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Every dental procedure requires the use of materials so a variety of materials are available
which requires proper selection and evaluation.
Dental office
Dental laboratory
Manipulative techniques
Applications
Biological considerations
To conclude it is relevant to say that the subject of dental materials is a basic science in itself
with its own tenets and principles.
1. Impression materials
2. Crown restoratives
3. Cements for temporary or lasting fixing of prosthetic works
4. Calcium hydroxide based cements for pulp-dentine wound protection
5. Adhesive systems
Impression materials
1. A dental impression is a negative imprint of hard (teeth) and soft tissues in the mouth
from which a positive reproduction (or cast) can be formed.
2. A correctly made dental impression will capture a part or all of a person's dentition and
surrounding structures of oral cavity.
3. The dental impression forms an imprint ('negative' mould) of teeth and soft tissues,
which can then be used to make a cast of the dentition.
4. Casts are used for diagnostics, patient record, treatment planning, fabrication of custom
trays, fabrication of dentures, crowns or other prostheses and orthodontics.
5. Casts are accurate, three-dimensional replicas of a patient's teeth which are made by
pouring dental plaster or acrylic into "impressions" (imprints, or molds) of the teeth, and
allowing it to harden.
Impression Plaster
Description
The strength of a stone is inversely proportional to the w/p ratio. It is better to keep the
amount of water as low as possible. Once the optimum proportion is noted , the same
must be used subsequently. An accurate graduated cylinder has to be used for water
and a proper weighing balance for powder has to be used Powder should NOT BE
MEASURED USING SCOOP
Mixing time : Time from addition of the powder to water till the mixing is complete.
If the mixing has to be done by hand , the bowl must be parabolic , smooth and
abrasion resistant. Spatula should have a stiff blade and a convenient handle. Stirring of
the water powder during mixing has to be done more vigorously in order to avoid air
entrapment. Wetting of all powder particles with water must be ensured.
Setting time: Time duration between start of mix & point where material hardens.
Working time : Time from start of mix to the point where the consistency of the mix is
no longer acceptable for the usage of indented purpose.
Let powder soak in water at least 30 seconds while moving bowl around to wet the
powder before mixing.
HAND MIX using back-and-forth strokes, occasionally turning the bowl and scraping
down the sides to incorporate all dry and unmixed material. Do this until a creamy
homogeneous mix is achieved. Usually 30 seconds is adequate.
Quality may be affected if other liquids are used, such as water from the trimmer or
gypsum hardener liquids.
The gypsum must be quickly and evenly sprinkled into the water within 10 seconds.
Timing starts whenever the gypsum and water come into contact.
After the gypsum has been soaked for 20 seconds, it can be mixed with a spatula.
Mixing in a vacuum mixer improves the quality of the mixture and saves time.
Adding water or gypsum when the consistency is too thick or too thin affects the setting
process and damages the crystalline structure of the gypsum.
MECHANICAL MIXING accelerates the working and setting time of Dental Stones and
Plasters. Because mechanical mixers are faster, place powder into the water and stir by
hand until all powder is wet, then start mechanical mixer. Mix for a shorter time, 10 to
30 seconds, then hand mix to check for a homogeneous mix. DO NOT OVER MIX.
No further work can be carried out because fine details can no longer be accurately
reproduced after setting begins.
It is important that mixing bowls and other mixing equipment for Dental Gypsum be
used ONLY FOR MIXING Dental Gypsum. Other materials such as phosphate Investment
or Impression Materials mixed in the same equipment will seriously contaminate and
change the properties of the Dental Stone.
Dental trays
• They are made by using a container which is designed to roughly fit over
the dental arches ("trays").
Special trays (or custom trays) are made to fit a specific individual's mouth
by a denturist (dental technician). Special trays are constructed on a cast
from a preliminary impression which utilizes stock trays.
Stock trays
Stock trays can be rounded, designed to fit the mouths of people with no
remaining teeth, or squared, designed to fit people with some remaining
teeth.
They can be full arch, covering all the teeth in either the upper or lower jaw
in one impression, or they can be a partial coverage tray, designed to fit
over about 3 teeth (used when making crowns).
1. The tray should be rigid and strong but not too thick.
2. The tray should simulate the finished denture in size and shape.
3. The border extension of the tray should be 2mm short of the vestibular
depth with no interference with muscle or frenal attachment.
4. The entire borders of the tray should be smooth and rounded.
5. The tray should retain its shape throughout the impression procedure and
pouring of impression.
Stock trays can be made out of a range of materials from plastics to metals,
and they can be perforated (to allow the impression material to run through
the holes and increase the bond of the impression material to the tray when
set).
Adhesives are commonly used to bond the impression material to the tray,
and vary in composition depending upon what material is used.
I. Depending on material:
A. Metallic:
aluminum.
stainless steel.
B. Non metallic:
IV. Size
Special trays
Dental impressions and casts are highly contaminated with patient saliva or blood
upon removal of the patient's mouth.
ELASTIC
CLASSIFICATION OF ELASTIC
IMPRESSION MATERIAL
1. REVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOIDS
Agar
2. IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOIDS
Alginate
3. ELASTOMERIC IMPRESSION MATERIAL
Polysulphide
Condensation polymerizing silicon
Polyether
Addition polymerizing silicon
HYDROCOLLOID
GEL
A network of fibrils that form a weak slightly elastic brush heap structure of
hydrocolloid.
AGAR
GELATION TEMPERATURE:
• This refers to the cooling of the material (also called as‘tempering’ of the
material).
Uses of tempering:
• It increases the viscosity of the material so that the hydrocolloid does not
flow out.
IMPRESSION:
• The syringe material is first filled in the prepared cavity or the desired area
of impression.
• The tempered tray material in a tray is then seated in the oral cavity
covering the already placed syringe material with passive pressure.
• Excess water from the surface of the tray material should be removed to
facilitate proper union of the tray and the syringe material.
Gelation is accomplished by circulating cool water at 18C to 21C through
the tray for at least 5min. Care should be taken to prevent the movement
of the tray during gelation.
After complete gelation the impression is removed from the mouth with a
single jerk to prevent the tearing of the impression.
Advantages:
• It can be re-used
Disadvantages:
• A soft surface of the gypsum cast results unless plaster hardener is used.
Irreversible Hydrocolloid
The term ‘ALGIN’ was coined by chemist from scotland @ the end of 19 th
century.
TYPES
The first phase is a sol (as in solution). In the sol phase, the material is in a
liquid or semiliquid form.
The second phase is a gel. In the gel phase, the material is semisolid, similar
to a gelatin dessert.
Alginate mixing
Start by selecting a tray size that is slightly larger than arch (2mm).
Pour measured amount of water into a clean mixing bowl and then add
powder.
Fill scoop with powder, tap side with spatula then level off do not pack
powder to tightly in scoop you will have to much powder to water ratio for
mix.
Two scoops are generally used for full arch impressions.
Water-to-Powder Ratio
The higher the water temperature the faster the impression material will
set up. Use cooler water to allow more working time.
At this point, the mix should be a smooth, creamy consistency that does not
fall off spatula.
Collect alginate from sides of bowl with spatula and place the impression
material evenly in the tray.
Set time is three minutes from start of mix. Fast set alginate is two
minutes.
Roll the tray in the mouth one side then the other.
Wrap impression in a wet paper towel until you can pour it up.
Spray the impression with a disinfectant and drain, before pouring with
stone or plaster.
Do not allow the disinfectant to lay in the impression longer than the
recommended “kill time” as the solution can distort the alginate.
For best results, the model should be poured within 30 minutes after the
impression is obtained prevent distortion.
The methods actually in use for the vertical and horizontal retraction of the
groove are:
Gum courettage
• Type I: Hard
• However, ZOE is not usually used if the patient has large undercuts or
tuberosities, whereby silicone impression materials would be better suited.
The vegetable or mineral oil acts as a plasticizer and aids in offsetting the action
of the eugenol as an irritant.
Manipulation:
2. Paper pad used as a mixing slab& a stiff stainless steel spatula with an 8-10 cm
blade should be used.
3. Mixing is done for 30-40 sec until no color streaks in the mix are seen as a
uniform consistency is obtained.
Accelerators
Addition of inert oil or waxes during mixing to reduce hardness like: olive oil
Impression compound:
Applications:
Border moulding.
Composition:
Presentation
Dental waxes
Ability to be electroplated
Materials’
Consistency
Presentation forms
Light
Medium
Heavy
Putty
Silicone
materials only
These materials are also known as thiokol rubbers as they are derived from
thiols.
Base: polysulfide. and an inert filler, such as titaniumdioxide and activator
paste containing lead dioxide, which gives the distinctive brown colour.
-Mix pastes with the tip of a spatula to incorporate the material first.
Transfer the material to the fresh surface of the mixing pad and
tyhinnen polysulfide film.
With such an approach, the base and reactor pastes are rather quickly
dispersed.
Thinnen polysulfide film After the initial mixing with circular motions
over a rather small area, the mixed material is now spread over a large
area and mixed with long even strokes back-and-forth.
The combination of a thin film and a longer time from passing over a
certain region until the spatula returns to the same region allows
incorporated air bubbles to float up to the surface and escape from the
impression material.
Impression should be removed quickly after setting-do not rock the tray.
The setting process or the polysulphide impression material is highly
susceptible to changes in environmental conditions, such as temperature
and humidity variation.
This material was patented and introduced on the market during the early
60's.
The material is manually mixed and the proportions are 7 parts base and 1
part catalyst.
To achieve good adhesive to the tray, the tray need to be coated with a
polyether adhesive.
Working time from start of mixing is 3 min and time from start of mixing
until removal is 6 min.
Silicones
Both are based on the polydimethyl siloxane polymer but have different
end groups, giving rise to different curing mechanisms.
The first c-silicones were introduced a few years after the first polysulfide
impression materials.
These materials are virtually odorless and have a neutral taste and thereby
overcome some of the disadvantages with the polysulfides.
CONDENSATION SILICONES
Composition:
ADDITION SILICONES
Polysulphides
Heavy, medium and light bodied impression ,paste forms are available, there is
no putty version.
Polyethers
These materials are available only in a single viscosity and can be used in a
special tray using a single viscosity mix.
static Automixing,
Hand mixing
hand mixing is with the two putty systems, offered both with
condensation and addition silicones. Scoops are supplied by the
manufacturer for dispensing, and the putties are most often kneaded
with fingers until free from streaks.
The catalyst and base are supplied in large plastic bags housed in a
cartridge, which is inserted into the top of the mixing machine.
A new, plastic mixing tip is placed on the front of the machine, and when the
button is depressed parallel plungers push against the collapsible plastic bags,
thereby opening the bags and forcing material into the dynamic mixing tip.
DENTAL CEMENTS
Dental cements are hard, brittle materials formed by mixing powder and
liquid together.
They are either resin cements or acid-base cements. In the latter the
powder is a basic metal oxide or silicate and the liquid is acidic.
An acid base reaction occurs with the formation of a metal salt which acts
as the cementing matrix.
Dental cements are used for a variety of dental applications, including use
as luting agents, pulp-protecting agents or cavity-lining material, to form an
insulating layer under metallic or ceramic restorations, and protect the pulp
from injury.
Requirements Be non irritant to pulp and gingiva (gums) and should not
support the growth of secondary caries. (This last property is called
cariostatic or anticariogenicity).
Have good aesthetics and good thermal and chemical resistance. (Opacity
to X-rays is also preferred for diagnostic purposes).
Be translucent.
classification
4. Resin (polymeric)
Luting Agent
A material that acts as an adhesive to hold together the casting to the tooth
structure. Luting agents are designed to be either permanent or temporary.
Permanent Cement
Temporary Cement
Temporary cements are used when the restoration will have to be removed.
Most commonly, temporary cement is selected for the placement of
provisional coverage.
Before mixing, read and carefully follow the manufacturer's directions for the
brand being mixed.
Determine the use and then measure the powder and liquid according to the
manufacturer's instructions.
Place the powder toward one end of the glass slab or paper pad and the liquid
toward the opposite end (the space between allows room for mixing).
When increment sizes vary, the smaller increments are used first.
Incorporate each powder increment into the liquid and then mix thoroughly.
Types of Cements
Zinc-oxide eugenol
Zinc phosphate
Polycarboxylate
Glass ionomer
Composite resin
Paste
Zinc Phosphate
Powder/liquid
Polycarboxylate Cements
Zinc Polycarboxilate cement was the first cement developed with the property
of an adhesive bond to tooth structure along with some metallic cast
restorations.
3. Add small increments of powder to the mix, using the same mixing
motions until acquiring the proper consistency.
Yawar
Yawar
Liquid should not stay on paper pad longer than
1minute (some of it may soak into it).
Yawar
Composite resins
Dental composite resins are types of synthetic resins which are used in
dentistry as restorative material or adhesives.
Syringe-type applicator
Curing time should be increased for darker resin shades. Light cured resins
provide denser restorations than self-cured resins because no mixing is
required that might introduce air bubble porosity.
Indirect composites can have higher filler levels, are cured for longer times
and curing shrinkage can be handled in a better way.
As a result, they are less prone to shrinkage stress and marginal gaps.
Reshaping of teeth
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