan agrooforestry

22 
 Singh et al. /Vol. VI [1] 20015/19 – 32 

systems are conducted, yet it has also beeen pracctices require a massivve consumpption of
pointed out
o by vario ous workerss that the data
d foreest resources. Quantitattive informaation on
from most
m of thee traditional agroforesstry the tree componnent and dettails on the structure
s
system iss either noneexistent or of
o the empiriical andd functioning of agricuultural systeems are
nature (CComb and Budowski,
B 1
1979; Nair and
a lackking (Awastthi and Praasad, 1987; Subba,
Dagar, 1991; Atul et e al; 1994;; Dagar, 19995; 19884), howeverr tree crop combinationns based
Punam et al.,2001). The T diversiffication of aggro on traditional
t knowledge coould becomee readily
ecosystem ms with incorporation of trees iss a acceeptable to thhe local commmunities (G Gilesman
practice that has a long hisstory. This is et al.,
a 1981; Sm mith, 1990). Agroforestryy can be
especiallyy true in thhe tropical and
a subtropiical appropriate rehhabilitation treatment
t inn thickly
region of the world d where thee farmers haave poppulated mid – altitude areas
a sufferinng from
long plannted trees wiith other agrricultural croops crises of all thee three essenntial needs of food,
and incoorporated an nimals to heelp provide for fuellwood and fodder (Maaikhuri et all., 1995,
the basicc needs of foood, wood prroducts, foddder 19997, Ghildiyaal, 1980). Planting treees can
and to help
h conserv
ve and proteect their oft ften succceed in situuations wheere scarcity of tree
related resources
r (NNair, 1983)). The recent baseed products (fuelwood, timber and fodder)
emergencce of the agro- ecossystem cocept threeaten the livvelihood off local comm munities
provides very usefu ul means off carrying out o andd or where policy provvides for monitory m
reach thaat attempts to integratee the multipple bennefits from commerciaal exploitaation of
factors afffecting agriicultural facttors (Speddinng, timbber from planted trrees to the local
1975; Loucks,
L 1977; Hart, 19979; Lambeert, commmunities ( Barteleft, 1992). In thhe past,
1981; Coonway, 1981 1; Lowrancee et al., 19884). seveeral workerss have takenn pain to expplore the
(Plate – A)
A foreest vegetatioon as well as the eccological
anallysis of the dominant forest
fo type, but
b very
little was donee towards thhe understannding of
agrooecosystemss. Thereforee, the agrooforestry
systtems of Kum maun Centraal Himalaya need n for
bettter understannding. In thee central and western
Him malayas, agrriculture is a highly complexc
prodduction sysstem wheree crop hussbandry,
animmal husbaandry and forest coonstitute
inteerlinked sysstems (Maikkhuri et al.., 1998;
Plate A- Traditional
T Agroecosyste
A em at Westerrn Sem mwal and Maikhuri
M 1996; Palni et al.,
Himalayan region
r 19998). They aree of particullar interest from
f the
Earlier studies off Central and Westeern ecollogical poinnt of view inn the tropiccs where
Himalayaa, Pandey an
nd Singh, (11984), Singhh et landd holdings are generaally small, loss of
al. (19884) are indicated thaat agricultuural nutrrients tend to be high h due to soil

23 
 Singh et al. /Vol. VI [1] 20015/19 – 32
perturbattions, and biomass iss continuouusly
removed from the system in the form of
fodder, fuel,
fu fruits an nd grains, whhile the inpputs
to the syystems are minimal (L Lundgreen and
a is met
Nair, 19885). Various estimates have been maade
to recordd the productivity of agrroforestry treees
in term of fuel and d fodder. Deeb Roy (19994)
observedd more biomaass of Albiziia lebbek at the
t 19889; Sundriyaal, et al., 1994;
highest looping inttensity, but Gupta et al
(1996) found
f the reeserve was true Bauhinnia
purpureaa. Similerly, Pokhriyal et al. (19994)
observedd more leaff biomass production in
Grewia optiva
o at 255% lopping than at 755%.
Re-growtth in loppeed trees was related too a
combinattion of enhaanced net asssimilation raate,
recovery of larger leaf area, delayed leaf
senescennce and use ofo current annd root- storred
carbohyddrates for prroduction off new leaf arrea
(Singh and
a Thompsson, 1995). However, the t the most signifificant causes of forest deecline in
density and
a lopping of the treess are managged
such thatt crown of neighbourinng trees do not n
overlap (Chauhan
( et al., 2001).
Agroforeestry contrib butes to a great
g extent to
meet outt the variouss day to dayy requiremeents
of the rurral folk of Garhwal
G Himmalaya. Negii et
al., (19999) reported in agroforesstry systemss in
Garhwal Himalaya 14 1 – 16 treees/family were
grown. Nautiyal
N et al.(1998) studied
s in the
t Indiian mountaiin village annd about haalf of all
village siituated between 700 to 1200
1 m altituude
and fouund that the annuual fuelwoood
requiremment was 62.8% met m out by
simultaneeous and sequential agroforesstry
systems. However, Negi N et al.(1999) reportted
that fuel,, fodder andd timber trees cultivationn is
top mostt priority of o the rural folk (55.9%)
followedd by horticu ultural speciies (41.1%) at
low as well as hig gh altitude villages. The
T resppectively ata Nainital hills of Central
 
foddder requirem ments in Gaarhwal hills is very
highh as each fam mily maintaains 5 to 6 caattle and
harddly about 133 % of total fodder requiirements
m from agrro forestry area.a Tree deensity in
diffferent agrofoorestry systemms is reporteed in the
rangge of 182 to t 419 per hectare
h and species
richhness from 8 to 90 sppecies (Tokyy et al.,
1 Thapaa et al.,
19995; Semwal and a Maikhurri, 1996; Naautiyal et
al., 1998). Data about ruraal energy suppply and
connsumption paatterens lackking and prrejudices
ruraal energy plaanning. At thhe same timee energy
plannners overloook this moost essentiall energy
use and planninng prioritiess are usuallly set in
favoour of the inndustrial andd agriculturall sectors
commmercial ennergy demannd rather than t for
dommestic cookking. The consumpttion of
biom mass as fuel has been identified
i ass one of
manny developinng countries and accorrding to
one estimate most
m significcant cause of
o forest
declline in maany developping countrries and
accoording to onne estimate, wood fuel accounts
a
for over 54% of o all globall wood harvvests per
annnum, suggestting a signifi ficant and dirrect role
of wood fuel in forest degradationn (Osei,
19993). Biomasss is the mainn source of ennergy in
enerrgy (commeercial and biogas) consuumed in
Indiia is used foor cooking food.
f This is
i nearly
douuble the enerrgy (fossil, fuel and eleectricity)
connsumed by agriculture and the inndustrial
secttor combineed (Anonym mous, 1982)). Arora
andd Porwal (2002) reporteed that on average
therre is 5.119 and 6.38 6 kg/caattle/day
connsumption of tree fodder f andd grass
24 
 Singh et al. /Vol. VI [1] 20015/19 – 32 

Himalayaa,. Reynold ds and Naautiyal (19887) • T

The markett for traditiional organnic food
however reported 40-60
4 kg off green foddder n
needs to be developed
d b building the
by t links
consumpption per households in Garhw wal b
between prodducers and consumers.
c I can be
It
Himalayaa. (Plate – B)
B d
done on efffective valuee chain sysstem by
p
providing m
market linkaages for traaditional
c
crop productts.
• IIt requires eaasy transporrtation arrangements
a effectivee responsiveeness that ennsure the
and
a
availability in widesspread disttribution
c
centers, quuality conntrol, certification,
l
labeling, paccking and othher essentiall steps.
• T
Techniques of traaditional produce
Plate B- Traditional
T Community
C F
Farming m
management t must be disseminatted and
Practices m
maintained. The farmeers are using the
t
traditional m
methods for their
t producction but
Negi andd Todaria, (1993) repoorted projectted
t
they are noot much addvanced in modern
per unit requirementt of grass, trree fodder and
a
t
techniques o organic aggriculture. Thherefore
of
fuelwoodd as 3.52 2, 0.22 annd 2.96 ton t
t
they must beb trained annd educatedd so that
respectivvely in Tehri district of Garhw wal
t
their capacitty can be im mproved. Itt can be
Himalayaa. On the baasis of preseent findings, it
e
easy transitiion for theem to acceept their
is to connclude that in
n the hill agro ecosystem
ms,
o
organic c
cultivation techniquess and
the folloowing certaiin essential consideratioons
p
production.
must be incorporateed in to ourr development
policy and
a manageement so thhat we couuld • T
To meet out the local foodder, fuel annd other
manage thet hill agroo ecosystemss in sustainabble d
domestic reqquirements, it is very neecessary
way f plantatioon of local fodder treees, fruits
for
a multipurrpose tree species. Thiss can be
and
• The modern
m tecchno-farmingg system has h
p
planted by villagers in large scale and
develooped chem mical intennsive markket
v
village commmons and ressponsible aggencies.
agricuulture for a single
s beneffit i.e. for foood
• The agriculttural credit and
a subsidiess system
but such systeem had degraded d o
our
s
should be started for organic
o farm
ming. At
traditiional agricuulture diverssity, land use u
p
present the credit
c system
m is biased towards
and heavily
h polluuted agro eccosystems and a
f
fertilizers, hiigh yieldingg varieties (H
HYV) of
enviroonment. So o balance should be
s
seeds and others.
o It should
s be reserved
r
maintaained between our tradittional practicces
t
towards tradditional farm
ming; it cann sustain
and commercial crop c marketts. Focus mustm
t diversity and producttivity also.
the
be giiven in th he preservattion of local
• A
Apart from the
t above cerrtain consideerations,
varietiies.
i is imperatiive to explorre a better diiagnosis
it
25 
 Singh et al. /Vol. VI [1] 20015/19 – 32 

and design (D D&D) methodology for Barrtlett, A. G.((1992): A reeview of com mmunity
differeent traditional agro foresstry systems. forestry advancees in Nepal
References Commonw wealth. Forees, Rev, 71:995 -100.

Albrecht, A. and Kaandji, S.T. (2003): Carbbon Bhaatt, B. P. and Badonni, A. K. (1995):
seqquestration in tropical agro foresstry Remarks on the foddeer plants of Garhwal
G
sysstems. Agrric. Ecosyst.. Environ., 99:
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