SOUR SERVICE  due to H2S and CO2. Partial pressure of H2S ≥ 0.0003 Mpa / 0.3 Kpa (300 Pascal).

API 5L Specification, sour service linepipe  must be Purity Fully Killed Steel.

High purity of steel  Low S, Low P and other impurities.

HIC caused by the Inclusion is the first determined in its Form.

Inclusion = occuring deformation/material discontinuities during the rolling process  meaning need more
control / inspection on rolling process  Slag Form should be controlled, it will improve corrosion resistance of
steel.

Sour Service  the chemical composition of C, P, S and Carbon Equivalent (CEQ) relatively LOW than normal
pipes. Especially for S content (max. 0.002)  S is harmful element in the corrosive environment.

C/CEQ = mass fraction of C/CEQ high  HIC high

C/CEQ = mass fraction of C/CEQ low  HIC low  sensitive to H bubbles for Hot Rolled Steel.

- P element

Phospureus (P) high  banded structure high  HIC sensitivity high

- S element

Sulfur (S) high (on the pipe body)  HIC high  anti SSC of Sulfur high  Performance become POOR.

- Mn element

Mangannese usually used to improved its STRENGTH.

Respon Mn to HIC Resistance:

1. Hot rolled pipe  C = 0.05% - 0.15%, Mn = 1%  HIC sensitivity high

2. Quenched/Tempered pipe  as long as Mn ≥ 1.6%  HIC resistance of steel is not affected by Mn.
3. C ≤ 0.02%  even Mn ≥ 2%  pipe still has good HIC resistance

Hardness requirement:

Hardness ≤ 248 Hv10 (or 22HRC)

Hardness high  HIC high  Material Strength high

Corrosion Testing = Base Metal, Weld Metal, HAZ  Hardness value shall ≤ 248 Hv10

NACE MR 0175

Material shall be used containing H2S  H2S partial pressure ≥ 0.0003 Mpa (0.05 Psia, 0.3 Kpa). Below those
partial pressure, no need apply MR 0175.

- Low gas pressure  total pressure ≤ 0.4 Mpa (58 Psi)

- Low gas/multiphase pressure  total pressure ≤ 1.83 Mpa (265 Psi)
Cracking in NACE due to H2S:

a. SSC (Sulfide Stress Cracking)

b. Stress Corrosion Cracking
c. Stepwise Cracking
d. Soft Zone Cracking
e. Stress-Orientated HIC (SOHIC)
f. HIC
g. Galvanic induced Hydrogen Stress Cracking

Material under NACE, comply for H2S environment, but not 100%. Please be aware !!

Therefore, propose to have: 1) Carbon and low alloy steel, 2) CRA steel, 3) other Alloy material

NACE Carbon Steel Pipe:

Carbon high & Mn high (normally). Carbon contain less than 0.8%. (??????)

Hardness limit of HRC 22 applied to most Carbon and Low Alloy Steel, based on:

- Heat treatment
- Chemical composition
- Hardness
- Failure experience

NACE MR 0175  S ≤ 0.002%, P ≤ 0.02%, C ≤ 0.1% (normally). Mechanical strength will be the same !!

SSC Cracking Factor:

1. Chemical ingredients, hot treatment, micro structural, etc  influenced metallurgical condition and
strength of material
2. Ph index  related to Hydrogen Iron Concentration
3. H2S Partial Pressure
4. Total Tensile Stress
5. Power Storage Effect
6. Chloride / Hallide Iron Concentration
7. Oxidizing Agents
8. Non-Secondary Fluid

NACE pipe is not too much higher than general pipe spec. ONLY due to HIC and SSC test fees , making width
different.

SSC  especially for Alloy Steel  put material in Corrosive Env + constant Pulling Force, until brittle rupture ==
this is SSC value found !!

Strict control on C, CEQ, S, P element content. S maximum shall be 0.002 (normally S is 0.0015). S can push HIC
to happens.

Carbon (C) content  this is fundamental for Material Strength.

C high  Yield/Tensile high  Plasticity and Impact become low.

C ≥ 0.23%  Welding Performance Problem, therefore should be kept C ≤ 0.20%.

C high  air corrosion resistance low, meaning Easy to Rush.

C high  cold brittleness high  aging sensitivity high.

Phosporeus (P) content

P high  cold brittleness high  Welding Difficulty  Plasticity low, meaning easy to brittle.

Normally, P ≤ 0.045%  meaning this value is lower for high quality of steel material.

Normally that P on High Steel Material grade is 0.03 – 0.05%. If P exceed 0.1% in low alloy steel, it will increase
the Strength  meaning Corrosive Resistance increase  but become Brittle  Ductile and Toughness become
low

Sulfur (S) content

S high  hot brittleness high  ductile/toughness low  may caused Cracks in forging/rolling

S high  bad welding performance  corrosion resistance low

Mn (mangannese)

Good for deoxidizer and desulfurization agent.

Mn high  Toughness high  Strength high  Hardness high  Corrosion Resistance low  Welding
performance bad