HOLOGRAPHY

History:

Holography dates from 1947, when British scientist Dennis Gabor developed the theory

of holography while working to improve the resolution of an electron microscope. Gabor came

up with the term hologram from the Greek words holos, meaning "whole," and gramma,

meaning "message". Further development in the field was followed by during the next decade

because light sources available at the time were not coherent.

Holographic artists have increased their technical knowledge of the discipline and now

contribute to the technology as well as the inspired process. The art form has become worldwide,

with major displays being held throughout the world.

Background:

When you see deceased artist, or anyone projected through, you need to know that they

are not hologram. It’s a pure trick employ and none of the basic fundamental hologram have any

similarities to this technology. This was one of the famous trick invented by by John Pepper

during the 1800s. He carried out this amazing trick to impresses the crowd that a ghost had

appeared next to an actor on stage. Well, in reality, a clever method of illusion was done where a

piece of glass at an angle placed between the audiences. The stage was used as reflection of the

the light from where the actor below the stage toward the audience, but still allowing them to see

through to the stage ahead. Because the glass is effectively transparent, we think there is a ghost

hovering on stage. This is basically the basic information on the most holograms being seen on

TV where some uses this Pepper’s ghost trick.

 Photography can be used as an example whereby the photo captured from an optics point

of view is something that you’ve stored by time-averaged amplitude of the light-field emanating

from that scene using some form of sensor. Resulting in large amount of information within that

light field which was being thrown away. Thus, to collect this information effectively, a

hologram which is a in its most basic meaning, which is an recording which will then

reconstructed of all the light-field information such that when viewed. This the reason why

viewer unable to tell the difference from the original scene because the hologram is ‘giving’ the

viewer all of the original information.

To further the properties of the object being displayed, we illuminate it with a laser and

interfere the scattered light with the other laser. This is recording pattern created known

the hologram. It will capture the amplitude, phase, and wavelength details of the object. Now the

pattern are closely viewed under the microscope, we would only see the interference fringes,

which is something normal and uninteresting. If we illuminate with the similar source, the light

is scattered from all fringes and interferes with itself to reconstruct the original object’s light-

field.
 Researchers have been working on true holographic imaging for quite some times, which

then a research team of Korean’s actually made it happen and by producing the first colour

hologram of 360 degree. The top view of the holographic display can view all the way around in

full colour and it is capable of changing views from every angle. It sounds simple, but the ability

to project a full three dimensional hologram which capable of being viewed like a real object still

impossible.

This hologram will be projected through the tabletop display unit thanks to a series of

high-powered multicolor lasers. The floating image depends on the diffraction caused by the

interference between the many lasers in the system. Although it look like a simple image of a

Rubik’s Cube, the floating hologram produced capable of being viewed from every angle.

Advantages and Disadvantages:

In the industrial view, the product of the source of holographic products would spend the

manufacturer lot of time and money but the cost of bulk and large amount copy for the

holographic products such as holographic stickers would become relatively cheap. This should

be the main reason why the enterprises for production of consumption goods want to select this

kind of anti-imitation technology.

Even though, the holographic technology will be very useful in many areas from

manufacturing to studies and more than we would expect, helped in term of meeting, this

technologies has a large problem which is that the relations between mankind with one another

would be reduced to imagines simulated ones. We would no longer need to actually meet people.

References:

1) J. Geng, Adv. Opt. Photonics 5, 456 (2013).

2) B. C. Kress and P. Meyrueis, Applied Digital Optics (Wiley, 2000).

3) M. Lucente, in SMPTE 2nd Annu. Int. Conf. Stereosc. 3D Media Entertain. – Soc.

Motion Pict. Telev. Eng. (2011)

C.Williams, 6 things you may not know about holography (2015). <Retrieved from>

http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/206152-6-things-you-may-not-know-about-

holography

4) Nick, DISADVANTAGES:( (2008). <Retrieved from>

http://holigrams1846.blogspot.my/2008/11/disadvantages.html
CONTACT LENS

Introduction:

Sony has come up with smart contact lens that able to record video and play video with the blink

of an eye. Sony has develop a new contact lens that able to record video, store it and play back.

The contact lens can only wear by one eye and switch on off by closing the eyelids. The contact

lens have sensors to detect the length of an eyelids closure and differentia blinks from voluntary

movement. Sony's contact can erase black frame result from the detection of blinking eye while

video is recording. To correct tilted images, get rid of blur and control focus and aperture is

equipped by the system. To play videos, users can switch to display mode with a different eyelid

movement set in advance. Seven Japanese Inventors have designed the contacts which would

include a camera, a wireless processing unit and a storage unit. This means that the contact can

store their own video.

Before and after:

Before SONY, SAMSUNG is working on its own contact lenses. They are focused on offering

an augmented reality view of the world. Motion sensors and transmitter these will be able to

overlay information by incorporating cameras. The lenses have to work with a connected phone

to allow users to take photo and cover information onto the actual world, just like a menu outside

a restaurant. Sony has also filed a licensed for its own smart contact lens. It incorporate cameras

in order to allow for image and video capture which is similar to SAMSUNG. However, SONY

less focused on augmented reality but more focused on the physical workings of the device.It

invented that conscious blinking,which is held longer than normal are used to take photos and

capture video.These lenses are powered wireless but feature hardware to not only capture but

also store the picture locally. For an example, we able to capture what we see without using a

phone or camera. We able to capture it immediately compare to lenses which need to connect to

a phone. (Nick Lavars , May 5,2016)

With or without:

With the contact lenses that can record video and capture photo, we can capture photo and record

video anytime. When some emergency case happen, we can capture and record immediately. If we

are using phone to capture and record, it will be late for a few seconds or minute. We will miss

some information during that short period. Besides that, we can use it to capture and record video

while having lecture class. In order to copy down te note, we can record the video while having

lecture class so that we can do revision. Without the smart contact lens, we have to copy down

everything that lecturer mention. We may miss some important information while copying.
Success factor:

The success of achieving contact lens (CL) is depend on several factors. Among these factors is

the preliminary patient evaluation. This evaluation provides the clinician with historical

information and clues about which types of lenses may be best and what can be expected in

terms of contact lens wear (CLW), such as quality of vision, length of wear, and so on. The

evaluation provides information in determining the prognosis for CL success. From here, we will

cover the information that will assist the clinician in making these assessments.

Advantages:

One of the advantage is we able to record down the video or take photo immediately when we

see something that we interested. We able to capture the photo that we want. While wearing the

contact lens that can record video, it will help to avoid the loss of our camera or smart phone. We

no need to bring along the camera or smart phone in hand. If we always hold our phone in hand,

we may forgot it easily and lost it.

Disadvantages:

There are some disadvantages for this contact lens. Smart contact lens that able to record video

and play video are control by the blink of an eye. The eyes will get tired if continuously taking

photo as our eyes need to blink for several times. The eyes will also feel dry and become red

when wear for a long time.

Prediction:

In the future, it develop a new function such as scanning. It may be able to scan a thing while the

eyes look at the things longer than 1 minutes.

References:

1. Lavars, N. (2016, May 5). Sony files patent for contact lens that records what you see.

Retrieved July 21, 2016, from http://www.gizmag.com/sony-contact-lens/43157/

2. Cuthbertson, A. (2016, April 08). Samsung smart contact lenses take photos in the blink of

an eye. Retrieved July 21, 2016, from http://www.newsweek.com/samsungs-smart-contact-

lenses-let-you-blink-take-photo-445425

3. Dailymail.com, C. M. (2016, April 30). Sony files to patent new contact lenses that can

record video, store it, play it back - and adjust zoom, focus and aperture automatically.

Retrieved July 21, 2016, from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-

3567402/Sony-patent-application-reveals-new-contact-lenses-record-video-store-play-

adjust-zoom-focus-aperture-automatically.html

4. Contact Lens Preliminary Examination. (n.d.). Retrieved July 22, 2016, from

http://optometry.berkeley.edu/class/opt260a/othertopics_pp/prelim.htm
SMARTPHONES

Introduction:

Phones are used to communicate to one and another. As days pass by, phones are becoming

our important device in daily life. Moreover, it is not only used to communicate, we can now do

more than that. Last time, people carry a huge and heavy device but after technology played a

major role phones became very light and handy. (Figure 1 & 2) The phone extremist buy phones

according to the latest trends. Now, at this point Samsung has launched Galaxy S7 edge and it

became very popular all over the world. (Figure 2)

Figure 1: huge and heavy phone Figure 2: slim phone (Galaxy S7 edge)

Features:

The Galaxy S7 edge has slimmest feel, light weight (157.00 g) and a big screen size (5.5

inches) where the users can just fit in their palm perfectly. It has a resolution of 1440 pixels by

2560 pixels and 534 PPI per inch. The incredible rear camera comes with 12 megapixels and the

front camera comes with 5 megapixels. The photogenic need not to worry about blur images.

The new device now even comes with sensors that includes Proximity sensor, Ambient light
sensor, Accelerometer and Gyroscope. We can get whatever we need in a touch and at a glance;

do not need to spend more time. The Galaxy S7 edge also comes with a big non removable

3600mAh battery that can charge faster and last long for long hours. Moreover, it has IP68 rating

for dust and water resistant. We don’t have to worry about dropping down in water as we used to

last time. In terms of hardware, it has a huge RAM (4GB), internal storage 32GB and expandable

storage up to 200GB. It has a software operating system of Android 6.0

Advantages & Disadvantages:

As we know, all good things come with the bad as well. The Galaxy S7 edge has slippery

glass which is very fragile and collects fingerprints. Finger prints on phone may dirty the phone

and makes eyesore. You will need to wipe down your phone several times in a day. Then, overly

sensitive nave buttons and touch screen may cause trouble to the users sometimes. Instead of

using this with a certain purpose, why don’t we expand our knowledge and take this great

opportunity to make use of this new trend. Galaxy S7 edge can be used in photography industry.

The photographers can use this amazing camera in their field. They need not to worry of carrying

such a huge camera all along they go. Besides, they also can go underwater to snap beautiful

shots without causing any damage to their device. (Figure 3)

Figure 3: Galaxy S7 edge is

waterproof.
Success factor:

Samsung is now giving away its Gear VR to the S7 edge buyers. (Figure 4) Gear VR gives a

full 360° viewing experience when connected to the Galaxy S7 edge; totally wireless. All we

need is just a galaxy and Gear VR with a Bluetooth. It is a great big success of Samsung coming

up with such a wonderful model device. It also gives an incredible experience when playing

games, watching movies, videos and even pictures. We will be immersive into a whole new

world beyond imagination! Live in the world (3D effect).

Figure 4: Gear VR

As from the customers’ review, Galaxy S7 has got plenty of good comments. This can be

one of the success factors of Samsung. Examples of customer’s reviews are absolutely stunning

looks, incredible camera, IP68 protection, record breaking power (last long) and many more.

Success factors will lead a company to produce a better quality product for the upcoming years

with full confidence and great support.

Prediction:

As the implanted pacemakers and cochlear, in a decade from now phones also can be

implanted in our head. By this we can easily monitor our health. Moreover, in future we can also

3D features and holographic projections in our smart phone screens as there are now few mobile
companies are working on it. This might be useful for us to resize the photos by compressing or

pulling in our hands itself. Nowadays, smart phones come with a huge screen where it can ease

the users. Beyond that, in few years time with the help of Organic light emitting diode (OLED)

we can have flexible screen smart phones. We may adjust the size of the screen according to our

needs. For example, if we want to play a game or read article, we may actually enlarge the

screen. Otherwise, we can reduce the screen to pocket able size. Cool things are coming over. So

stay tune!

References:

1. http://www.samsung.com/us/explore/galaxy-s7-features-and-specs/

2. http://gadgets.ndtv.com/samsung-galaxy-s7-edge-3311

3. https://www.verizonwireless.com/smartphones/samsung-galaxy-s7-edge/
3D PRINTING

Background:

In this modern era, everything changes in rapid as the old development methods will not address

the modern ones. Printing is one of the important factor for the people nowadays, especially for

those engineers, architects, researchers and others. They need it for research, presentation or

construction purpose. Printer is one of the output device. As the world enhances, there is now a

new technology present, called 3D printing. 3D printing can be introduced as additive

manufacturing (AM). AM is a process of making 3D solid objects from a digital site.

Futurologist Jeremy Rifkin claimed that 3D printing signals the start of a third industrial

revolution, succeeding the production line assembly which dominated manufacturing starting in

the late 19th century. Unfortunately, at that time 3D printing has not capable and cost-effective

for the most end-product and high volume commercial manufacturing. 3D printing develops with

making virtual design of the particular thing we want to.

Introduction:

3D scanners able to generate a 3D model using technologies like, time-of-flight,

structured light and volumetric scanning. There are now few well-known company had now

allow to perform 3D scanning. For the coming future, digitizing real objects are easily to get it as

it is as easy as taking picture. Mobile devices will maybe have integrated 3D scanners.

3D modeling software is needed to perform 3D printing. Those software can come from

different forms or sources and cost about thousands per year with license. We can get some free

open sources of 3D software. In addition, this software had also offers beginner lessons and build

in option to get your object printed via different types of 3D printing services.
 Once you have a scanner and software, now you have to prepare a model for 3D printed.

Slicing is needed for dividing 3D model into hundreds or more horizontal layers an needs to be

done with software. 3D model is actually can be produced through the 3D modelling software

application. Once the model is ready, we can ready a 3D printer. File was uploaded with the data

and information of the 3D modeling and the object was printed layer by layer.

To print out 3D object, there are some ways and steps. We need some ways to melt or

soften the materials for producing the layers. Selective laser sintering and fused deposition

modeling are the common technologies. The common technology to fit this method is called

stereolithography (SLA). According to Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing

Technologies, there altogether 7 processes, Vat Photopolymerisation, Material Jetting, Binder

Jetting, Material Extrusion, Powder Bed Fusion, Sheet Lamination and then Directed Energy

Deposition.

Vat Photopolymerisation has a container which is filled with photopolymer resin and

hardened with the UV light source. Stereolithography (SLA) works vat of liquid ultraviolet

curable photopolymer resin and an ultraviolet laser for building of layers. The laser beam dashes

the cross section of the pattern of the parts on the surface of the liquid resin. The ultraviolet laser

light curves and solidifies the pattern traced and joins it to the layer below. The SLA’s elevator

platform descends which is equal to the thickness of single layer. A resin filled blade was swiped

across the section of the part and recoat it with a new fresh material. The complete object was

now formed. Stereolithography requires supporting structures which to serve for attaching the

part towards the elevator platform and to handle the object as it can floats in the basin filled with

the liquid resin. Charles Hull is the one who invent the technique and also the one who founded

the company, 3D Systems. Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP) can be said the new
ultrafast and using older Film Transfer Imaging and Solid Ground Curing. While material jetting

is to apply in droplets through a small diameter nozzle which similar to the common inkjet paper

printer works. Apply layer by layer is applied to build a platform for making a 3D object and

hardened by a UV light. Next, 2 materials are used for binder jetting which are the powder base

material and liquid binder. The process was done in a build chamber, powder is spread in equal

layers and binder is applied through the jet nozzles that sticker the powder particles in the form

of programmed 3D object. Once the finished object was done by the binder remains in the

container with the powder base material. The remaining powder was cleaned off and used for the

next printing. The technology was first developed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in

1993 and 1995 Z Corporation get an exclusive license. The following process is the most

commonly used technology called fused deposition modeling (FDM). FDM technology works

using plastic filament or metal wire that unwound from coil and supplying material to an

extrusion nozzle which able to change the flow. The nozzle is heated for the purpose of melting

the material and can be moved in horizontal and vertical directions by numerically controlled

mechanism, by a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software package. Product was then

produced by extruding melted material to form layers. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)

and Polylactic acid (PLA) are the most widely used plastic filament materials. The software with

this technology automatically generates support structures if needed. The machine had dispense

2 materials, one of the model and one for the disposable support structure. The Powder Bed

Fusion has a common used technology called Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), which uses a high

power laser to fuse small particles of plastic, metal, ceramic or glass powders into a mass that

has the needed. The laser had fuses the powdered material by scanning the layers generated by

the 3D modeling program on the surface of a powder bed. Each layer is scanned, the powder
need is lowered by 1 layer thickness. A new layer of material was applied on top and repeated

until the object was completed. The remaining powder then becomes a support structure for the

object or become the next print. Sheet lamination which then involves materials which is bound

together with external force. The sheets can be metal, paper or other sources. Metal sheets are

welded with the help of ultrasonic welding l in layers. CNC milled into a proper shape. While

paper sheets can glued and cut in shape by precise blades. So, directed energy deposition is the

process which used in the high technology metal industry and rapid manufacturing applications.

3D printing apparatus is connected to a multi-axis robotic arm and consists of nozzle that

deposits metal powder or wire on surface which an energy source that melts it to form a solid.

Successful Factors:

With the invention of 3D printing, it really helps a lot in a wide field, like rapid

prototyping, architectural scale model and Marquette, healthcare and entertainment. However,

this technology mostly used in reconstructing fossils in paleontology, replicating ancient artifacts

in archaeology, reconstructing bones and body parts in forensic pathology and reconstructing

heavily damaged evidence acquired from crime scene investigation. This technology was now

widely used in medical industry, bio-printing, aerospace & aviation industries, automotive

industry, industrial 3D printing.

In the worldwide 3D printing industry, it is expected to hit the target of $21B in year

2020. Now, this technology had destined to transform and change the whole world in the coming

future. In automotive and industrial manufacturing, 3D printing had consolidate many parts into

an only complex object and helps in producing tools, spare parts and others. They can perform

faster product development cycle with the rapid prototyping, form and fit in testing. For

aerospace industry sector, we can able to create complex geometry parts which are not possible
with traditional manufacturing. By using this technology, we are able to control the density,

stiffness and the quality of a part and create lighter parts. In the medical industry, those

professionals can plan a surgery using precise anatomical models based on CT scan or MRI and

have custom orthopedic implants and prosthetics. Those interns can use it for medical training

and test for drug development.

Advantages:

Before 3D printing is introduced, we are only able to print 2D things. Soon, this world

changes and evolves as everything needs to be keep moving in spot. We need immediate object

to be present as there is time consuming in transferring or translating data from 2D sources, some

of the additive manufacturing advocates that this technological development will change the

nature commerce. Instead of buying 3D projects or things from others, human in future prefer to

do or produce the particular thing by themselves. 3D printing will become very capable of

outputting in colour and multiple materials which exists and continue to enhance to a certain

point where the functional products will able to produce. In fact, the ink for 3D printing is easily

available around us after we have the software and the device for printing. The unwanted waste

from the industrial should be transform as the ‘ink’ of the 3D printer which is ecofriendly to the

environment.

Disadvantages:

While the printing by 3D technology is time consuming, examples like printing a human

ear, we need about 4 to 6 hours to print it out. The printers should be improve in the areas of

performance, multi-material capability and diversity and finished products. Nowadays, 3D

printers are just concentrated at the 2 ends of the spectrum: high cost-high capability and low
cost-low capability. High tech ones targeted at enterprise and 3D printing service bureaus; the

low tech ones often derivatives of open source RepRap printers and target the consumers and

hobbyists.

References:

1. What is 3D Printing? Retrieved from http://3dprinting.com/what-is-3d-printing/ on 19 Formatted: Font color: Black

Formatted: Font color: Black
July 2016.

2. The Road Headers for 3D Printing. Retrieved from

http://www.pwc.com/us/en/technology-forecast/2014/3d-printing/features/future-3d-

printing.html on 19 July 2016. Formatted: Font color: Black

3. Fablan (2016). 29 April 2016. Looking to the Future: Top 5 3D Printing Trends to Watch.

Retrieved from https://i.materialise.com/blog/3d-printing-trends/

 PlayStation VR

Background

PlayStation VR (PS VR) is a virtual reality headset peripheral system for the PS4 used by
gamers. Previously PlayStation have delivered many experiences beyond our imagination, from
3D games to augmented reality. Recently PlayStation has made a new invention called the
PlayStation VR. This device allows user to immerse into the game with an unparalleled sense of
presence. The PS VR headset weighs approximately 610g excluding its cable while the processor
unit weighs approximately 365g. Furthermore, the PS VR uses an OLED display method. OLED
means a light-emitting diode containing thin flexible sheets of an organic electroluminescent
material and it’s used mainly for visual displays. Besides that, the PS VR panel size measures
with a 5.7 inches and with a panel resolution of 1920 x RGB x 1080 per eye. It also has an
approximately 100 degree field of view. The processor unit function of a PS VR includes, 3D
audio processing, social screen, and also cinematic mode.

Figure 1: PlayStation Vr device model

 Sony’s VR headset also includes a cinematic mode which allows owners to view 360
degree photos and videos on a large virtual screen. PS VR’s cinematic mode comes in 3 screen
sizes, large, medium and small. The large mode equivalent to 226 inches, making the user feel
the experience of being in a movie theatre. The screen did not even fit in the user’s entire field of
vision in the beginning and so they had to move so that it did. The medium setting acts as a
default option, and allows the user to immerse in a dark virtual space. The screen will fit the
user’s field of view. The small screen follows the user’s gaze in this case, thus allowing them to
lie down and etc.

History

The VR project was used to be called as project Morpheus, it was started by different
teams geographically spread across Japan, the U.S and Europe almost simultaneously. When PS
Move was released, many thought it was just adding PS Move to head-mounted displays of the
time like Sony Movies Viewer. Other company created like a handmade semi-VR headset, and
they started experimenting with it with PS3. PlayStation Move really was a 3D spatial-input
device. This really came from the passion of certain people to make virtual reality real in gaming
experience.

Success Factors

The design for PS4 has become a huge success factor for PlayStation VR. At the end of
2015, thirty millions units of PS4 were sent out. It is believed that the sales of the consoles will
be increased when PlayStation VR release. The required hardware and processing capabilities for
PS VR will be provided by PS4, which is believed that it is of significant values. To operate VR
device, other products need powerful CPU/GPU combination, even our phone wouldn’t function
that well and many PC are not high-ended. This has gave a huge advantage to Sony, as this
function has already existed in every PS4. Another success factor for PlayStation VR is it comes
with an affordable price. Comparing to the Oculus Rift device which has the same function has
the PS VR, it is expected that not many people will buy the Oculus Rift and HT Vive and even
the PlayStation VR, but with the rigid price, it could easily convince majority of the PS4 users to
buy it. Besides that, the price could convince non-owners to buy a PS4 and the VR system, since
it would be cheaper with the total package.
Failure Factors

Since every good comes with its bad, the PlayStation VR has set to have some failure
factors as well. Previously it has announced that the PlayStation Neo or PS4K is set to be the
device that supports the PlayStation VR, but till now there were no release date for this console.
This causes the users to wait a longer period to get their hands on the console that device a
worthwhile experiences. Besides that, there aren’t much seen gameplay of the titles and this lack
of exposures could hamper hardware and surface sales. Furthermore wearing the VR headset
strapped for too long can be not so comfortable to wear. Other than that, there is this dreaded
screen door effect where the users will be able to see space between the pixels when the users are
looking at the headset’s display.

Other Uses of PlayStation VR

Before introducing the PlayStation VR gamers did not experience the virtual reality in
gaming. Fortunately, the VR technology head-mounted display (HMD), SCE noted that the PS4
console with which it runs is an amazing platform for driving VR experiences. Not only in
gaming, has the PlayStation VR come with other function. User will be able to watch regular
movies from Blu-ray or DVD’s with the PS VR. A simple black background. Surrounds the
digital display, which cheats a movie theatre effect. Other than that, with the launch of
PlayStation VR, Sony updates the media player application on the PlayStation 4 so that it can
play 360 videos and show 360 photos.

Figure 2: Example of Screen door effect.

Reference

http://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonevangelho/2016/01/06/sonys-playstation-vr-stands-to-be-
almost-3x-more-popular-than-oculus-rift-in-2016/#13becdd86c10

https://www.playstation.com/en-au/explore/playstation-vr/tech-specs/

http://www.techradar.com/reviews/gaming/playstation-vr-1235379/review

http://www.techradar.com/reviews/gaming/playstation-vr-1235379/review

http://en.stargame.com/201511/5118955514.html

https://www.thevideogames.co.uk/5-reasons-playstation-vr-will-fail/

http://www.craveonline.com/entertainment/966577-prediction-will-playstation-vr-success-failure