FILTRATION PASTEURIZATION
(PHYSICAL METHOD)
 BOTH LIVE & DEAD microorganisms can
be removed from liquids by (+) or (-)
pressure filtration.
Membrane filters usually composed of
CELLULOSE ESTERS (ex: cellulose acetate)
are available with PORE SIZES (0.005-1um)
Pore 0.2um is effective for removal of
bacteria of large volumes of fluid, especially
fluid containing HEAT-LABILE components
such as SERUM
 Not effective in removing VIRUSES
MICROWAVES
(PHYSICAL METHOD) (PHYSICAL METHOD)
 Involves EXPOSURE of LIQUIDS in
the range 550C to 750C to remove all
vegetative organisms.
 SPORES are not affected
Use in milk safety and extension of
storage quality
 Extended to FRUIT DRINKS due to
contamination outbreak with
ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC E. coli
Pasteur proposed the process to
WINE-MAKING to prevent SPOILAGE &
VINEGARIZATION.
 Pasteurization in water @ 700C for
30 minutes = effective & inexpensive
when used to render plastics such as
those used in INHALATION THERAPY
EQUIPMENT free of organisms that may
otherwise multiply in mucus &
humidifying water.
ALCOHOL
(CHEMICAL METHOD)
 Use in the form of  PROTEIN DENATURANTS that
MICROWAVES OVEN rapidly kill vegetative bacteria when essential components of microbial cell
applied as aqueous solution 70%-95%
 Can achieve temperature near alcohol.
BOILING if MOISTURE is PRESENT.
 100% solution DEHYDRATES
 Being used in alternative to ORGANISMS rapidly but FAIL to KILL
INCINERATION for DISINFECTION because lethal process requires water.
HOSPITAL WASTE.
 Inactive against BACTERIAL
 Not considered STERILIZATION SPORES & VIRUSES.
because HEAT-RESISTANT SPORES
may SURVIVE the process.  ETHANOL (70-90%)
ISOPROPYL (90-95%)
--Used as SKIN DECONTAMINANTS
before simple invasive procedures
such as venipuncture.
IODINE
(CHEMICAL METHOD)
 IODINATING or OXIDIZING
 Original use as a tincture of 2%
IODINE in 50% ALCOHOL= kills
rapidly and effectively than alcohol
alone
 Tincture replaced with combined
with carriers (POVIDONE) or nonionic
detergents.
--They are termed as IODOPHORS,
they gradually release small amounts
of iodine.
-- Less SKIN STAINING and
DEHYDRATION
-- Widely used in SKIN PREP before
surgery.
CHLORINE
(CHEMICAL METHOD)
 HYPOCHLOROUS ACID in aqueous
solutions that dissociate to yield free
chlorine over a wide pH range,
particularly in ACIDIC CONDITIONS.
 Concentration of less that one
part/million= Chlorine is lethal within
seconds to most vegetative bacteria &
INACTIVATES most VIRUSES
It’s efficacy use in DRINKING
WATER SUPPLIES & WATER in
SWIMMING POOLS
 Agent of choice in surfaces of
GLASSWARE contaminated by VIRUES
or SPORES of pathogenic bacteria.
 USUALLY applied 5% solution
called HYPOCHLORITE.
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SURFACTANTS PHENOL CHLORHEXIDINE GLUTARALDEHYDE
(CHEMICAL METHOD) (SURFACE-ACTIVE COMPOUNDS) (PHENOLICS) (PHENOLICS) and
FORMALDEHYDE
 POWERFUL OXIDIZING agent  Compounds with HYDROPHOBIC and  PROTEIN DENATURANT and  Used as a routine HAND and SKIN  POLYMERIZES and interacts with
HYDROPHILIC groups that attach to & BACTERICIDAL AGENT DISINFECTANT and for other amino acids in proteins or in bacterial
ATTACKS MEMBRANE LIPIDS & other cell solubilize compounds or ALTER their TOPICAL applications. peptidoglycan.
omponents. properties. Substitutions in the ring
structure of phenol have improved  Ability to bind to SKIN and  Both are ALKYLATING agents
 Acts rapidly against many BACTERIA  Anionic detergents such as SOAP are activity PRODUCE a PERSISTENT antibac highly lethal to all microorganisms.
that PRODUCE CATALASE and SPORE LESS highly effective CLEANSERS effect.
and VIRUSES. --but have LITTLE DIRECT EFFECT Provided range of PHENOLS and  FORMALDEHYDE is gas
ANTIBACTERIAL. Because probably CRESOLS that are MOST ALTERS MEMBRANE IRRITATIVE, ALLERGIC and
 Useful in CONTACT LENSES they have SIMILAR CHARGE of most EFFECTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL PERMEANILITY of both Gram(+) and UNPLEASANT that limit uses as
microorganisms. decontaminants use in hospital Gram (-) bacteria. solution or gas.
hygiene.
 “QUATS” or QUATERNARY It is cationic GLUTARDEHYDE is an effective
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS (Cationic)  Too TOXIC to SKIN and TISSUES NEUTRALIZED by SOAPS and agen for APPARATUS that cannot be
--They are HIGHLY BACTERICIDAL in Brief exposure are tolerant ANIONI DETERGENTS. HEAT-TREATED such as LENSED
the absence of contaminating organic  Used in MOUTHWASH and SORE INSTRUMENTS and RESPIRATORY
matter. THROAT PREPARATIONS.a THERAPY
(ex: BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE)
FORMALDEHYDE VAPOR effective
 Their HYDROPHOBIC and in ENVIRONMENTAL decontaminant
LIPOPHILIC groups react with LIPID in HIGH HUMIDITY.
CELL MEMBRANE of bacteria and alter --Sometimes used in laboratory
MEMBRANE SURFACE PROPERTIES rooms that had been contaminated.
and its PERMEABILITY and LEADS
DEATH.

 Little toxicity to SKIN and MUCOUS

MEMBRANES

 Used in concentration of 0.1%

 INACTIVE against SPORES and
VIRUSES.