Resume Materi

Chromium is a highly toxic element and major pollutant present in the environment. Chromium
(III) and (VI) are mainly found in chrome plating, dyes and pigments, leather tanning, and wood
preserving. Chromium (VI) is mobile and easily soluble into cells of an organism. There are
many methods like ion exchange, ultra filtration, reverse osmosis etc by which chromium (VI)
can be removed but they are quiet expensive and have many other disadvantages. In our present
study, natural products considered to be wastes were used as adsorbents because of its high
availability and low-cost. Low cost adsorbent used was Green coconut shell in a processed form
in order to compare the efficiency. (Toxic heavy metal chromium remediation by processed low
cost adsorbentGreen coconut shell) ‘’Seema Tharannum, Krishna Murthy V, Nandini.V,
Shruthi.P.T, 2015’’.

Microalgae are extensively used in the remediation of heavy metals like iron. However, factors
like toxicity, bioavailability and iron speciation play a major role in its removal by microalgae.(
Toxicity and bioaccumulation of iron in soil microalgae, (2015).

A toxicity assessment of Pb, Cu, and Cd showed that Chlorella sorokiniana had a rather high
tolerance to Pb compared with Cu and Cd. Pb distribution in algae indicated that the majority of
free Pb ions were adsorbed on the reactive sites of the cell wall, which might be one of the most
important detoxification mechanisms for Chlorella sorokiniana in exposure to Pb.( How
Chlorella sorokiniana and its High tolerance to Pb might be a Potential Pb biosorbent,
2017)

With the treatment with C. vulgaris or Z. officinale, there were noticeable improvements in these
modifications. It was concluded that both C. vulgaris and Z. officinale represent convincing
medicinal components that may be used to ameliorate testicular toxicity in those exposed to lead
in daily life with superior potentials revealed by C. vulgaris due to its chelating action (Potential
Alleviation of Chlorella vulgaris and Zingiber officinaleon Lead-Induced Testicular Toxicity: an
Ultrastructural Study, 2015)

The highly toxic Cr(VI) is a critical component in the Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)
formulations extensively employed as wood preservatives. Remediation of CCA mixed waste
and discarded treated wood products is a significant challenge. We demonstrate that UV/TiO2
photocatalysis effectively reduces Cr(VI) to less toxic Cr(III) in the presence of arsenate, As(V),
and copper, Cu(II). The rapid conversion of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) during UV/TiO2 photocatalysis
occurs over a range of concentrations, solution pH and at different Cr:As:Cu ratios. The
reduction follows pseudo-first order kinetics and increases with decreasing solution pH.
Saturation of the reaction solution with argon during UV/TiO2 photocatalysis had no significant
effect on the Cr(VI) reduction demonstrating the reduction of Cr(VI) is independent of dissolved
oxygen. Reduction of Cu(II) and As(V) does not occur under the photocatalytic conditions
employed herein and the presence of these two in the tertiary mixtures had a minimal effect on
Cr(VI) reduction. The Cr(VI) reduction was however, significantly enhanced by the addition of
formic acid, which can act as a hole scavenger and enhance the reduction processes initiated by
the conduction band electron. Our results demonstrate UV/TiO2 photocatalysis effectively
reduces Cr(VI) in mixed waste streams under a variety of conditions. (Zheng, 2015)

Chromium (Cr), being a highly toxic metal, adversely affects the mineral uptake and metabolic
processes in plants when present in excess. The current study was aimed at investigating the Cr
accumulation in various plant tissues and its relation to the antioxidation activity and root
exudation.(Uddin, 2014)

Chromium (Cr) is a potentially toxic heavy metal which does not have any essential metabolic
function in plants. Various past and recent studies highlight the biogeochemistry of Cr in the
soil-plant system. Thisreview traces a plausible link among Cr speciation, bioavailability,
phytouptake, phytotoxicity and detoxification based on available data, especially published from
2010 to 2016. Chromium occurs in different chemical forms (primarily as chromite (Cr(III)) and
chromate (Cr(VI)) in soil which vary markedly in term of their biogeochemical behavior.
Chromium behavior in soil, its soil-plant transfer and accumulation in different plant parts vary
with its chemical form, plant type and soil physico-chemical properties. Soil microbial
community plays a key role in governing Cr speciation and behavior in soil.Chromium does not
have any specific transporter for its uptake by plants and it primarily enters the plants through
specific and non-specific channels of essential ions. Chromium accumulates predominantly in
plant root tissues with very limited translocation to shoots. Inside plants, Cr provokes numerous
deleterious effects to several physiological, morphological, and biochemical processes.
Chromium induces phytotoxicity by interfering plant growth, nutrient uptake and photosynthesis,
inducing enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species, causing lipid peroxidation and altering
the antioxidant activities. Plants tolerate Cr toxicity via various defense mechanisms such as
complexation by organic ligands, compartmentation into the vacuole, and scavenging ROS via
antioxidative enzymes. Consumption of Cr-contaminated-food can cause human health risks by
inducing severe clinical conditions. Therefore, there is a dire need to monitor biogeochemical
behavior of Cr in soil-plant system. ,(Sahid 2017).

Living organisms require a small amount of different metals for their metabolic functions.
Among them Cr and Co are important microelements which are found in trace quantities in the
human body where they regulate important biological functions. Cr is involved in glucose
metabolism, either by facilitating insulin binding to its receptor or by amplifying the effect of
insulin on carbohydrate and lipid catabolism1,2. On the other hand Co(III) ions occupy the
catalytic site of vitamin B12 and are essential to the vitamin’s biological activity3. Under
physiological conditions both metals need to be present only in trace quantities because they are
required for the biological activity of a very small number of specific cellular proteins4. (Shraf,
2017)
FTIR spectrums of Spirulina revealed the presence of hydroxyl, amino, carboxylic and carbonyl
groups. The presence of OH group along with carbonyl group confirmed the presence of
carboxylic acid groups in the biosorbent. The presence of NH group and OH group along with
carbonyl group might be attributed the presence of amino acid groups in the biosorbent.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of Spirulina sp. before and after biosorption of chromium
clearly showed the biosorption of heavy metals by algal biomass., (Rezaei, 2013)

In this work, novel chitosan/PMMA composite nanofibrous membrane was prepared by

electrospinning technique. The formation of hydrogen bonds between chitosan and PMMA
enhanced the mechanical strength and the acid fastness of the composite nanofibrous membrane.
Static adsorption of Cr(VI) on the composite nanofibrous membrane followed Langmuir model
and pseudo-second kinetic model. The porosity of the composite nanofibrous membrane was
55.5% after the membrane was compressed, which greatly increased the contact time between
adsorption membrane and Cr(VI) solution in the filtration process. The adsorption capacity of
Cr(VI) via filtration was much higher than that via static adsorption, in which the maximum
value of 92.5 mg g-1 was obtained in a solution of pH 3.0. The composite nanofibrous
membrane can be regenerated and reused three times without remarkable losses in adsorption
capacity even with the solution of pH 2.0. The result of XPS indicated that amino group played
an important role in the adsorption of Cr(VI). Owing to the low-cost of chitosan and PMMA,
simple preparation method and excellent adsorption capacity, chitosan/PMMA composite
nanofibrous membrane is promising as a filter paper to remove toxic metal ions. (li,2016)

The discharge of heavy metals from industrial wastewater beyond the permissible limit causes
serious pollution to the environment. In this regard, chromium that is discharged from
electroplating, tannery and dye industrial effluents poses a major health hazard in view of the
carcinogenic and genotoxic nature of hexavalent chromium. It is imperative to devise effective
remediation strategies to detoxify chromium keeping in view the USEPA regulatory limit. This
review deals with the environmental occurrence, remediation methods and future perspectives in
the sequestration of hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) from wastewater. Remediation methods such
as solvent extraction, adsorption using polymeric resins, clays, biopolymers, biomass, activated
carbon and graphene oxide are discussed with respect to their removal efficiency, regenerability,
adsorption capacities and other characteristics. Considerable emphasis is laid on the utility of
chelating adsorbents and ionic liquid impregnated adsorbents for the remediation of chromium
from tannery and electroplating wastewater. The review examines published data in last few
years concerning the removal of toxic Cr (VI) with a critical evaluation on the merits and
demerits of each of the processes and the road ahead towards formulating more effective
strategies.( kalid Hasan, 2016).

Pollution with heavy metals is one of the most severe environmental problems in the world. In
this study, the batch adsorption of toxic Cu+2, Cr+3, Cd+2 and Pb+2 ions using marine
macroalga Ulva lactuca (AP) and its activated carbon (AAC) were examined.(Ibrahim, 2016).
The desorption experiments suggested that the regeneration of the biosorbents was possible for
repeated use especially with regard to Cd(II). Finally, it was concluded that U. lactuca can be
used as an effective, low cost, and environmentally friendly biosorbent for removal of Cd(II)
ions from aqueous solution. (ghoneim, 2014).

Cadmium is one of the most toxic substances found in aquatic ecosystems. This metal tends to
accumulate in photosynthetic plants and fish and is transferred to humans causing many diseases.
It has to be removed from our environment to reduce any health risks.(Alhomaidan, 2015).

Pterocladia capillacea, a red marine macroalgae, was tested for its ability to remove toxic
hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution. A new activated carbon obtained from P.
capillacea via acid dehydration was also investigated as an adsorbent for toxic
chromium.(Elnemr, 2011)

Heavy metal concentrations and physicochemical parameters in seawater were measured in

Guangdong coastal waters, South China. Results showed that the concentrations and distribution
of heavy metals varied spatially and seasonally. Generally, heavy metal concentrations in the
east regions were higher than in the west. Concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr in wet seasons
were generally higher than in dry seasons owing to the seasonal differences of the river
discharge, rainfall and seawater intrusion. Principal component (PC) analysis showed that PC1,
PC2 and PC3 in the east were correlated to Pb + Cr + Zn + Cd, As + Cd and Cu, respectively,
and they were correlated to Pb + Cr, Zn + Cu + Cd and As + Cu, respectively, in the west. That
was maybe due to the differences of local heavy metal sources. The anthropogenic activities
contributed more to the main sources of heavy metals, and contamination factors indicated that
Zn and Pb pollution was serious in study area. (Zhang, 2015).

Heavy metal concentrations and physicochemical parameters in seawater were measured in

Guangdong coastal waters, South China. Results showed that the concentrations and distribution
of heavy metals varied spatially and seasonally. Generally, heavy metal concentrations in the
east regions were higher than in the west. Concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr in wet seasons
were generally higher than in dry seasons owing to the seasonal differences of the river
discharge, rainfall and seawater intrusion. Principal component (PC) analysis showed that PC1,
PC2 and PC3 in the east were correlated to Pb + Cr + Zn + Cd, As + Cd and Cu, respectively,
and they were correlated to Pb + Cr, Zn + Cu + Cd and As + Cu, respectively, in the west. That
was maybe due to the differences of local heavy metal sources. The anthropogenic activities
contributed more to the main sources of heavy metals, and contamination factors indicated that
Zn and Pb pollution was serious in study area. (Saha,2016).

Six common heavy metals (Ni, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cr) in the water environment were selected to
present five groups of binary mixture systems (Ni-Fe, Ni-Zn, Ni-Pb, Ni-Cd, and Ni-Cr) through a
direct equipartition ray design. Microplate toxicity analysis based on Chlorella pyrenoidosa
measured the 96-h joint toxicities of the binary mixtures. Toxicity interaction of the binary
mixture was analyzed by comparing the observed toxicity data with the reference model
(concentration addition). The results indicated that Ni-Fe, Ni-Pb, and Ni-Cr mixtures showed
additive effects at concentration tested. It was indicated that Ni-Zn and Ni-Cd mixtures presented
additive effects at low concentrations whereas synergistic effects were seen at high
concentrations.*(mo,2017).

The occurrence and migration of heavy metal in coastal aquifer incorporating tidal effects were
investigated in detail by the field geological survey and observation. The continuous
groundwater sampling, field observation (for groundwater potentiometric surface elevation, pH,
dissolved oxygen, temperature, and salinity), and laboratory analysis (for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and
Pb concentration) were conducted through eight monitoring wells located around the landfill in
the northern part of Chongming Island, China.(Liu,2017)