John Kevin M.

de Castro
MSc in Petroleum Engineering
16000494

Assignment No. 1

1. Draw the relative permeability curves for kro and krw using the data above.
Also calculate the oil and water saturations for each qo and qw.
Calculate the effective permeability to oil and water at each saturation
Given the following data:

Qo (cm3/time) Qw (cm3/time) Δp (psi) Δp (atm) Vw (cm3)

90.0000 0.0000 49.2500 3.3618 2.1700
75.0000 5.0000 91.2900 6.2314 2.8700
60.0000 9.0000 109.5200 7.4758 3.6300
45.0000 20.0000 123.3000 8.4164 4.6500
30.0000 34.0000 137.0500 9.3549 5.9300
15.0000 85.0000 164.3000 11.2150 7.9500
0.0000 122.0000 147.0000 10.0341 9.8600
1 atm = 14.65 psi

Additional data:
k (mD) 16.7000 (0.0167 D)
Length (cm) 9.0000
Diameter (cm) 3.2000
Oil Viscosity (cp) 2.0000
Water Viscosity (cp) 1.1000
Porosity 0.2000

Solution:
Calculating the relative permeability to oil and the relative permeability to water using the formula
𝑞(𝑜)𝑥 µ(𝑜)𝑥 𝐿
𝑘𝑟𝑜 = (For oil)
𝑘 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 𝛥𝑝
𝑞(𝑤)𝑥 µ(𝑤)𝑥 𝐿
𝑘𝑟𝑤 = (For water)
𝑘 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 𝛥𝑝

Solving first the area of the core sample

𝜋𝐷^2 𝜋 𝑥 (3.2𝑐𝑚)^2
Area of the core = = = 8.0425 cm^2
4 4
For Oil For Water

𝟗𝟎 𝒄𝒄/𝒉𝒓 𝟎 𝒄𝒄/𝒉𝒓
𝒙 𝟐𝒄𝒑 𝒙 𝟗𝒄𝒎 𝒙 𝟏.𝟏𝒄𝒑 𝒙 𝟗𝒄𝒎
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓
𝒌𝒓𝒐 = = 0.9966 𝒌𝒘 = = 0.0000
𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝒙 𝟖.𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒙 𝟑.𝟑𝟔𝟏𝟖 𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝒙 𝟖.𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒙 𝟑.𝟑𝟔𝟏𝟖 𝒂𝒕𝒎

𝟕𝟓 𝒄𝒄/𝒉𝒓 𝟓𝒄𝒄/𝒉𝒓
𝒙 𝟐𝒄𝒑 𝒙 𝟗𝒄𝒎 𝒙 𝟏.𝟏𝒄𝒑 𝒙 𝟗𝒄𝒎
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓
𝒌𝒓𝒐 = = 0.4481 𝒌𝒓𝒘 = = 0.0164
𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝒙 𝟖.𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒙 𝟔.𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝒙 𝟖.𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒙 𝟔.𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝒂𝒕𝒎

𝟔𝟎 𝒄𝒄/𝒉𝒓 𝟗 𝒄𝒄/𝒉𝒓
𝒙 𝟐𝒄𝒑 𝒙 𝟗𝒄𝒎 𝒙 𝟏.𝟏𝒄𝒑 𝒙 𝟗𝒄𝒎
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓
𝒌𝒓𝒐 = = 0.2988 𝒌𝒓𝒘 = = 0.0246
𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝒙 𝟖.𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒙 𝟕.𝟒𝟕𝟓𝟖 𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝒙 𝟖.𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒙 𝟕.𝟒𝟕𝟓𝟖 𝒂𝒕𝒎

𝟒𝟓 𝒄𝒄/𝒉𝒓 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒄/𝒉𝒓
𝒙 𝟐𝒄𝒑 𝒙 𝟗𝒄𝒎 𝒙 𝟏.𝟏𝒄𝒑 𝒙 𝟗𝒄𝒎
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓
𝒌𝒓𝒐 = 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝒙 𝟖.𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒙 𝟖.𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟒 𝒂𝒕𝒎
= 0.1990 𝒌𝒓𝒘 = 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝒙 𝟖.𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒙 𝟖.𝟒𝟏𝟔𝟒 𝒂𝒕𝒎
= 0.0487

𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒄/𝒉𝒓 𝟑𝟒 𝒄𝒄/𝒉𝒓
𝒙 𝟐𝒄𝒑 𝒙 𝟗𝒄𝒎 𝒙 𝟏.𝟏𝒄𝒑 𝒙 𝟗𝒄𝒎
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓
𝒌𝒓𝒐 = = 0.1194 𝒌𝒓𝒘 = = 0.0744
𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝒙 𝟖.𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒙 𝟗.𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟗 𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝒙 𝟖.𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒙 𝟗.𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟗 𝒂𝒕𝒎

𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒄/𝒉𝒓 𝟖𝟓 𝒄𝒄/𝒉𝒓
𝒙 𝟐𝒄𝒑 𝒙 𝟗𝒄𝒎 𝒙 𝟏.𝟏𝒄𝒑 𝒙 𝟗𝒄𝒎
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓
𝒌𝒓𝒐 = = 0.0498 𝒌𝒓𝒘 = = 0.1552
𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝒙 𝟖.𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟏.𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝒙 𝟖.𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟏.𝟐𝟏𝟓 𝒂𝒕𝒎

𝟎𝒄𝒄/𝒉𝒓 𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒄/𝒉𝒓

𝒙 𝟐𝒄𝒑 𝒙 𝟗𝒄𝒎 𝒙 𝟏.𝟏𝒄𝒑 𝒙 𝟗𝒄𝒎
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒉𝒓
𝒌𝒓𝒐 = = 0.0000 𝒌𝒓𝒘 = = 0.2489
𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝒙 𝟖.𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝒙 𝟖.𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟒 𝒂𝒕𝒎

Calculating Water and Oil Saturation

Solve first for the Bulk Volume which is the product of the area and the length of the core
sample, Vbulk = 72. 3823cc.
Solve for the pore volume by multiplying the porosity and the Vbulk;
Vpore = 0.2(72.3823) = 14. 4765 cc
Calculating the saturation for oil and water. Oilvolume = Pore Volume – Vwater

Pore Volume, cc Volume of water, cc Volume of Oil, cc

14.4765 2.1700 12.3065
14.4765 2.8700 11.6065
14.4765 3.6300 10.8465
14.4765 4.6500 9.8265
14.4765 5.9300 8.5465
14.4765 7.9500 6.5265
14.4765 9.8600 4.6165
 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑶𝒊𝒍 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
So = Sw =
𝑷𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝑷𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
Oil Saturation Water Saturation
12.3065/14.4765 0.8501 2.1700/14.4765 0.1499
11.6065/14.4765 0.8017 2.8700/14.4765 0.1983
10.8465/14.4765 0.7492 3.6300/14.4765 0.2508
9.8265/14.4765 0.6788 4.6500/14.4765 0.3212
8.5465//14.4765 0.5904 5.9300/14.4765 0.4096
6.5265/14.4765 0.4508 7.9500/14.4765 0.5492
4.6165/14.4765 0.3189 9.8600/14.4765 0.6811

Summary of data:

Relative Permeabilities
k (for water) k (for oil) Water Saturation Oil Saturation
0.0000 0.9966 0.1499 0.8501
0.0164 0.4481 0.1983 0.8017
0.0246 0.2988 0.2508 0.7492
0.0487 0.1990 0.3212 0.6788
0.0744 0.1194 0.4096 0.5904
0.1552 0.0498 0.5492 0.4508
0.2489 0.0000 0.6811 0.3189

Graphing the given data above.

Relative Permeability vs Saturation

1.2000

1.0000 kro @ Swc

Relative Permeability

0.8000

0.6000

0.4000
krw @ Sor
0.2000

0.0000
0.0000 0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 0.4000 0.5000 0.6000 0.7000 0.8000
Water Saturation
 The graph above shows that the relative permeability to oil at irreducible water saturation is
at its maximum which in case is 1 in this condition. However, the relative permeability to water is at
its maximum at residual oil saturation which is 0.25 in this case.
Calculating the effective permeability for both fluids, oil and water using the formula below

k(eo) = 𝑘(𝑟𝑜) 𝑥 𝑘(𝑎𝑏𝑠) k(ew) = 𝑘(𝑟𝑤) 𝑥 𝑘(𝑎𝑏𝑠)

Results are the following.

Effective Permeability
(mD)
k (for water) k (for oi)
0.0000 16.6439
0.2744 7.4827
0.4117 4.9897
0.8125 3.3240
1.2427 1.9937
2.5916 0.8315
4.1574 0.0000

2. The SCAL results for a core sample taken from an exploration well is as follows :

Capillary Pressure, Pc (psia) Water Saturation, Sw (%)

35.0000 29.8000
15.7000 32.2000
10.5000 43.7000
5.6000 82.4000
5.3000 90.1000
4.4000 100.0000
0.0000 100.0000
i. Convert the capillary pressure table to water saturation and height, H in ft. Plot H vs Sw.
ii. Indicate the FWL, OWC and transition zone on the plot.
iii. A sample was taken from a depth 80 ft above the OWC. What is the expected Sw of the
sample at that elevation.
Water density = 64 lb/ft3
Oil Density = 45 lb/ft3
Solution:
i. Use the formula to determine the equivalent head (thickness) of the given capillary
pressure;
𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝑷𝒄
𝒉= ; we get the following data
∆𝝆

Capillary Pressure, Pc (psia) Water Saturation, Sw (%) Sw Head based on Pc

35.0000 29.8000 0.2980 265.2632
15.7000 32.2000 0.3220 118.9895
10.5000 43.7000 0.4370 79.5789
5.6000 82.4000 0.8240 42.4421
5.3000 90.1000 0.9010 40.1684
4.4000 100.0000 1.0000 33.3474
0.0000 100.0000 1.0000 0.0000

Graphing the data presented above.

Capillary Pressure Curve in terms of h

300.0000

Oil Zone
Irreducible Water Saturation Line

250.0000

200.0000
Head or Height, ft

Transition Zone
150.0000
Oil + Water

100.0000

50.0000
OWC
Free Water Level 33.3474 ft
0.0000
0.0000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000 1.2000
Water Saturation

Assumptions made when dealing with the graph:

1. The converted height from the given capillary pressure is in terms of thickness
and not true vertical depth.
 2. By definition of transition zone, it is the vertical thickness over which water
saturation ranges from 100% to irreducible water saturation. Meaning, if we
consider the graph, the point at which the oil zone can be found is at the point
where Swc is found. Therefore, the given data does not include the oil zone since
the maximum capillary pressure only gives the point for Swc.
ii. Calculating the thickness of Free Water Level (FWL), Oil-Water Contact (OWC) and the
Transition Zone.
Based on the graph, the FWL is 33.3474 ft thick and at that specific point is the OWC.
The formula for the thickness of the transition zone,
144∆𝑃𝑑 144 𝑥 (35𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 − 4.4𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎)
ℎ= = = 𝟐𝟑𝟏. 𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟖 𝒇𝒕
∆𝜌 (64 − 45)𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡^3

A sample obtained 80 ft above the OWC has a total height of 113.3474ft (80ft + 33.3474ft). If
we will trace it from the graph, we can estimate it to have a water saturation of 33%.
Or by interpolation, we can get another estimation of the water saturation.
Height Water Saturation
118.9895 0.3220
113.3474 x
79.5789 0.4370

x = Swc = 0.338464 ≈ 33.8464%

3. Assuming methane is at condition of 1000 psia, 70°F, volume of 3 cu. ft. , calculate the
volume the gas would occupy at standard conditions.
Given:
Pressure = 1000psia
Volume = 3 cu.ft
Temperature = 70°F ≈ 530°R
Solution:
Using the combined gas law,
𝑃1𝑉1 𝑃2𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
Considering that the first condition is based on the given data and the second condition is based on
standard condition.
 𝑃1𝑉1 𝑃𝑉
= ( ) @ 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑇1 𝑇
1000𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝑥 3𝑐𝑢. 𝑓𝑡 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝑥 𝑉𝑜𝑙
=
530°R 520°R
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 @ 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟑 𝑺𝑪𝑭
Alternative solution:
Calculate the number of moles using the ideal gas equation.
𝑃𝑉 1000 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝑥 3 𝑐𝑢.𝑓𝑡
𝑛= = 𝑓𝑡 = 0.5275281788 lb-moles of
𝑅𝑇 10.73 (𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎−𝑐𝑢. 𝑙𝑏 −𝑚𝑜𝑙−°R)𝑥 530°R
methane

For every 1 lb-mol of gas there is 379.4 scf at standard condition.

379.4 𝑆𝐶𝐹
0.5275281788 lb-moles of methane x = 𝟐𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟏𝟗𝟏 𝑺𝑪𝑭𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒆
𝑙𝑏−𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒

4. You have just discovered a petroleum reservoir. Initial testing of the well produced
76 barrels of 18.2oAPI stock-tank oil and 14.1 Mscf of gas in 24 hours.

What is the solution gas-oil ratio?

At what pressures does this solution gas-oil ratio apply?
Given:
Vol. of oil produced = 76 barrels
API = 18.2
Gas produced = 14.1 Mscf in 24 hours
Solution:
𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑎𝑠 @ 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑆𝐶𝐹
𝐺𝑂𝑅 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙. 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑖𝑙 @ 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑆𝑇𝐵
14,100 𝑆𝐶𝐹
𝐺𝑂𝑅 = = 𝟏𝟖𝟓. 𝟓𝟑 𝑺𝑪𝑭/𝑺𝑻𝑩
76 𝑆𝑇𝐵
This GOR is applied only for standard condition, atmospheric pressure equivalent to 14.7
psi or 1 atm.