FIS1082

CHEMISTRY LAB. REPORT

PRACTICAL 2

NAME : MUHAMMAD NA’IM BIN MOHD SUHAIMI

STUDENT ID : 603117005
GROUP : FIS 10
LECTURER : MISS NURAIN
 Experiment 2
General properties of some classes of organic compound
Objective:
To carry out chemical tests to differentiate an alkane from an alkene and
an arene.

Apparatus:
Dropper, test tube, wooden splinter, evaporating dish, thermometer,
glass capillary tube, Bunsen burner, hot plate.

Chemical reagents:
Toulene, Cycloehexane, Cyclohexene

Background:
In this experiment, you will attempt to identify an organic unknown from
a selected group of compounds from the class of alkane and arene.

Method
A. Physical properties:
1. The Physical state and color of the compounds were noted.
B. Determine the melting point or boiling point depending on the
physical state of the compound.
1. A small test tube was taken and using a dropper, was filled two
thirds full with Cyclohexane that was wanted to determine its
boiling point.
2. The test tube was fixed to the thermometer with a rubber band, the
bottom of the test tube was placed at the middle of the
thermometer bulb. The rubber band was fixed near the mouth of
the test tube.
3. A 100 ml beaker was half filled with liquid paraffin and placed over
a hot plate.
 4. A stand was placed near the hot plate and the thermometer
carrying the test tube was clamped to the stand. The thermometer
and test tube was lowered into the liquid paraffin bath.
5. The setup was adjusted so that the thermometer bulb was
immersed in the liquid paraffin along the test tube. The rubber
band was made sure to be kept out of the liquid paraffin bath.
6. A capillary tube was taken and then sealed off one heat with heat
from a Bunsen burner.
7. The capillary tube was placed into the test tube containing the
Cyclohexane so that it’s open end is dipped in the Cyclohexane.
8. Heating of the liquid paraffin was started, with a magnetic stirrer to
ensure a uniform heating.
9. After reaching a certain temperature bubbles began to escape the
capillary tube dipped in the Cyclohexane, before a rapid and
continuous stream of bubbles followed. At this stage, the vapour
pressure of the liquid just exceeds the atmospheric pressure.
10. The temperature when the bubbles started appearing were
noted as T1.
11. Heating was stopped, and when the bubbles stopped
appearing the temperature was noted as T2. Both of the
temperatures are them used to find out the boiling of the liquid.
C. Solubility Test
1. A small test tube was filled with 1 mL of cyclohexane. The test
tube was labelled as A1
2. Another test tube was filled with 1 mL of Toluene. The test tube
was labelled as E1
3. Ten drops of water was added to both test tubes. The water phase
and the original phase was taken note. Both were shaken, and
their solubility was recorded.
D. Combustion Test
1. A few drops of cyclohexane was placed in an evaporating dish. A
wooden splinter was ignited and the place at the cyclohexane in
the evaporating dish. The color of the flame was observed, and the
observation was recorded.
2. The above test was repeated with cyclohexene.
Results:
A. Physical Properties
 Liquid
 Because the properties were liquid, the physical properties that
can be measured is the Boiling Point.
 Has a pungent smell.
 Is Colorless.
B. The Boiling Point of Cyclohexane
 The T1 of the reaction, when the bubbles started appearing from
the capillary tube in a continuous stream was 100 degree Celcius.
 The T2 of the reaction when the last bubble was released was at
85 degree Celcius.
 The boiling point is the average between T1 and T2
 = (T1 + T2)/2
= (100 + 85)/2
= 185/2
= 92.5 degree Celcius
C. Solubility
Organic Liquid Solubility
Cyclohexane No
Toluene No

Organic Liquid Position of Organic Position of Water

Liquid
Cyclohexane Bottom Top
Toluene Bottom Top

Organic Liquid Solubility level

Cyclohexane Less soluble
Toluene Slightly more soluble
D. Combustion
1. Cyclohexane

2. Cyclohexene

Discussion:
1. The Boiling Point of the Organic Liquid was used in the experiment
instead of Melting Point due to the physical state being Liquid.
Because of that, the physical properties that could be found was
only the Boiling Point.
2. Paraffin oil was used as the liquid to submerse the organic liquid,
this is because paraffin oil maintains temperature as well as being
a non-evaporative liquid allowing for it to sustain high temperature
without evaporating or causing problems with the reading.
3. A magnetic stirrer was placed in the paraffin oil to ensure a uniform
heating.
4. One end of the capillary tube was closed off with a Bunsen burner.
The end that was closed off was the end without the color, this is
so it would be easier to know which end of the capillary tube is the
open end.
5. The open end of the capillary tube was placed into the organic
liquid, so that it could act as an indicator when the cyclohexane
reaches its Boiling Point.
6. Toluene was not used for the experiment due to it’s extremely high
Boiling Point. This Boiling Point can be attributed to the high
number of Double Bonds that Toluene has. This high number of
Double Bonds causes Toluene to have a high number of Pi Bonds
alongside it’s Sigma Bonds. These bonds then require high
amounts of energy in order to break the Van Der Waal forces that
hold these bonds together, in order to break them into gas form.
The Double Bond positions also form a ring which stabilises the
surrounding bonds, thus causing more energy required to break
the stabilised sigma bonds around them.
7. Both organic liquids are insoluble. This is because both
Cyclohexane and Toluene are both non-polar liquids while water is
a polar liquid. Because of it, Cyclohexane and Toluene can only
dissolve in an organic solvent, while they cannot dissolve in water
due to the inability to form a hydrogen bond with H20.
 8. Toluence is slightly more soluble due to it being more polar than
cyclohexane. This can be attributed to Toluene having a higher
chance to under a dipole moment, where it’s electrons are
unbalanced causing Toluene to have polar properties.
9. Soot produced from flames are dependent on the Carbon content
of the solution. When two solutions have the same number of
Carbon atoms, the soot the depends on the Carbon percentage of
the solution. The higher the Carbon percentage the more soot is
produced.
10. Toluene was not used in the combustion due to it’s
carcinogen properties. Carcinogen can cause cancer to form, and
was not used for safety purposes.

Conclusion:
The organic liquids were tested of their physical properties. Their boiling
points, solubility and combustion were tested and recorded.