Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CIVIL ENGINEERING
INDIANA
DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS
FINAL REPORT
Francis T. Adams and C. W. Lovell
UNIVERSITY
JOINT HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROJECT
JHRP-84-12
FINAL REPORT
Francis T. Adams and C. W. Love 11
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2011 with funding from
LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation; Indiana Department of Transportation
http://www.archive.org/details/geotechnicalengiOOadam
Final Report
File: 1-5-2-66
Respectfully submitted,
Ltd hv Jit
C. W. Lovell
CWL:bls
by
Francis T. Adams
Graduate Research Instructor
and
C. W. Lovell
Research Engineer
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana
July 3, 1984
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
report;
-Ms. Patty Cullen, Ms. Debra Gonzalas and Mr. Cal Neidrauer,
of others.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES vi
INTRODUCTION 1
Objectives 3
Methodology 47
Preliminary Studies 50
Reconnaissance Surveys 52
Geologic Indicators of Sinkhole Development 57
Preparation of an Engineering Soils Map 59
Preparation of a Sinkhole Density Map 61
Identification of Lineaments 63
Selection of Preliminary Site(s) 68
Field Site Investigation 69
Preliminary Reconnaissance Techniques 70
Ground-Probing Radar 70
Terrain Conductivity 72
iv
Page
Detailed Surveys 73
Gravity 73
Magnetics 75
Seismic Refraction 76
Electrical Resistivity 77
Other Methods 80
Evaluation of Geophysical Methods 82
Location of Borings 86
Depth of Borings 89
Boring Types 90
Evaluation of a Probabilistic Approach 90
Case Histories 93
Groundwater Withdrawal 93
Alteration of Surface Drainage 95
Mechanisms of Subsidence and Collapse 96
Solutions and Construction Techniques Applied to
Hydrologically-Induced Problems 99
Evaluation of Hydrologic Data 100
Corrective Procedures 101
Methods Dealing with Groundwater Withdrawal . . . 102
Control of Surface Drainage 104
Subsidence and Collapse Problems 104
Flooding Problems 108
Location of Wells in Karst Regions 113
Conclusion 115
CONCLUSION 163
Summary 163
Conclusions 166
Recommendations for Further Study 168
APPENDICES
Table Pa g e
Appendix
Table Page
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure Page
Appendix
Figure
electrodes
Transportation Officials
c - strength intercept
cm - centimeter
°C - degrees Centigrade
CaCO, - calcite
Industrial Research
electrodes
xii
E - elastic modulus
f - resisting forces
f - sliding forces
FS - factor of safety
ft - feet
GPa - gigapascal
H - hydrogen ion
H„0 - water
i. e. - "that is"
in. - inch
mi - mile
MgCa(C0 ) - dolomite
3 2
MPa - megapascal
xiii
No. numbe r
P
*1» P potential electrodes
2
sq ft square feet
S shear force
SP self potential
w - optimum
v moisture content
opt
W - weight
p - apparent resistivity
Urn - micrometer
a - vertical stress
v
o^ - major principal stress
r
- instantaneous angle of internal friction
i
HIGHLIGHT SUMMARY
common.
port.
Objectives
titative factors.
described.
Since most of the county is underlain by Mississippian
exercised.
ASSESSMENT OF ENGINEERING PROBLEMS OF LAWRENCE COUNTY
ES
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al., 1978).
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and salt are some of the earth materials that are subject to
UPPER
Dissolution, Biological Corrosion
Moon-Milk Deposits
Infiltration Zone
LOWER V
Percolation Zone
A
D
Perched Water-Table S
E
Percipitation
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Capillary Fringe
Dissolution UPPER
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Hydraulic Erosion H
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are dense, highly jointed, and thinly bedded; (c) the East
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Karst Landforms
(1954).
89 87° 85
# INDIANAPOLIS
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
r
# LOUISVILLE
38 c
T ENNESSEE
Figure 4. Karst Areas of Central Kentucky and Indiana,
(From Davies and Le Grand, I 972)
24
Dolines are much more common than collapse sinks, and are
Depression
at Surface
Overbu r den
Limestone
Soil Arch
(a) Doline.
7.
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29
in.) per 100 years. The actual numbers are usually not
water; (b) water may circulate below the water table, but is
tion of the past few decades has centered around the "water
same.
situations.
limestone region.
!
32
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RIW
Scale I s 25 0,000
LEGEND
• 120 Numbers correspond to caves listed in Table 4.
N
^| Rocks ot Pennsylvanian Age
Mostly shale and sandstone, includes some thin limestone
coal beds, and clay.
i
Rocks ot middle and late Mississippian (Meramec and Chester) Age
Mostly limestone in lower part, shale and sandstone in upper part.
Evolution of Sinkholes
the soil due to water loss is more than negated by the large
\~Ground Surface
Overburden
Limestone-, Existing
/ / Cavity
Depression at
Surface
failure; i.e. soil begins to spall into the void until the
stresses are redistributed such that the arch can again sup-
the size of the arch increases until the arched zone nears
wedge of soil and rock into a cavern below. Since the sides
Overburden
Soil Arch
Limestone
Overburden
Limestone
Existing Cavern
SI
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Classification of Sinkholes
soils.
45
data.
Cost
Methodology
are emphasized.
48
CONDUCT SELECT
PRELIMINARY PRELIMINARY
STUDIES SITES
COLLECT PLAN
RECONNAISSANCE FIELD SITE
DATA INVESTIGATION
CHECK PLAN
GEOLOGIC BORING
INDICATORS LOCATIONS
Preliminary Studies
behavior.
51
properties.
a site and for getting an initial feel for the area without
Reconnaissance Surveys
ELEMENTS OF FORM
•Basin-studded plain
•Narrow U-shaped valleys
Topography •Very rolling topography
•Scalloped effect around
river systems
•Solutioning predominates
•Knife-like V-shaped notches
Erosion at tops of gullies
•Valleys have deep vertical
sides and are flat-bottomed
ELEMENTS OF TONE
solution zones.
55
the flight survey. To date, the primary use for this tool
daries.
58
•Overburden 5 to 20 ft thick
•Intersections of lineaments
(a square mile).
and 100 sinkholes per square mile are arbitrary, but seem to
R2W R I W Rl E R2E
LEGEND
SINKHOLES PER SQUARE MILE
0-20 50 - tOO
20 - 50 > 100
Identification of Lineaments
R2W R I W Rl E R2E
Scale: I : 250,000
LEGEND N
Borden Group :# West Baden Group
Siltstone, shale, sandstone, Shale, sandstone, and
and some limestone limestone, isolated depo: its
semiconsolidated sand
the St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, and Paoli Limestones, and the
joint trends are shown in the top left corner of Figure 17.
section of lineaments.
alignment.
In the event that the actual site has not been esta-
tion at this point to select the best one or two areas for
blesome later.
Points (a), (b), (d), and (e) can probably be answered suf-
locations.
Ground-Probing Radar
radar was able to penetrate more than 30 ft, but the signal
or silty sand; (b) where the water table is below the area
the strucure of the bedrock, and the shape and size of the
Terrain Conductivity
1984).
Detailed Surveys
cussed below.
Gravity
enough by itself.
Magnetics
depth (<10 ft). The size of the feature must be of the same
1981).
76
Seismic Refraction
of subsurface cavities.
Electrical Resistivity
Exploration" (1979).
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Other Methods
amplitude highs and the plan of the main cavity system was
technology.
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86
Clayton, et. al., (1982), Butler, et. al., (1982), and "Geo-
Location of Borings
ton, et. al. (1982) list four principal factors that should
good records are kept; and (d) prompt sample description and
of Zone IV.
(1981).
Depth of Borings
Boring Types
warranted.
92
Case Histories
Groundwater Withdrawal
vicinity.
1970 has allowed the slow recovery of the water table and
formation.
settings.
96
cial development.
and several large voids are present in the soil over these
drawal from water supply wells and for mines and quarries.
the soil above the voids increases. Water draining into the
water rises into the soil cavities, it erodes the soil arch
to Hydrologically-Induced Problems
sitive structures.
recommended.
Corrective Procedures
adequate for the intended use of the area; and (c) minimize
102
drainage.
successful design.
that runoff from the highway emptied into the swallet and
106
107
.ORIGINAL
GROUND LINE
H '
i
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i
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b i i
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ORIGINAL
GROUND LINE /-CATCHMENT BASIN
^DRAINPIPE
MEDIAN VX \X r-ditch
DITCH
DITCH NBL
also be assessed.
Flooding Problems
wells that are drilled and cased into voids in the bedrock
1984).
into 5 in. pvc casings inserted through the residuum and set
1.0 - 2.0 ft 40 - 60 %
0.5 - 1.0 ft 20 - 40 %
2.0 - 6.0 in. 10 - 20 %
minus 2.0 in. - 5 %
112
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113
Locol orlesion
oises
bove
30
i
60
90
Conclusion
116
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118
1 Rock Name
(a) Supplementary petrographic properties
2. Rock Material Properties
(a) Color
(b) Texture
(c) State of weathering
(d) Strength
3. Rock Mass Properties
(a) Structure
(b) Discontinuities
(c) Weathering profile
Carbonate
rVr'h'.V.'tV l0 50 90 l0 °
Limestone
(mm) 0.06- CO
CD
0.002- -4-»
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o Calcareousl Clayey
ID
Marlstone
Ca Icite () 1 C) 5 9 1 C )0%
Calcitic Dolomit ic
Dolomite Limestone
Dolomite Limestone
Dolomite 1 C>0 90 50 10 ( )%
120 230
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122
Limestone outcrop
WEATHERING GRADES
Pedological horizons
A and B
Grades VI and V
if in situ
Grade I
V///V
p^J Open cavities | j
Infilled cavities, may be soft clay
for general shear. If the beds are horizontal and the top
^— •—
Rigid ^— ail
(c) Thin limestone above (d) Rigid limestone above
plastic rock or soil compressible weathered
or porous rock
W
Hypothetical shear Fracture
(e) Closely spaced tight Cf) Closely spaced open
joints in limestone joints in limestone
than 0.5 in., even for large loaded areas (Peck, et. al.,
90 200 (2780)
75 120 (1660)
50 65 (970)
25 30 (410)
10 (140)
q (tsf)
a
*
Bedrock Type Building Code
A B C D E
Qualitative Assessment
lapse because of the low shear strength of the soil and the
128
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132
T
i
ff
-dB
~°3
\°1
\
'
2
°3 \
\
V^2a \
l°3 \ j 1 «fc
al
c cot* (o
]
+ oJ/2
a +
l
°3
sin* ^
2c cot* + o-| + o
3
*- cr
c, cot* (a + o )/2
1 3
r, - a_) sin23
tan<f» ^
1 2 cot(J) + ,
+ a j CQs2g + a ^ + a
where
( o, - a,) sin2 3
tan(t> (5)
l * 2c
x
cot 4^ + (o
x
- Oj) cos2g+ o + a
3
where
S>
= angle between discontinuity and a,
determined by
a a a
— —+a
=
o
m-i +
a
s (7)
c c c
where
rock
Replacing
r a, / o and o_/o with a, and o_ , respectively,
1 c 3 c In 3n
Equation (7) becomes
a, = a, + ma, + s (8)
In 3n 3n
The value of s ranges from 1.0 for intact rock to zero for a
t = A(a - a )B (9)
n n tn
where a is the normalized tensile strength of the rock
given as
o
tn
= —°t
a
= rm
2
1
- m
2
+ 4s (10)
c
Triaxial
Compression
Uniaxial
Tension
—a
Normal Stress o
-e-
Ol
cr.
-\ ^^--^
<c
c
o
4->
o
S-
u_
__ \ ^c 1
_
C/l
13
^_ /^
o
CD
c
ro
- yS -
n3
~"~—~~-^—
+J
00
tz
1 1 1 1 1
Normal Stress o
n
(b) Variation of strength parameters 0; and cj with
normal stress an .
(Barton, et. al., 1974) and the South African Council for
B l
tan*. = AB o - a (11)
l n tn
and
c. = t - otanA.
T (12)
i i
where
<J>.
= instantaneous value of angle of internal friction
138
respectively.
r A plot of <i>. and c. versus o is shown in
i i n
Figure 32b. This analysis requires only the unconfined
Table 14.
field tests, and trial excavations are made (Hoek and Brown,
(1966).
the scope of this report. Tests are very site specific and
ing are given by Hoek and Bray (1977) and Goodman (1981).
Construction Methods
142
Raft Foundation
(Probably cellular type) Ralt Foundation
ff
* fr.fr ~r ,;&?<>:.
ill,O o 7J
' \ _ 1 i
.o
{o
o
<
i i 1
\o /I 1
\IV -v
iii
,
i
,
\
«,.W
/
|
1
,
1
\
i | 1 1
\
,
,
i 1 1 /.I 1 1
i 1 ! 1
1
1 1
residuum is 10 to 20 ft thick.
that the corner was cantilevered out over the sink, and
in karst regions.
Arching Theory
where
stress
Depression at Surface
Silty Colluvium
2B
s oil
Bl oc k
Ka/mZ
*- -:-}
W
Ka ym z -Xw (z-h)
S = 2[c'(h + h w ) 2
+[| K a Xm h +K a X m hh w + ^(K a x m - Xw )h w 2 ]tan0'J
W = [hr +h (y -X )]2B
m w m w
147
2 2
S = 2[c'(h+h
w )+gU
y h
2am amwzamvw
+K y hh"Y +J-(K y )h )tan<(>'] (14)
where
W = 2B[hY + h (Y (15)
m w m -V]
Equating S and W, and rearranging to solve for B yields
2 2
c'(h+h )+(^K Y h +K y hh
w 2am am 4<K
w2
Y "Y )h )tan<|)'
a m w w T
B _
r, . , ,
(16)
hT
m
+hw (Y-Y)
m w
If the maximum cavity or joint opening in the bedrock Is
chosen.
Design Method
of the maximum span that the fill can maintain over a cavity
(j^l
\\VA vvv^wv// \ wss
^H ^ Ground Surface
Compacted Fill
N C +KXH C
KXH a +N a
2 2
N H
cc +
2c
-^KtH = N H + -k^H
a a 2a (17)
where
abutments
Y = density of soil
point is
q = N + K^H (18)
point is
N +K-»H q
t- % C
=^- (19)
where
2
N H + -k.Y(H - H
N
c
= -^ ^ - —
)
(20)
c
2 2
N H + -ky(H - H )
=1_L_§ *
T
Z
£^
n
^+KtH c (21)
151
2 2
4t- 16 t - 4Ky(2N H + KyH
H
c
= ^~ 2-S *-
)
(22)
B <*/*-*/ 2 > 2
2W = y 2BH - + B cot( 1T/4-4,/2) (23)
Bin (v/4-4/2)
where
in radians
T = 2 cH + (N H + K ^H tan *
v a a a l ) (24)
a
Equating T and 2W and rearranging terms produces a qua-
v
dratic in terms of B. Solving for B yields the following:
2
B = 2 * - 4Y H
2
- 8 ( 7r/4
. ~t>/2) - cotdr/4-0/2)
sin (v/4-4/2)
X cH
g
+ (N H
fl a
+yKyH 2 ) tan<|>
2
/
(tt/4-»/2) , . .
£ ~ l
cot( tt/4-<j)/2)
LUL\n;t-|)i/i^ (25)
Bin (v/4-^/2)
152
N :
a
—
2P
— (l-sin<j>)
— - 2c cos <J)
N = =
(26)
a l-sm(|>
where
z = lift thickness
Values for P range from about 100 psf for very light rollers
which an arch will not form; and (e) B increases with higher
Foundation Stabilization
city. The earth slab obtains its strength from the friction
Longitudinal strips
over the strips, and then another layer of strips was placed
Sinkhole Repair
techniques are currently used, but they all follow the same
materials used.
ORIGINAL GROUND
SURFACE
/ ORIGINAL GROUND
f SURFACE
-EXCAVATED SURFACE
of repair.
regions.
CONCLUSION
Summary
physical surveys.
and failure within the intact rock mass. Block and wedge
in detail.
Conclusions
and soundings.
region.
needed.
are required.
titative model.
developed.
assessed.
regions.
LIST OF REFERENCES
171
PP- 1-9-
172
51. Jingmin, Z., and Xiao, Z., 1982, "The Method of Evalu-
ation for the Stability of Karst Caverns", Rock Mechan-
ics Caverns and Pressure Shafts , W. Wittke, ed.
:
ISRM
,
pp. 859-872.
,
175
176
72. Perlow, M., Schadl, S. M., Fang, H. Y., and Chaney, R.,
1984, "Sinkhole Case Histories and Site Development
Guidelines for Limestone Bedrock Areas in Eastern
Pennsylvania", Preprint for Symposium on Special Prob-
lems in Karstic Limestone Bedrock, Session 60, Annual
Transportation Research Board Meeting, Washington, D.C.
90. Spencer, Jr., J. W., Koca, J. F., Rib, H. T., and Falls,
C. P., 1976, "Evaluation of Geophysical Systems for
Remote Sensing of Subsurface Cavities in Kansas",
Innovations in Subsurface Exploration of Soils, TRB,
Transportation Research Record , 581, pp. 31-41.
pp. 54-56.
132 pp.
609 pp.
Appendix A
DEPTH
LANDFORM AGRICULTURAL FROST CORROSIVITY TO GWT
SOIL POTEN- IN SPRING
TIAL STEEL CONCR. (ft)
Appendix B
184
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6.4 *P
to o 3 J5 * be rf 01 *> +*
*•> -d
C f.
h m >»
t < 4i a
o. ti J 3
** **
SB V B 4. *
S
5 2 Ri » O -3
sr i « •
O
4> J3
13 **
3 i3 T) 13
&. > C 0*0 B .
tsc g 6 !
c u 9
j
<D
8
B • U S
3 ^ c «
?|o
O *J
>» O O at
« I-
& c
O
**
16?
o
§Uc UJ-o • r-l
o
03 ri
^h
.C -ri t, -rt ^
« 03 p J- « -i-i A ri p o?
B *• C . J= h ai « q r e
o © p -c 3 d. e
JZ +• U m o B ^h
d i: ro f. 3 o
sir
B U 4>
q)p -o
187
Appendix C
Spacing of pints
Rating 30
Continuous joints
Continuous joints
Rating 25
Inflow per 10m
tunnel length
< 25 litres /mm 25-125 litres/mm > 125 litres/mm
OR— OR OR
OR —
'General conditions Moist only Water under moderate Severe
Completely dry
(interstitial water) pressure wai er p< oWe ms
Rating 10
— Roting
Closs No
100—81
1
80—61
11
60—41
III
40—21
IV
< 20
Description Very good rock Good rock Fair rock Poor rock Very poor rock
Cohesion of the rock moss > 300 k Pa 200- 300 k Pa 150-200 kPo 100 - 150 kPa ( 100 kPo
Friction cigle of the rock moss >45° 40°-45° 35°- 40° 30° -35° (30°
Table C2. The Effect of Joint Strike and Dip Orientations in Tunnelling.
189
Classification Parameter
1
Value or Description Fating
2. FiQD 70S 13
pressure
Total score 69
The tunnel has been oriented such that the dominant joint
set strikes perpendicular to the tunnel axis with a dip of
30° against the drive direction. From TableC2 this situ-
ation is described as unfavourable for which a rating adjust-
ment of -10 is obtained from Table CI. Thus the final rock
mass rating becomes 59 which places the rock mass at the
upper end of Class III with a description of fair.
. . .
190
Table C3. Classification of Individual Parameters Using the NGI
Tunnelling Quality Index.
A. Discontinuous joints u
C. Smooth, undulating 2
191
T.nbl c C3. ('.out inuecl
j approx.
a
B. Unaltered joint walls, surface
(25° - 35°)
s ta n ng on
i i 1 1 .0
approx. water
5- JOINT WATER REDUCTION FACTOR Jw pressure (Kgf/ ;m 2 )
i 10 reduce o cr to
, 80,
tany depth) en
5-0
«
and o t to O.80 When.
C
t
b. Competent rock, rock stress problems l/°3 * '0, reduce o c and
. . .__ Or to 0.6o r and 0.6o>,
1
t ' where o c = unconfined
H. Low stress, near surface >200 >13 2.5 compressive strength, and
= tensile strength
•
J.
>, j-
Medium stress ™„
200-10„, .,
I3-O.66 „ ,, ,
1.0
„ °r
,£„ . .,
s
,
(point, load)
,
and oj and
K. High stress, very tight structure 03 are the major and minor
(usually favourable to stability, „/*«,, „ principal stresses.
,0 " 5
,-
J r /J a should in fact relate to the surface most likely to allow failure to initiate.
k. When a rock mass contains clay, the factor SRF appropriate to loosening
loads should be
evaluated. In such cases the strength of the intact rock is of little interest. However,
when jointing is minimal and clay is completely absent the strength of the intact rock may
193
«
flj - tf? «
(*
where
RQD is Deere's Rock Quality Designation
Appendix D
Construction Requirements
Exploratory Drilling
Surface Drainage
Basis of Payment
•'/•.©•:":q*
:o-.
Overburden
(Soil)
!:£ ;
."•
P. Cavity in
Subgrade Soii
-y
Solution
Cavern
inLS. V— L - r 1
~T>i 3~ Limestone
Overburden
(Soil) > .-\"V^:';
Limestone — «v
f to 20'" fto20
Existing Ground Surface
Limestone
S^S
Figure D I . Typical Sinkhole Formations in Pennsylvania.
(From Skea n. et. al.. I 963)