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Research Problem:
Chapter 9: Page 1
The Scatterplot:
What is the relationship between hours studying (X) and scores on a quiz (Y)?
Chapter 9: Page 2
6
4
Score
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hours Studying
Chapter 9: Page 3
Characteristics of a Relationship:
Direction
25
130000
110000 20
90000
15
Income
Rainfall
70000
50000 10
30000
5
10000
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
0
Education 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Hours Spent Outdoors
Positive Negative
Chapter 9: Page 4
Form of the Relationship
180
170
160
Performance
150
Weight
140
130
120
110
100
58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 Arousal
Height
Degree/Strength of Relationship
Chapter 9: Page 5
Pearson Correlation Coefficient:
Symbol: r
Chapter 9: Page 6
(b) Strength of a relationship between X, Y
Closer to 0, weaker
-1.0 0 +1.0
Perfect No Linear Perfect
Negative Relationship Positive
Relationship Relationship
Chapter 9: Page 7
Closer to 0 = weaker
Chapter 9: Page 8
What does r represent?:
r = covariance of X and Y
variance of X and Y
Computational Formula:
N XY X Y
r=
[ N X 2 ( X ) 2 ][ N Y 2 ( Y ) 2 ]
Chapter 9: Page 9
Factors that affect r:
--r between height and age would be near zero if ages were
from 0 – 80
--r between height and age would be positive & non-zero if
ages were from 4 - 17
--in this case, the restricted range of age would result in a large
r; whereas the non-restricted range would result in a small r
Chapter 9: Page 10
Factors that affect r (cont):
Chapter 9: Page 11
Hypothesis Testing for r:
Is r significantly different from zero?
H0: =0
H1: 0
r = sample statistic
Chapter 9: Page 12
Compute observed r, compare its absolute value to a critical value in Table
E.2
(a)
(b) degrees of freedom: df = n-2
Reject H0 if observed r equals or exceed critical r
Chapter 9: Page 13
Correlation vs. Causality:
X Y
Y X
X Third variable problem
Z
Y
Chapter 9: Page 14
examples:
r = -0.30 #friends, depression
Chapter 9: Page 15
Other Correlation Coefficients:
Chapter 9: Page 16
Computing the Pearson r:
HOURS SCORE
STUDENT (X) (Y) X2 Y2 XY
A 1 1 1 1 1
B 1 3 1 9 3
C 3 2 9 4 6
D 4 5 16 25 20
E 6 4 36 16 24
F 7 5 49 25 35
G 8 7 64 49 56
H 8 8 64 64 64
X = 38 Y = 35 X2=240 Y2=193 XY= 209
Chapter 9: Page 17
N XY X Y
r=
[ N X 2 ( X ) 2 ][ N Y 2 ( Y ) 2 ]
8(209) (38)(35)
r=
[8(240) (38) 2 ][8(193) (35) 2 ]
16721330
r=
(19201444)(15441225)
342 342
r= =r=
(476)(319) 151844
=
342 = +0.878
389.6717
Chapter 9: Page 18
Chapter 9: Page 19
Critical value of r(6) = 0.707 (two-tailed) from Table E.2
Chapter 9: Page 20