INTRODUCTION TO

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
UAB, I2, I3 ??
Inverter (Bien Tan)
AC Sources and Phasors
RLC Circuits
 Ohm for AC
 An AC circuit is made
up with components.
V0 sin t
 Power source
 Resistors
VR  IR
R  Capacitor
VC  IX C  Inductors
C
X C  1 C

VL  IX L  Kirchhoff’s laws
X L  L
L
apply just like DC.
 Special case for phase
RMS value
 Series RLC
 A series RLC circuit can be made
from each component.
i R  One loop
 Same current everywhere

v L  Reactances are used for the

capacitors and inductors.

C  The combination of resistances

and reactances in a circuit is called
impedance.
 Impedance Table
Resistor Capacitor Inductor

1
Impedance R XC  X L  L
C

Phase 0  12  1
2 

Vector
right down up
Direction

I max  Vmax R
I max  Vmax X C
I max  Vmax X L
 Vector Map
 Phase shifts are present in AC
circuits.
 +90° for inductors VL=IXL
 -90° for capacitors
VR=IR

 These can be treated as if on the y-

axis. VC=IXC
 2 D vector
 Phasor diagram
 Vector Sum
 The current is the same in the loop.
 Phasor diagram for impedance
 A vector sum gives the total impedance.

XL XL
XC Z
R
R

XC
 Vector Sum
 The total impedance is the
magnitude of Z.
XL
XC
Z  The phase between the current and
f
voltage is the angle f between Z
R
and the x-axis.

X L  XC
tan f 
Z  R2  X L  X C 
2 R
 1 
2   L  
 1  f  arctan C 
Z  R   L 
2

 C   R 
 
 
 Phase Changes
 The phase shift is different in each component.
 FIG. 15.27 Applying phasor notation to
FIG. 15.26 Series R-L circuit. the network in Fig. 15.26.
 SERIES CONFIGURATION

FIG. 15.31 Applying phasor notation to the circuit in

FIG. 15.30 Series R-C ac circuit. Fig. 15.30.
FIG. 15.32 Impedance diagram for the series R-C FIG. 15.33 Phasor diagram for the series R-C
circuit in Fig. 15.30. circuit in Fig. 15.30.
SERIES CONFIGURATION R-L-C
 RLC AC Circuits
•For this rather general circuit, find L C
•Current R
•Impedance
•Phase shift •Average
power f
1. Find the angular frequency    2 f
2. Find the impedance of the capacitor and Vmax
inductor 1
3. Find the total impedance Z X C  X L  L
C

XC
4. Find the phase shift f

XL
R
5. Find the current f
6. Find the average power consumed
 X L  XC 
Z  R   X L  XC 
2 2 f  tan 1

 R 

I max 
Vmax I  I max sin t  f 
Z
RLC parallel
 ADMITTANCE AND SUSCEPTANCE
 In ac circuits, we define admittance (Y) as being equal to
1/Z.
 The unit of measure for admittance as defined by the SI
system is siemens, which has the symbol S.
 Admittance is a measure of how well an ac circuit will
admit, or allow, current to flow in the circuit.
 The larger its value, therefore, the heavier is the current
flow for the same applied potential.
 The total admittance of a circuit can also be found by
finding the sum of the parallel admittances.
ADMITTANCE AND SUSCEPTANCE

FIG. 15.63 Example 15.14.

FIG. 15.64 Impedance diagram for the network in FIG. 15.65 Admittance diagram for the network in
Fig. 15.63. Fig. 15.63.
 FIG. 15.77 Parallel R-L-C ac network.

FIG. 15.78 Applying phasor notation to the network in Fig. 15.77.

 PARALLEL AC NETWORKS R-L-C

FIG. 15.79 Admittance diagram for the parallel R-L-C FIG. 15.80 Phasor diagram for the parallel R-L-C
network in Fig. 15.77. network in Fig. 15.77.
 Power Factor
 Power loss in an AC circuit
depends on the instantaneous
voltage and current.
 Applies to impedance
p  vi  i 2 Z cos f
 The cosine of the phase angle is
the power factor. Prms  Vrms I rms  I rms
2
Z cos f

P
I 0 Z cos f
2

0 t
next
Find i?
Movie low
pass filter

Movie high
pass filter
DC output?
a) no capacitor
b) have capacitor
AC 3 Phase
 THREE-PHASE WAVEFORM
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

120 120 120

240

Phase 2 lags phase 1 by 120. Phase 2 leads phase 3 by 120.

Phase 3 lags phase 1 by 240. Phase 1 leads phase 3 by 240.
 GENERATION OF 3f VOLTAGES
Phase 1Phase 2 Phase 3
S
x x

Phase 1 is ready to go positive.

Phase 2 is going more negative. N
Phase 3 is going less positive.
 Why three-phase? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HqZtptHnC2I

1. Nearly all power generated and distributed is 3-phase,

60 Hz (or 50 Hz outside the U.S.).
 When single phase is needed, it can simply be taken from
one of the three phases.
2. The instantaneous power in 3-phase system can be
constant (not pulsating).
 Results in less vibration in 3-phase machines.
3. Three phase systems are more economical that single.
 Amount of wire needed is less than single phase.

Reference
 Three-Phase Circuits

Three-Phase Advantages
1. The horsepower rating of three-phase motors
and the kVA rating of three-phase transformers
are 150% greater than single-phase motors or
transformers of similar frame size.
 Three-Phase Circuits

Three-Phase Advantages
2. The power delivered by a single-phase system
pulsates and falls to zero. The three-phase power
never falls to zero. The power delivered to the
load in a three-phase system is the same at any
instant. This produces superior operating
characteristics for three-phase motors.
 Three-Phase Circuits

Three-Phase Advantages
3. A three-phase system needs three conductors;
however, each conductor is only 75% the size of
the equivalent kVA rated single-phase
conductors.
 Unit 27 Three-Phase Circuits

Three-phase power never falls to zero.

 1. Generation of three-phase
voltages and currents
A three-phase
generator consists of
three single-phase
generators with
voltages of equal
amplitudes and
phase differences of
1200.
 1. Generation of three-phase
voltages and currents
Each of three-phase generators can
be connected to one of three
identical loads.

This way the system would consist of

three single-phase circuits differing in
phase angle by 1200.

The current flowing to each load can

be found as

V
I 
Z
 a a

V0 Wye Connected

_
n Source
_ _
V-240 V-120
+ +
b b
c

c
 Balanced Three phase Loads
 A Balanced load has equal impedances on all the phases

a) Wye-connected load b) Delta-connected load

Balanced Impedance Conversion:

Conversion of Delta circuit to Wye or Wye to Delta.
ZY  Z1  Z 2  Z 3
Z   Z a  Zb  Zc
1
Z  3ZY ZY  Z 
3
 Three phase Connections

 Both the three phase source and the three phase load can be
connected either Wye or DELTA.
 We have 4 possible connection types.
• Y-Y connection
• Y-Δ connection
• Δ-Δ connection
• Δ-Y connection
 Balanced Δ connected load is more common.
Y connected sources are more common.
Calculation