1.

Provide an explanation which distinguishes between endocentric and exocentric compounds

in English, giving examples (5 points).
Compounds with a head are called endocentric compounds. The term ‘endocentric’ means that
the category of the whole (syntactic or morphological) construction is identical to that of one of
its constituents. For instance, a traffic-cop is a kind of cop, and a teapot is a kind of pot; also, a
fog-lamp is a kind of lamp. That is, the compound as a whole is a hyponym of its head, where the
head names the type, and the compound names the subtype.
There are also exocentric compounds for which this is not the case. An exocentric compound,
by contrast, is one which is not a hyponym of one of its elements, and thus appears to lack a head
or perhaps to have a head (or ‘centre’) external to the compound itself. Some of the English
examples are redhead, ‘a person with red hair’, pick-pocket, ‘a person stealing from people’s
pockets’ and egg-head, an ‘intellectual’.
2. Group the following words into the appropriate columns according to the shared meaning of
the used prefix or suffix, paying attention to whether the realized prefix has the same or
different meanings.
Prefix Column 1 Column 2

inside, embed, empower,

in-, im-, em- indirect, imperfect, irregular (not )
impress (into, in)

-ly

3. Sort the suffixes in the words below according to their class-changing function. The
categories include the following (10 points):
mobster, gangster kingdom, stardom
1. N  N
politician, rhetorician
refusal, trial tireless, thankless
2. V  N
seizure, closure
width, warmth falsehood, likelihood
3. Adj  N
idealism conservatism
4. N/Adj  V vaccinate, facilitate broaden, straighten
penniless, friendless syntactic, historic
5. N  Adj
global, accidental boyish, selfish
6. V  Adj contradictory, advisory participant, inhabitant
7. N/Adj  Adv manifold, twofold stepwise, clockwise

(There are two examples of each suffix.)

broaden syntactic width idealism participant falsehood closure

straighten rhetorician clockwise refusal vaccinate gangster stardom
warmth tireless twofold trial accidental selfish advisory
likelihood friendless politician conservatism mobster kingdom facilitate
inhabitant contradictory boyish seizure manifold stepwise
thankless global historic penniless

4. The words in column B have been created from the corresponding words in column A. Name
the word formation process responsible for the creation of each word in column B (10 points).

A. Original expresion B. Resulting word Word formation process

a) stagnation + inflation stagflation blending
b)
c) bookmaker bookie fore clipping
d) caravan van back clipping
e) American Indian Amerindian blending
f) compact disc CD acronymy
g) random access memory RAM acronymy
h) television televise back-formation
i) xeroxography xerox clipping
j) television + marathon telathon blending
k) science fiction sci-fi complex clipping
l) election elect back-formation
m. delicatessen deli fore-clipping
self-contained acronymy
n. underwater breathing scuba
apparatus
o. scavenger scavenge back-formation
p. hazardous material hazmat blending

5. Name the types of clipping and provide example for each of them (5 points):

1) back clipping (doc - doctor, gym - gymnastics, pub - public house);

2) fore-clipping (coon - raccoon, phone - telephone);
3) middle clipping (flu - influenza, fridge - refrigerator);
4) complex clipping (op art - optical art).

6. Name the types of clipping and provide example for each of them: