TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Reed Bed Treatment Plant For Panauti Municipality............................................1

1.1 General........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Introduction of Reed Bed Treatment Plant...................................................................1
1.3 PROPOSED RBTPS........................................................................................................2
1.4 Population ..................................................................................................................2
1.5 Population Projection...................................................................................................3
1.6 Calculation of Population for RBTPs.............................................................................3
1.7 Basic data for Design...................................................................................................4
1.7.1 Design Criteria....................................................................................................4
1.7.2 Assumptions Made..............................................................................................5

2 Treatment plant components and Design...........................................................6

2.1 System configuration...................................................................................................6
2.2 Design Of RBTP-1........................................................................................................6
2.2.1 Option – 1...........................................................................................................6
2.2.2 Option – 2...........................................................................................................7
2.3 Conclusion...................................................................................................................7

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1: Population Data of Panauti Municipality (2001, CBS).............................2

Table 1-2: Population Projection..........................................................................3

Table 1-3: Addition population by upcoming Land Development ............................3

Table 1-4: Estimation of Population for RBTP-1......................................................3

LIST OF FIGURES AND BOXES

Figure 1-1: Horizontal flow Constructed Wetlands (cooper, 1996)...........................1

Figure 1-2: Components of Constructed Wetlands..................................................2

Figure 2-3: Figure configuration of wastewater treatment plant.............................6

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1 REED BED TREATMENT PLANT FOR PANAUTI MUNICIPALITY

1.1 GENERAL
One of the commonly found environmental problems in developing
countries is water pollution caused by direct disposal of untreated
wastewater. In Nepal, most of the centrally collected wastewater
treatment plants are not functioning due to high cost of spare parts,
chemical additives, utility bills and lack off trained human resources.
These financial and managerial problems are common in every
developing country.

Constructed wetland (CW) is a biological wastewater treatment

technology designed to mimic processes found in natural wetland
ecosystems. The basic mechanism of organic matter degradation in
constructed wetlands is plant bacterial symbiotic reactions, in which
gaseous oxygen photosynthetically produced or taken up for respiration
by the plant is used by aerobic and facultative bacteria (Polprasert et al.,
1998). Since the end of 1980, this system has been using widely in the
world. In Europe, 5000 CWs are operating, designed for populations less
than 500.

A subsurface horizontal bed followed by vertical bed system using local

reeds (Phragmites Karka spp) is popular in Nepal. These systems are
called reed bed wastewater treatment units (RBWTUs). The current
status of RBWTUs in Nepal consists of eleven such units with a capacity
of 0.5 to 115 m3/d in operation and one system in the design phase.
Further research study is becoming essential due to the rising trend of
adopting constructed wetland for wastewater treatment.

1.2 INTRODUCTION OF REED BED TREATMENT PLANT

These systems utilized wetland plants, soils and their associated micro-
organisms to remove contaminants from wastewater. The basic features
in CWs are that they have a bed of uniformly graded sand or gravel with
plants such as reeds (“Narkat”) growing on it.

Figure 1-1: Horizontal flow Constructed Wetlands (cooper, 1996)

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 There are basically two types of CWs – horizontal flow beds and vertical
flow beds. Horizontal flow beds have the water flowing horizontally
along the bed and they are designed for the majority of biological load
reduction. Vertical flow beds have the water flowing vertically, these are
deeper than horizontal beds and also allows for ammonia reduction due
to increased oxygen availability.

Figure 1-2: Components of Constructed Wetlands

1.3 PROPOSED RBTPS

Alltogether two RBTP has been proposed in PPTA report. The first plant
(RBPT-1) which serve major part of urban area of the municipality has
been proposed at the site where existing oxidation pond for the
wastewater treatment is located. This is located near the down stream
of Roshi Khola – Punyamati Khola confluence. The another plant (RBTP-
2) serves remainning urban area of the municipality and has been
proposed at Kitini.

1.4 POPULATION
The population of Panauti Municipality, as per the CBS data of 2001, has
been presented in the table below along with the population projection
for the urban and rural population to find out the population to be
served by the proposed RBTP.

Table 1-1: Population Data of Panauti Municipality (2001,

CBS)
Ward Area Pop Urban Pop '01 Rural Pop '01 Household
no (Ha) 2001 % No % No Urban Rural Total
1 272.5 2429 10.0 243 90.00 2186 37 337 374
2 346 2121 20.0 424 80.01 1697 77 308 385
3 290.5 2168 20.0 434 79.98 1734 77 309 386
4 379 1991 10.0 199 90.01 1792 32 288 320
5 27.5 1731 100.0 1731 - 0 292 0 292
6 4 1678 100.0 1678 - 0 256 0 256
7 5 1271 100.0 1271 - 0 196 0 196
8 181.5 1708 40.0 683 60.01 1025 106 160 266
9 209.5 1694 20.0 339 79.99 1355 58 230 288

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 10 505.5 3091 20.0 618 80.01 2473 104 417 521
11 526.5 2019 20.0 404 79.99 1615 67 267 334
12 533 2046 100.0 2,046 - 0 323 0 323
13 97.5 1709 20.0 342 79.99 1367 61 245 306
3378 25656 10412 15244 1686 2561 4247

1.5 POPULATION PROJECTION

Population projection of the municipality has been carried out assuming
base year population of 2001 AD. In order to project population of the
municipality for different year, population growth rate adopted by PPTA
report has been adopted and shown in table below.

Table 1-2: Population Projection

Population /Year
2001 2006 2011 2016
Urban (3%) 10412 12070 13993 16222
Rural (2.15%) 15244 16958 18865 20986
Total 25656 29028 32858 37207

Apart from the prevaing population growth rate (intrinsic + migration),

additional population would be expected from the lunching of land
development component under UEIP programme. As per the PPTA
report, three sites for land development had been proposed in ward no.
2, 3,4, 5 an 8 of the municipality. All these three proposed land
development sewers would be catered to by proposed RBTP -1 due to its
vicinity. The additional population with the land developments has been
estimated as follows.

Table 1-3: Addition population by upcoming Land

Development
Land Tentative Ward No. Assumed pop. Population
Development Area Density (ppha) (Nos)
(ha)
LP1 31.5 2 100 3150
LP2 21.0 3&4 100 2100
LP3 46.5 5&8 100 4650

1.6 CALCULATION OF POPULATION FOR RBTPS

The first reed bed treatment plan (RBTP-1) would serve urban
population of ward nos 1 to 8 and additional population from upcoming
land development.

Table 1-4: Estimation of Population for RBTP-

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Ward Population
No. 2001 AD 2016 Ad Land Development

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 1 243 379
2 424 661 3,150
3 434 676
2,100
4 199 310
5 1,731 2,697 4,650
6 1,678 2,614
7 1,271 1,980
8 683 1,064
9 339 528
Total 7,002 10,910 9,900

As from the above table it can can be concluded that design population
for RBTP-1 would be estimated 10,910 for the year 2016 without any
land development.

1.7 BASIC DATA FOR DESIGN

As mentioned eralier, two RBTPs have been proposed in PPTA report.
Although the basic design data would differ from one plant to another,
the design criteria would be similer in both the RBTPs. The design
criterion in this case is for RBTP 1 has been given in detail in following
sections.
1.7.1 DESIGN CRITERIA
For the purpose of estimating area required for the proposed RBTP some
basic data are required such as design population in the service area,
sewage quantity, sewage quality and required effluent quality besides
sewage temperature throughout the year, other parameters are related
to sewage produced sanitation habit of the people, etc. The adopted
parameters to determine area calculation of proposed RBTP are listed
below:

Water consumption 90 lpcd

Return Factor 80 %

Temperature 20° C

TSS contribution 50 g/Pe/d

Expected BOD5 concentration (as per 270 mg/L

Guheswori Treatment)
189 mg/L
Reduction of BOD5 by primary treatment
81mg/L
(70 %)

BOD5 inlet concentrtion to main treatment

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 unit < 50 mg/L

Expected BOD5 outlet concentration <5 mg/L

Expected NH4-N outlet concentration

1.7.2 ASSUMPTIONS MADE

Assumptions made for designing the Reed bed treatment Plants
 The population of 2016 AD has been taken as Design
population
 Only urban population has been assumed for the
purpose of design of RBTPs
 Densities for the alternate land pooling sites have
been assumed with respect to the location of the
sites

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2 TREATMENT PLANT COMPONENTS AND DESIGN

2.1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

This system has been designed to treat wastewater per day and consists
of a feeding tank, and a two staged CW system (horizontal flow bed
followed by a vertical flow bed). Even though various alternates have
been provided in the tables below, the HFB followed by VFB is the ideal
combination for treatment of wastewater, and hence it should be taken
as the basis for design of the RBTPs.

Figure 2-3: Figure configuration of wastewater treatment plant

Settle
Tank
ment

Feeding Vertical
Tank Horizontal
Reed Bed
Reed Bed

Sludge
Drying Treated water
Bed outlet

The raw wastewater first passes through the settlement tank where
large amount of suspended solids is retained and substantial amount of
suspended solids will be removed and also decreases the BOD, COD.
The effluent is passed from the settlement tank to the combination of
CW, horizontal as well as vertical respectively. The final treated effluent
is used as recycled water for various tertiary purposes such as flushing,
gardening, vehicle cleaning etc.

2.2 DESIGN OF RBTP-1

The design of the reed bed treatment plant for the RBTP 1 has been
done as per the allocated land by the municipality along the Roshi
Khola. The land allocated has been along the banks of the River first one
on the right bank which has been serving as a treatment plant
previously and has an area of 2720 sq. m. and the second one along the
left bank east of the existing land covering an area of about 6000 sq. m.
the two patches of land has to be utilized as per the suitability and
joining the treatment plant through a Flume over the river at the point of
connection.
2.2.1 OPTION – 1
The components for this option would be as follows:

1. Collection Chamber (1.5m X 1.5m X 1m)

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 2. Bar Screen (1.5m X 0.3m X 0.5m)

3. Grit Chamber (10m X 0.3m X 0.45m)

4. Grease Trap (3m X 3m)

5. Settling Tank (25m X 15m X 3m)

6. Sludge Drying Bed (550 sq m )

7. Horizontal Flow Bed (35m X 20m X 0.5m X 4nos)

8. Collection Chamber (1.5m X 1.5m X 1m)

9. Total Area Required (approx 5600 sq. m)

2.2.2 OPTION – 2
The components for this option would be as follows:

1. Collection Chamber (1.5m X 1.5m X 1m)

2. Bar Screen (1.5m X 0.3m X 0.5m)

3. Grit Chamber (10m X 0.3m X 0.45m)

4. Grease Trap (3m X 3m)

5. Settling Tank (25m X 15m X 3m)

6. Sludge Drying Bed (550 sq m )

7. Horizontal Flow Bed (20m X 12m X 0.5mX 1no)

8. Feeding Tank (4m X 4m X1.5m)

9. Vertical Flow Bed (19m X 19m X 1m X 4no)

10. Collection Chamber (1.5m X 1.5m X 1m)

11. Total Area Required (approx 4000 sq. m)

2.3 CONCLUSION
The design of reed bed treatment plant for Panauti Municipality has
been done based on two options i.e. first using only Horizontal Flow Bed
and the next is a combination of both Horizontal and Vertical Flow Bed.
The first option used the allotted land whereas the next option suggests
the use of a chunk of land above the right bank of the Roshi River and
above the present treatment plant site to gain head difference for the
utilization of Vertical bed. The advantage of the second one is the lower
area of land necessary than the previous one hence reducing in the cost
of the land required for the RBTP.

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Area required for the different proposed RBTP for various alternatives
has been summarised below:

Option – 1 : Land Required : 5600 sq. m.

Option – 2 : Land Required : 4000 sq. m.