CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND

Earth is the only planet that can be inhabited by living things and is
the third planet of our solar system. The existence of the planet Earth which are
close to the Sun to make planet Earth is easily exposed to sunlight. We know that
the Sun is also dangerous for us because of the steady stream of UV rays from
the Sun can damage the life that exists on Earth. We need to know again
how the sunlight does not destroy life on Earth. The Earth has a coating that
is the layer of the atmosphere. This atmosphere layer is a layer that can be later
defended the humans from UV rays emitted by the Sun. The existence of
this atmosphere can also minimize the temperature differences between day and
night.

When the earth pressure increase, pressure in the air less than there
are under pressure so as to make the existing surface waters evaporate and
subjected to condensation. That process would later form the cloud. Clouds can
be formed due to temperature rise on earth caused by atmospheric pressure. To
add to the atmosphere with insights into the cloud, in this paper it will be
commenting on the coldest planetary atmosphere of the Earth in terms of the
structure of atmosphere, the composition of the atmosphere, as well as the
process of the formation of clouds.

1.2. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

Review of the background of the above problem can be formulated as follows:
1. What is the understanding of atmosphere?
2. How the composition and the structure of the atmosphere?
3. What is the understanding of the cloud, how the process of cloud formation,
and what kind of clouds exist in the atmosphere?

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1.3. PURPOSE
As for the purpose of making of this paper are:
1. To know what is the understanding of atmosphere.
2. To know how the composition and the structure of the atmosphere.
3. To know what is the understanding of the cloud, how the process of cloud
formation, and what kind of clouds exist in the atmosphere.

1.4. BENEFITS
The benefits derived from the preparation of this report, which can add
insight to the author and reader about the layers of the atmosphere, the
composition of the atmospheric composition, the process of forming clouds, and
the types of clouds in the atmosphere.

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1. EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

2.1.1. The Definition of the Earth's Atmosphere

The Earth is one planet that is in the solar system that has a
sheath layers. The Earth in the form of sheath layer of air which is
often referred to as the atmosphere. The atmosphere is composed of
various elements and gases in it occurs the process of the formation
and changes of weather and climate. The atmosphere protects people
from excessive Sun and meteor-meteor. The existence of the Earth's
atmosphere decrease temperature difference of day and night. The
symptoms that occur in the atmosphere very many and varied. In the
lower layer of the wind blowing, the wind, rain and snow fell, and
there was a great summer and winter. All of this is a common
symptom that often is called weather. Earth's atmosphere is a gaseous
sheath enveloping the surface of solid and liquid on Earth. This sheath
extends up as far as hundreds-hundred kilometers, and finally met with
the medium between the planets also is low in the solar system. The
atmosphere there is from a height of 0 km above the surface up to
about 560 km from the surface of the Earth.

2.1.2. The Structure of Layers of Earth's Atmosphere

Based on the homogeneity composition and density at any

elevation (altitude) divided into two layers, namely:

1. Layers of homosfer, is the lower layer of the atmosphere (less

than 80 km) consisting of a mixture of permanent gas 99.9% of

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 total atmospheric mass by comparison of the composition of
certain fixed for any segment of an altitude. Chemically
homogeneous aqueous solutions of homogeneous/, at the height of
the same chemical composition and physical properties of gases
constituting relatively homogeneous. So this homosphere layer is
composed of homogeneous layers composed up to an altitude of
80 km. Consist of the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere.

2. Layers of heterosfer, the above homosphere layer, consisting of

lighter gases (such as hydrogen and helium). The dominance of
these gases change due to the difference in altitude (see Figure 2),
so that a comparison of the composition of the fickle, because
filled with gases are relatively lighter, mono or diatomic (such as
hydrogen and helium). Composition of less than 0.1% of the mass
of the atmosphere, a very large volume of space, and a very low
pressure, causing the distribution of gases in this layer is very
large. The distance between the gas is relatively far away, not
much interaction. Parcel gases in this huge layer of radiation and
circumstances influenced the outside atmosphere. This
heterosphere layer composition changed/heterogeneous although
at the same altitude, one of them because of the intensity of the
radiation fluctuates very large at day and night, as well as a low
heat capacity of gases that majority of monatomic, radical, or in
an excited state.

The Division of atmospheric layers can also be done by studying the

properties of regularity changes in physical properties (temperature
and pressure). In this case, the Earth's atmosphere is divided into 5
main layers. Into five main layers of that are:

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 Images.1 The layer of Earth's atmosphere
1. The troposphere

The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere, i.e., at

an altitude of 0-18 km above the Earth's surface. A thick layer of
the troposphere rata-rata ± 10 km in the area of Equator, the height
of the troposphere layer about 16 km with an average temperature
of 80°C. The area being the height of the troposphere layer is
about 11 km with an average temperature of 54° C, while in polar
regions typically around 8 km with an average temperature of
46°C. Layers of the troposphere is a very big influence on the
lives of all living beings on Earth. This layer in addition to occur
events such as weather and climate, there are also approximately
80% of the mass of the gas contained in the atmosphere found in
this layer. The characteristic that occurs in the troposphere is the
layer of temperature (temperature) air decreased in accordance
with changes in altitude, rising 100 meters from the surface of the
Earth, the temperature (temperature) air declined by ± 0.5 °C. The
top layer of the troposphere, i.e. the tropopause which became the
boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere.
Temperature (temperature) air in this layer is relatively constant or

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 fixed, although there is an altitude, i.e. in the range of-55°C to-
60°C. The thickness of the layer of the tropopause of
approximately 2 km.

On this layer, almost all types of weather, sudden changes in

temperature, wind, pressure and humidity we feel everyday
happening. The lowest elevation is the most part of the
troposphere, because Earth's surface absorbs the heat radiation
from the Sun and channeling the heat into the air. In the
troposphere are the greenhouse gases that cause the greenhouse
effect and global warming. The troposphere consisting of:

a. Water planet Layer which is at a distance of 0 to 1 km with the

surface of the Earth.

b. The convection Layer which is at a distance of 1 to 8 km with

the surface of the Earth.

c. Layer the tropopause which is at a height of 8 to 12 km from

the surface of the Earth

The Tropopause is the limiting layer between the layers of the

troposphere the stratosphere with temperatu r his relatively
constant. The tropopause layer vertically air activity was stopped.

2. The stratosphere

The second layer of the atmosphere is the stratosphere. The

stratosphere is located at an altitude of between 16 -49 km from
the Earth's surface. This layer is characterized by the presence of a
temperature inversion, meaning the process air temperature
increased height along with increase in height from the surface of
the Earth. The increase in air temperature based on altitude

6
ranging ceased, i.e. the top layer of the stratosphere is called the
stratopause with temperatures around 0°C. Stratopause the
boundary layer between the stratosphere is with mesosphere. This
layer is located at an altitude of about 50-60 km from the Earth's
surface. The stratosphere is composed of three layers, layers,
layers isotermis hot and the top layer of the mixture.

Generally the temperature (temperature) air on the layer of the

stratosphere to an altitude of 20 km. This layer is called the layer
isotermis. Isotermis layer is the lowest layer of the stratosphere.
After isotermis, the next layer is an increase in temperature
(temperature) to a height of approximately 45 km of temperature
Rise on layer. This is caused by the presence of ozone layer that
absorbs UV rays of sunlight. The layer of the stratosphere is no
more water vapor, clouds or atmospheric dust, and usually the
aircraft using jet engines to fly at this layer. It is meant to avoid
disruption to weather.

Changes gradually from the troposphere to the stratosphere

starting from a height of about 11 km in temperatures in the
stratosphere layer bottom relatively stable and very cold i.e. 70°F
or-57°C. On this layer of wind gusts occur with specific flow
patterns. High cirrus clouds types sometimes occur in the bottom
layer, but there is no significant weather patterns. From the central
part of the stratosphere, where temperature pattern changed to
growing increasingly rising, due to the increase of the
concentration of ozone layer with a growing following. This
ozone layer absorbs radiation rays ultra violet. The temperature in
this layer can reach around 18°C at an altitude of about 40 km.
stratopause the layer separating the stratosphere with the next
layer.

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 Ozone is the result of a reaction between the oxygen by
ultraviolet light from the Sun. Ozone in the air function holding
radiation ultraviolet rays from the Sun at a level that is safe for
health. Ozone is a pale blue, formed of three oxygen atoms (O 3).
Ozone is a colorless gas and can be found in the layer of the
stratosphere is the layer of cloud that is located between 15 to 35
km above the Earth.

The ozone layer is very important because ozone absorbs

ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the Sun to protect high radiation
up to the surface of the Earth. Radiation in the form of UV
spectrum has a distance shorter than the waves of light. UV
radiation with waves is between 280 to 315 nm known damaging
UVB RAYS and it is virtually all life. The existence of the
absorption of UV-B radiation before UV rays up to the surface of
the Earth, the ozone layer protects the Earth from the effects of
radiation that destroy life.

3. Mesosphere

Mesosphere is the third air layer, where the temperature of the

atmosphere decreases with increasing altitude until the fourth
layer. Mesosphere is located at an altitude of between 60 -8. 5 km
from the Earth's surface. This layer is the protective layer of Earth
from falling meteors or space objects to each other. The air
contained here will result in a shift occurs with objects coming
from space and generate high temperatures. Most of the meteor to
arrive to Earth, usually burn in this layer.

Mesosphere layer is characterized by a decrease in temperature

(temperature) air, an average of 0.4°C per one hundred meters. A
decrease in temperature (temperature) air is caused because

8
 mesosphere has a negative radioactive equilibrium. The lowest
temperature in less than mesosfer-81°C. Even at the peak of
mesosphere called the mesopause, namely, borderline between
mesosphere layer with a layer of the thermosphere the temperature
was estimated at about 100°C.

4. The thermosphere

The thermosphere is the layer of air mesosfer the transition

from the fourth to the thermosphere begins at an altitude of about
82 km in the thermosphere is located at an altitude of between 8,5-
2.00 km or 300 km from the surface of the Earth. The coating is
characterized by an extreme rise in temperatures from-1000C to
thousands of degrees Celsius. The density of the thermosphereis
very low, less than ¼ million air density on the surface of the
Earth. However, despite the thin air in the thermosphere solid
enough to burn the meteor was being sped down at an altitude of
300 km. almost all gas atoms in a layer of the thermosphere
contains electric charges or ionized by solar radiation, and others.
Layer this layer is also called thermosphere ionosphere. This layer
is the site of ionization of particles that can give effect on the
propagation of radio waves, reflection/good long wave or short.
Called the thermosphere temperatures rise due to high enough on
this layer i.e. approx. 198200C. This change occurs because
absorption of x-ray radiation ultra violet.

This radiation causes a chemical reaction forming electrically

charged layer known as the ionosphere, which can reflect radio
waves. Before the advent of the era of satellites, this layer is
useful for helping to emit radio waves.

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 5. Eksosphere

Eksosphere is the fifth air layer, eksosphere is situated at an

altitude of between 800-1000 km from the Earth's surface. At this
layer is the site of the motion of the atoms are irregular. This layer
is the layer of the most heat and air molecules can leave the
atmosphere up to an altitude of 3,150 km from the Earth's surface.
This layer is often referred to with the space between planets and
geostationary. This layer is very dangerous, because it is a place of
destruction occurs a meteor from outer space.

2.1.3. The Composition of the Air In the Atmosphere

The Earth's Atmosphere it contains a mixture of gases that are

more well known with the name of the air and cover the entire surface
of the Earth. The mixture of gases said the composition of Earth's
atmosphere. The lower part of the atmosphere of Earth is limited by
land, oceans, rivers, lakes, ice, and snow surface. Gas-forming the
atmosphere called air. Air is a mixture of various elements and
chemical compounds, so the air is becoming diverse. Diversity occurs
usually because water vapour content and the arrangement of each part
of the rest of the air (dry air). Earth's atmosphere consists of nitrogen
with volume 78. 088 % and a mass of 75.527% , oxygen by volume of
20.949% and mass 23.143% argon, with less volume 0.93% and mass
1.282%, carbon dioxide volume 0.03% and the mass of 0.045%, water,
steam and other gases.

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 Table. Atmospheric constituent gases of the Earth

Nitrogen reacts slowly, but is an important part of life so that

the balance of the nitrogen in the air, at sea and in the Earth are
strongly influenced by living beings. An abundance of carbon dioxide
from sunlight makes the CARB with a byproduct of oxygen
(photosynthesis). Oxygen accumulated in the air then evolved beings
who require oxygen.

Nitrogen Gas is the most abundant gas is contained in a layer

of air or earth's atmosphere. One source that is derived from the
burning of agricultural remnants and effects of volcanic eruptions.
Other gases are pretty much in the layer of the atmosphere is oxygen
or air. Oxygen, among others derived from the results of the process of
photosynthesis in green leafy plants. In the process of photosynthesis,
plants absorb carbon dioxide gas from the air and give off oxygen.
Carbon dioxide gas naturally fallowsal from breathing beings alive,
that animals and humans. As well as carbon dioxide gas is artificially
derived from industrial burning smoke, smoke in motor vehicles,
forest fires, and others.

In addition to these four gases mentioned above there are some

other gases in the atmosphere, i.e., among which ozone. Although this
amount is very little ozone but very useful for life on Earth, because of

11
the ozone that can absorb ultra violet rays emitted from sunlight so
that the number is already greatly reduced when arriving at the Earth's
surface. In this ultra violet radiation is not absorbed by ozone, then it
will cause havoc to the lives of the living beings on Earth. This
radiation of which can burn the skin of living beings, breaking the
skin, blood vessels and cause disease of skin cancer.

In addition to the elements forming the form of gas, the air also
contains solid and liquid particles, mostly so small so that air
movement can compensate for the tendency of the particles fall to the
ground. Particles that can come from the dust lifted by the wind,
particles of sea salt, or burning and processing results in the industry.

Based on everyday experience we know that the air

temperature varies from time to time; a cool morning followed by the
afternoon heat, and cold winters, hot summers followed by pana s in a
fixed cycle. The temperature became varied from place to place at the
same time. At low latitude region hotter than areas at higher latitudes
and low areas hotter than high mountains. Earth as a whole for a full
year, the average temperature near the ground at sea level (surface
temperature) is 15 ° C (288 ° K, 59 ° F). Overall average all year down
according to height. However, approximately over 12 km (40,000 ft)
drop in temperature stop.

The atmosphere with average temperature decreases according

to height, called the troposphere, the layer above it with fixed or
increased temperature is called the stratosphere. On the surface
between the troposphere and stratosphere (sometimes in the form of
transitional layer) is called the tropopause. The area where the weather
is part of the lower atmosphere, which is called the troposphere (it is in
this area of concern for meteorologists). The troposphere have

12
 important properties, namely that in general the temperature decreases
toward the heights. Above the troposphere is the stratosphere which is
characterized by increasing temperature against altitude. Discontinuity
separates the troposphere is the layer of the stratosphere with the
tropopause.

Troposphere In a mixture of gases is composed of 78%

nitrogen and 21% oxygen (prosen in volume). The remaining 1% is a
mixture of gases consisting of argon, carbon dioxide, and other gases.
The mixture of gas-gas without steam-water referred to as dry air, and
mixed gases without exception referred to as humid air

2.2 Clouds

2.2.1 Understanding Clouds

Clouds are a collection of water vapor in a state of saturation in the

form of liquid or crystal floating in the atmosphere that the number is
very much. In general, the clouds we often see in the sky are white. The
clouds are white because the cloud contains moisture particles and ice
crystals. The sunlight that reaches the earth actually has different wave
spectrum lengths. This sunlight encompasses the events of polychromatic
light (white) into monochromatic light (red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
indigo, purple) as it passes through the prism. As the waves of sunlight
enter the atmosphere and encounter clouds, large water vapor particles
and clouds of cloud crystals will scatter the visible light in all directions.
So the clouds only absorb a little visible color and make millions of
grains of water in the clouds appear white.

2.2.2 Cloud Formation Process

Clouds can form if condensation occurs water vapor above the

earth's surface. Increased air will expand adiabatically as the air pressure

13
 above is smaller than the pressure below. These particles called aerosols
serve as water traps and then form water droplets. Furthermore, this
aerosol is lifted into the atmosphere, and when a large amount of air is
lifted to a higher layer, it will cool down and then condense. A collection
of water droplets resulting from moisture in the condensing air is what is
seen as a cloud. The more air condenses, the larger the clouds are formed.
When the clouds are formed, the water droplets in the cloud will become
bigger and the clouds will become heavier, and slowly the earth pulls
down. Up to a point where the water points will continue falling down
and down the rain. But if the water points meet the hot air, the dots will
evaporate and the cloud vanishes. This is what causes the clouds to
always change its shape. The water contained within the alternating
clouds evaporates and melts. This is also what causes sometimes there are
clouds that do not bring rain.

2.2.3 Cloud Classification

Cloud is the beginning of the process of rain, so it is widely used

as an indicator of weather condition. However, not all types of clouds
produce rain, therefore the introduction of cloud types, shapes and
properties is necessary. According to the results of the international
congress held in Munich (Germany) in 1802 and Uppsala (Sweden) in
1894, Clouds were grouped into 4 main groups, namely high clouds,
medium clouds, low clouds, and clouds with vertical development. The
following is clarified cloud classification based on morphology, and
based on it’s height.

1. Based on Morphology (Shape)

Based on the morphology of clouds are divided into 3 types, namely:

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a. Cumulus clouds

Cumulus clouds are clouds that have a clumped shape with

a horizontal base. Cumulus clouds are formed by rising air and
bring enough moisture to the point of condensation or beyond.
This cloud is a sign of normal or stable weather. In more detail this
cloud is divided into 3 types, namely: stratum cumulus is a new
cumulus cloud that grows, cumulus, and cumulonimbus is a very
large cumulus cloud and may consist of several cumulus clouds
that merge into one.

b. Stratus Clouds

Stratus clouds are thin and widespread clouds that can

cover the sky evenly. In a special sense the stratus cloud is a low
and wide cloud. These clouds often bring in old rain.

c. Cloud Cirrus

Cirrus clouds are clouds that occur in the very high

atmosphere, very thin like chicken feathers with fibrous thin lines.
These clouds are formed from ice crystals due to its presence in
high atmospheric regions. These clouds often cover a large area so
that the sun is blocked by a white mosquito net. These clouds do
not result in rain and many appear during blistering weather.

15
2. Based on its height

a. Cloud Group High (above 6000-9000 mdpl)

This group of clouds lies at varying heights. When in the

tropics this type of cloud is located at a height of 6-18 km. In
temperate climates this type of cloud is located at an altitude of
5-13 km. While in the area of cloud cover is located at a height
of 3-8 km. The types of clouds that are classified as high clouds
are as follows.

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 Cirrus Cloud (Ci)

Cirrus clouds are smooth clouds with fibrous structures

like bird feathers and are arranged as curved ribbons, so as to
meet at one or two points on the horizon. Cirrus clouds are
generally white with undefined edges that are at an altitude
above 5500 m. Because it is located at an altitude of 5500 m
and the air temperature is very cold, then this type of cloud is
composed of ice crystals and usually do not bring rain.
Because it consists of crystals of ice, there will be a type of
thick cirrus cloud or often called cirrus densus that is able to
block the arrival of sun and moon rays, causing halo (circle
like a ring, natural phenomena that occur as a process of ice
crystal in cirrus clouds that refracts Sun and moon.

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 Cirrostratus Cloud (Ci-St)

Cloud cirrostratus is a cloud shaped like a smooth white

netting and flat cover the entire sky so that the sky looks
bright, can also look like a weaving that is irregularly shaped.
Cirrostratus clouds consist of ice crystals or ice grains and
these clouds are present at 6 - 7 km altitude. Cirrostratus is a
cloud that is difficult to detect, but with this cloud, it usually
indicates the arrival of a hot front. This means there may be
rain or fall of precipitation. If thick enough, cirrostratus clouds
can cause HALO which is a round circle that surrounds the sun
and the moon that often occurs during the dry season.

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  Cirrocumulus Cloud (Ci-Cu)

Cloud Cirrocumulus is a cloud that has a form of

discontinuous, thin and white without a shadow, row almost
regularly to resemble fish scales. These clouds often look like
tiny fragments or very small cloud-shaped clouds of sheep. If
the order is all the same or regular, sailors usually call it the
sky of Macharel. These clouds consist mostly of ice crystals
and there are super cooled droplets that are easily frozen and
easily become ice crystals and are between the heights of 7.5 to
9 km. Cirrocumulus is a high cloud. The form of a mirror with
stratocumulus and altocumulus, but with smaller spheres than
the two clouds when viewed from the surface.

b. Medium Cloud Class (2000 - 6000 mdpl)

This group of clouds lies at varying heights. When in the

tropics this type of cloud is located at a height of 2-8 km. In
temperate climates this type of cloud is located at between of 2-7

19
km. While in the cloud cover is located at a height of 2-4 km. The
types of clouds that are classified as medium cloud is as follows.

 Alto Stratus Cloud (A-St)

Alto stratus clouds are clouds that have a thick layered

shapes with gray color and cover almost the entire sky (area).
In the clouds facing the moon or the sun will appear brighter.
Clouds of this type formed at dusk and at night then
disappeared at sunrise at the beginning of rice. Alto stratus
clouds are at altitudes between 3- 4.5 km and consist of water
granules. If the amount of alto stratus clouds is sufficiently
thick, these clouds can produce rain. Cloud species of alto
stratus include altostratus undulatus, altostratus opacus, and
altostratus translucidus.

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 Alto Cumulus (A-Cu)

Cloud Alto Cumulus is a cloud that shaped small and

large amount. In general, this cloud is shaped like a ball that is
rather thick, clustered and often close together so it looks like
holding hands or like a thick cloud that rolled up. Clouds of
this type are white to pale and there is a grayish part. Each
element is visibly shrouded between one cloud and another
with the whitish and gray color that breaks it with the
cirrocumulus cloud. Alto Cumulus cloud is located at an
altitude between 4.5-6 km, consisting of water drops that are
too cold, and this cloud does not produce rain.

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c. Cloud Group Low (below 2000 mdpl)

 Stratocumulus Cloud (St-Cu)

The stratocumulus cloud is a cloud that is shaped like

thick, broad, and clumpy balls that often cover the entire area
of the sky, making it look like an ocean wave. It consists of a
rounded mass of clouds, the clumps appear to be collected or
separated, and the elements are arranged regularly of about 5
degrees. The thickness and shape of the elements change
according to the level of transparency. Clouds of this type are
usually gray or white that occur in the evening and dusk when
the atmosphere is stable. The Stratocumulus cloud is at an
altitude below 2000 meters, consisting of droplets of water, and
these clouds do not produce rain.

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 Nimbostratus Cloud (Ni-St)

Nimbostratus clouds are clouds that have an erratic

shape with irregular edges. This cloud is white in darkness and
its spread in the sky is quite wide. Nimbo comes from Nimbus
latin which means precipitation or precipitation. These clouds
can produce precipitate in both rain and snow. Nimbostratus
clouds are at an altitude between 600-3000 m and the thickness
of this cloud can reach 2 km or 2000 m. In general,
nimbostratus consists of water points for the tropics while at
high latitudes contains snowflakes or a mixture of both. Clouds
of this type often bring light drizzle to moderate that usually
fall continuously.

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 Stratus Cloud (St)

Stratus is a low cloud in the form of sheets or layers of

gray with a regular and wide base that is at an altitude below
200 m. If the sun is still visible from behind this cloud then the
edge of the cloud will be clear. Sometimes it is cracked and
looks rough (fractostratus). For the thick stratus able to cover
the sun or the moon. These clouds usually indicate air stability
or temperature inversion. Stratus clouds can form due to the
spread of stratocumulus clouds due to temperature inversion.
Stratus consists of very small and large drops of water that can
become drizzle drops or prisms of ice or snowflakes.

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d. Clouds That Happened Because Air Rise (500 - 1500 mdpl)

 Cumulus (Cu)

Cumulus clouds are thick clouds, appear to be

fragmented, generally dense with clear boundaries with very
high peaks formed during the day as the air rises. In parts
exposed to the sun will appear white or shimmering gray glow
that looks like a floating ball of cotton while on the bottom
looks flat. This cloud base is generally 1000 m wide by 1 km
and this cumulus cloud consists of droplets of water, whereas
ice grains or ice crystals or snow crystals are usually closed at
the beginning of a temperature below 0 C. Cloud cumulus can
be alone or gathered in one group. The formation of this cloud
occurs due to unstable air. If the air conditions remain unstable,
the cumulus may develop into cumulonimbus.

25
 Cumulonimbus (Cu-Ni)

Cumulonimbus clouds are dense clouds with high-rise

vertical developments, like mountains or towers, the tops are
filamentous, seemingly pointed and nearly flat. Widened
similar to the form of an anvil head. Can cause rain with
lightning and thunder. The Cumulonimbus cloud is arguably
the king of all clouds and is the most feared cloud of aviators,
because it is the cloud most often catastrophic, plus it is the
only cloud that can produce an electrical charge (like a giant
battery in the sky). Tornado aka tornado, downburst, and hail
can form only inside this cloud. These clouds are white or dark
and can cause rain with lightning and thunder. The
Cumulonimbus cloud heights range from 2000-16000 m and
consist of droplets of water at the bottom of clouds and snow
drops or ice crystals at the top of the cloud. There are updraft
and downdraft to allow for circulation. Friction of the cloud
particles in it can cause electric charge.

26
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

3.1. CONCLUSION
Earth's atmosphere is a gaseous sheath enveloping the surface of solid and
liquid on Earth. This sheath extends up as far as hundreds of kilometers, and
finally met with the medium between the planet also is low in the solar system.
The atmosphere there is from a height of 0 km above the surface up to about
more than 1000 km from the surface of the Earth.
The layer of Earth's atmosphere is composed of:
1. The troposphere
2. The stratosphere
3. Mesosphere
4. The thermosphere
5. Eksosphere
The atmosphere contains a mixture of gases that are more well known with
the name of the water and cover the entire surface of the Earth. The mixture of
gases said the composition of Earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere is useful to
protect living things that are in the face of the Earth because it helps maintain
the stability of the air temperature day and night, absorbing radiation and
ultraviolet rays that are very dangerous to humans and other creatures of the
Earth.
A cloud is water vapor floating blob in atmosphere. The clouds look like a
white or gray moke in the sky. Clouds are white because sunlight is a
combination of many different rays with wavelengths (colors) of the different.
The air always contains water vapor. If water vapor is overflowing into water,
resulting in the clouds.

27
 Steam may apply in two ways:
1. If hoot air, more steam contained in the air because water absorbs more
quickly. Hot air is loaded with this water would go up high, to arrive at a
single layer with a lower temperature, steam it will melt and resulting in
the cloud, molecules of water point of infinite number.
2. Air temperature has not changed, but circumstances atmosphere is moist.
The air will become increasingly longer off with water vapor. The cloud is
the beginning process of the onset of rain, so it is widely used as an
indicator of the State of the weather. However, not all types of clouds
to produce rain, hence the introduction of the type, shape and properties
of clouds is very necessary

3.2. SUGGESTIONS
It is expected that this paper can be useful for a smooth lecture in particular
terrestrial science courses and is useful also for the reader, especially to our own

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