The NADH and FADH will be used in the The energy, ATP, is produced

electron transport chain which produces
ATP in the inner membrane of the
mitochondrion, (3 ATP per NADH and 2
ATP per FADH2). And NAD+ which will
return to the process of Glycolysis and
FAD+.
through the use of ATP synthase,
enzyme that creates the energy
storage molecule, by moving the
hydrogen ions or protons back to
the matrix.

Chemical Reaction:

NADH + H+ + 3 ADP + 3 Pi + 1/2 O2 →

NAD+ + H2O + 3 ATP

FADH2 + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 1/2 O2 →

FAD+ + H2O + 2 ATP
EQUATION FOR CELLULAR
RESPIRATION

At the end of the electron transport C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + E

chain, oxygen accepts electrons (E stands for ATP)
and takes up protons to form
water.

Bioprocesses Involved:

The primary process involved in cellular process is glycolysis wherein the six carbon sugar,
Glucose, is converted into pyruvate molecules, a three-carbon organic molecule. NAD+ is
converted to NADH.

The second bioprocess is the pyruvate oxidation wherein the pyruvates enter the mitochondrial
matrix and are converted into Coenzyme A, Acetyl CoA. The carbon dioxide is released and
NADH is generated.

The third process highlighted in the respiration is the Kreb’s Cycle or the Citric Acid Cycle i
which the Acetyl-CoA combines with four-carbon molecule. FADH2, NADH, and ATP are
produced after this cycle.

The last is the Oxidative Phosphorylation wherein the electrons move down the chain, energy is
released and used to pump protons out of the matrix, forming a gradient. Protons flow back into
the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron
transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.
 CELLULAR RESPIRATION FLOW PROCESS DIAGRAM

Two energy-rich Adenosine

Triphosphates are also supplied Through the process of
into the process of Glycolysis to Photosynthesis and by food
kick-start the process. ingestion, simple sugars such as
Glucose are produced.

Glucose (C6H12O6)
is being broken down
through the process of
Glycolysis.

Two pyruvates, an essential

chemical compound in
biochemistry, are produced after
glycolysis which will then be
utilized for the aerobic (O2
present) and anaerobic processes
(O2 not present).

Pyruvates produced in glycolysis

are used in anaerobic processes
such as Fermentation, specifically,
the lactic acid fermentation and the
alcoholic fermentation.

Lactic Acid Alcoholic The other pyruvates produced

Fermentation fermentation from glycolysis will be used in
converts six converts sugars aerobic processes such as Kreb’s
carbonsugars in our
such as glucose, cycle which happens in
muscle cells into
cellular energy and fructose, and mitochondrial matrix which
the metabolite sucrose into composes mitochondria's DNA,
lactate. It also cellular energy, ribosomes, soluble enzymes, small
produces carbon producing ethanol organic molecules, nucleotide
dioxide as a b y- and carbon cofactors, and inorganic ions
product. dioxide as by-
products.
In Krebs’s cycle or citric acid
cycle, the pyruvate is transported
Both Lactic Acid and Alcoholic into the mitochondria and loses
Fermentation produce nicotinamide carbon dioxide to form acetyl-
adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) which CoA, a 2-carbon molecule. When
picks up an electron from glucose to acetyl-CoA is oxidized to carbon
form NADH2 to generate energy. NAD+ dioxide, chemical energy is
will take part again in the glycolysis to released and captured in the form
produce more ATP of NADH, FADH2 (Flavin adenine
dinucleotide) and ATP.