Unit I

1. Explain the phenomenon of capillarity. Obtain an expression for capillary rise and capillary fall of
liquid.
2. What is meant by metacentric height of a floating body. Derive an expression for it.
3. Define centre of pressure and centre of bouancy
4. Prove that “Intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is same in
all direction

5. Derive the expression for total pressure and centre of pressure for a vertical
plate submerged in the liquid with usual notations.

6) Explain force on a curved surface due to hydrostatic pressure. Derive an expression of resulting
horizontal, vertical and resultant force on a curved surface immersed in a liquid

7) State the conditions of stability of body floating in fluid.

8)Distinguish between the following

a) Steady flow and unsteady flow

b) Uniform flow and nonuniform flow
c) Rotational and irrotational flow
d) Laminar flow and turbulent flow
e) Incompressible and compressible flow
6. Explain the variation of viscosity of liquids and gases with temperature
7. Explain in brief
a) Stream function
b) Velocity Potential function
c) Circulation
d) Flownet

9) Define the following terms:

(I) Density (II) Weight density
(III) Specific volume (IV) Viscosity
(V) Kinematic viscosity (VI) Surface tension
(VII) Capillarity (VIII) Bulk Modulus (IX) Specific Weight

11)

12) How certain insects are able to walk on the surface of water?
(Explain how insects which are heavier than water are able to move on the water surface)

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13) a) What type of acceleration is to be expected if:
i. stream lines are parallel and equidistant
ii. stream lines are straight and converging
iii. stream lines are curved but equispaced
iv. stream lines are curved and converging
(b) Derive the equation for a stream line.

14) (a) De_ne stream function and velocity potential function. Deduce the relation
between the two.
(b) In a two dimensional incompressible ow, the uid velocity components are
given by u = x - 3y and v = - 4y - 9x. Show that the velocity potential exists
and determine its form as well as stream function.

15) (a) State Pascal's law. What do you understand by the terms atmospheric, gauge
and vacuum pressures.
(b) Prove that the pressure intensity in the liquid is directly proportional to the
height of a point from free surface of liquid.

16) Derive an expression for the depth of centre of pressure from free surface of
liquid of an inclined plane surface submerged in the liquid.

17) Show that represents on two dimentional irrotational ow. Find the po-
tential function

18) A trapezoidal plate of parallel sides `l' and `2l' and height `h' is immersed vertically
in water with its side of length `l' horizontal and topmost. The top edge is at a
depth `h' below the water surface. Determine:
(a) Total force on one side of the plate
(b) Location of the centre of pressure.

19) Briey explain the classification of various types of fluid flow. Also give three
examples for each type of flow.

20) How is the continuity equation based on the principle of conservation of mass stated? Derive
the continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates for one-dimensional flow.

21)a) Classify the fluids, giving examples, according to the nature of variation of viscosity.

b) Differentiate between Absolute pressure, gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure. Explain the
relationship between them with neat sketch. Explain Vacuum pressure

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22) Write short notes on

i) Path line ii) Streak line iii) Stream line and iv) Stream tube. V) Forces on curved surfaces
vi) Centre of buoyancy

23) What are the various forces that may influence the motion of fluid?

24) Express the Pascal law and give a real-world example of it. A vacuum gauge connected to a
chamber reads 24 kPa at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 92 kPa. Determine
the absolute pressure in the chamber.

25) Differentiate between

i) Real fluid and ideal fluid

ii) Newtonian fluid and non- Newtonian fluid
iii) Dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity and its units

26) (a) Explain local and convective acceleration.

(b) Show that represents uniform flow with a velocity of 2 m/s at
an angle of 300 to the X - axis.

27) Distinguish between Newtonian fluid and non-Newtonian fluid

28) How do you determine whether boiling or cavitation will occur in liquid using the concept of
vapour pressure

29) Why pressure at any point in a static mass of liquid depends only upon the vertical depth
and does not depend on the shape and size of the container

30) What do you mean by the stability of immersed body?

31) Verify whether the following function represent possible irrotational flow

32) Check whether the following sets of velocity components satisfy the continuity equation of
steady incompressible flow

33) What is flownet and what are its applications ?

34) Explain the pressure in different ways?

35) How does the pressure vary with area in subsonic and supersonic flows?

36) Derive the continuity equation for a three dimensional incompressible fluid flow?

37) Distinguish between ideal fluid and real fluid

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38) The dynamic viscosity of a gas decreases with temperature and that of liquid increase with
temperature. Is it true? Reason out.

39) State the hydrostatic law of pressure distribution

40) Differentiate between stream function and velocity potential function

41) Define Bulk modulus of elasticity and vapour pressure. Explain the significance of vapour
pressure in engineering applications

42) Derive the Continuity equation in two dimensional Cartesian coordinate system for a fixed
region

43) State Newton’s law of viscosity

44) Discuss briefly the stability of floating bodies

45) Write short notes on Flownet, current meter and vortex flow

46) State and prove the Pascal’s Hydrostatic law

47) What is the law governing pressure variation in fluids at rest

48) What is absolute and gauge pressure? Do barometers, Bourden gauge and piezometers
measure absolute or gauge pressure?

49) State the Newton’s law of viscosity and give examples of its applications

50) a) Define i) Surface Tension ii) Compressibility

b) Prove that the relationship between surface tension and pressure inside a droplet of
liquid in excess of outside pressure is

51) Derive the continuity equation in differential form for one dimensional compressible flow

52) What is Rheology ? Classify the fluids accordingly

53) Derive the expression for variation of pressure for incompressible fluids

54) What is the effect of temperature on viscosity of liquids and gases

55) What is the stability criteria for submerged objects

56) Define Newton’s law of viscosity. Based on the law classify the fluids with examples

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57) Define fluid and explain classification of fluids

58) Derive continuity equation for three dimensional flow conditions and give the assumptions
made during the derivation

59) Distinguish between solid and fluid

60) What is flownet? Enumerate the significance and use of flow nets

61) What is the difference between adhesion and cohesion

62) What is meant by viscosity and also define dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity along
with their units

63) Explain with a neat sketch what is streak line

64) Explain the uses and limitations of flownet

65) Define one, two and three dimensional flows

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 Unit II
1) Define the terms energy gradient and hydraulic gradient
2) Distinguish between circulation and vorticity
3) Define forced vortex flow
4) Derive an expression of stream function and velocity potential function for vortex flow.
5) Define velocity gradient

6)(a) State the momentum principle. How will you apply momentum equation for
determining the force exerted by a owing liquid on a pipe bend?Explain in
detail.
(b) Write Euler's equation of motion along a stream line and integrate it to obtain
Bernoulli`s equation. State all assumptions made.

7) Derive the expression for Bernulli’s theorem for steady incompressible fluid from
first principle. What are the limitations of the Bernoulli’s equation?

8)Explain what do you understand by Hydraulic Grade Line and Total Energy Line.
Discuss its practical significance in analysis of fluid flow problems

9) What are different forms of energies of a fluid? Describe each of them

10) What do you mean by H.G.L and T.E.L

11) Mention the various forces acting on the fluid mass when it is set to motion. Deduce the Euler’s
equation of motion along a stream line

12) Explain free and forced vortex flows. Give practical examples for each of them.

13) What are the limitations of Bernoulli’s equation ?

14) What are energy and momentum correction factors?

15) Explain convective and local accelerations?

16) Distinguish between surface and body forces. Derive Bernoulli’s equation from Euler’s equation
of motion.

17) Write any two applications of Impulse-Momentum equation

18) State and derive the Euler’s Equation for one dimensional flow of ideal fluid along a stream line
and hence obtain Bernoulli’s Equation

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19) State Bernoullis equation. How is it modified to real fluids

20) Derive an expression for head loss due to sudden expansion in a pipe

21) For the Euler’s equation of motion, which forces are taken into consideration

22) What is the significance of momentum correction factor

23) Define free Vortex and forced Vortex motions with examples

24) Derive the Bernoullis equation mentioning the assumption

25) What is impulse-momentum equation? What is the significance of momentum correction factor?
What are the applications of impulse momentum equation

26) State and derive impulse momentum equation

27) Briefly explain the following

i) potential head ii) Velocity head iii) datum head

28) What do you understand by vorticity

29) Derive kinetic energy correction factors

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 Unit III
1) With usual notations derive the expression for the discharge through a
triangular notch.

2) What is the difference between an orifice and a mouth piece.

3) Show that discharge over a rectangular notch is given by

Where L = length of notch, H = head over crest and Cd is coefficient of

discharge.

4) Explain pitot tube and pitot static tube.

5) Write about the units and scales of pressure measurement.

5)Explain the working principle of Bourdon pressure gauge with the help of a
neat sketch.

6) Distinguish between U-tube differential manometers and inverted U-tube differential

manometers. Discuss their applications
7) Define and classify the manometers. What are the advantages and limitations of
manometers?
8) (a) Explain notches and weirs?
9) What is meant by still water head and velocity of approach?
10) What is the principle on which the Pitot tube works?
11) What is the advantage of Venturimeter over Orifice meter?
12) Why Ventilation of suppressed rectangular weir is necessary?
13) Differentiate between venturi meter, nozzle meter, and orifice meter. Among these
three meters which is the reliable measuring meter and why that meter is reliable
14) Discuss the advantages of triangular notch over rectangular notch
15) Show that the discharge flowing through venturimeter is independent of its orientation
16) Draw a neat sketch of the Pitot static tube
17) Explain the working of a hot-wire anemometer with neat sketches
18) What is Cippoletti Weir? Write its discharge formula
19) What is Venturi meter ? Derive an expression to estimate the theoretical discharge
20) Write short notes on Orifice Meter
21) What is the basic principle on which Venturimeter works
22) What is pitot tube ? Mention its uses. Derive and expression for measuring the velocity
of flow through a pipe
23) Write short notes on Rotameter
24) In measuring discharge through pipes, list out the various devices used. Which is
preferred and why?

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25) Why ventilation is needed in a rectangular notch?
26) Explain the working of Venturimeter with neat sketch
27) What are micromanometers and inclined manometers
28) In what way Cipolletti weir is different from trapezoidal weir?
29) What is a current meter where it is used
30) Derive an expression for discharge through Orifice meter
31) Sketch macromanometer
32) List out the velocity measuring devices and explain any one of them in detail
33) What are the advantages of V-notch over rectangular notch?
34) Derive an expression for discharge through a rectangular notch. Explain how it is
modified to take into account the effect of end conditions and velocity approach
35) Explain with the help of a neat sketch the principle and working of micromanometer
36) What is a wier ? How are wier classified ? What is the difference between a sharp
crested and a broad crested weir?
37) Define the contractions of weir. What is its effect on flow
38) Obtain an expression for discharge through a large rectangular orifice

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 Unit IV

1) Explain Zone of action, Zone of silence, Mach angle and Mach-cone with the help of diagram
2) Define compressible and incompressible fluid. What is specific gravity? How it is
related to density?
3) Define Mach number. What is its importance in compressible flow?
4) Differentiate between static and stagnation temperatures. How are they determined?
5) Derive Bernoulli’s equation for compressible flow when the process is adiabatic
6) Write down the general Euler’s equation of motion and then find out Bernoulli’s equation
for adiabatic process
7) State the fundamental equations which govern the compressible fluid flow
8) Derive the equation for velocity of pressure wave for an isothermal process
9) Differentiate between isotropic and adiabatic processes
10) Define Mach Number and Mach cone
11) Define stagnatic pressure
12) Define stagnation pressure and derive an expression for stagnation pressure of
compressible fluid in terms of Match number
13) What do you understand by stagnation pressure? Obtain an expression for stagnation
pressure of a compressible fluid in terms of a approaching Mach number and pressure
14) Write an expression for velocity of sound for adiabatic process
15) Derive the continuity equation in differential form for one dimensional compressible flow
16) Classify and explain different types of flows based on Mach number
17) Write the conditions for isothermal and adiabatic conditions
18) Derive the expression for sonic velocity for one dimensional compressible flow for adiabatic
conditions
19) Starting from the Euler’s equation of motion for steady flow of compressible fluid, derive
Bernoulli’s equation for isothermal process
20) Obtain the equation of celerity of an elastic wave
21) Obtain expressions for stagnation conditions in terms of Mach number
22) Define Mach No. and Mach angle
23) What is the importance of vapour pressure in fluid machinery
24) Write the Bernoulli’s equation for compressible flow
25) Draw a neat diagram of Mach cone and mention its significance
26) Write the expression for energy in isothermal process
27) Derive general energy equation for compressible flow. Also deduce the equation for
adiabatic process
28) What do you meant by subsonic, sonic and supersonic flows?

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 Unit V
1) Short notes on Reynold’s number and Froued’s number
2) What do you understand by the term major energy losses and minor energy losses in pipes

3 ) Define the following dimensionless numbers:

1) (I) Reynold’s No. (II) Froude No. (III) Euler’s No. (IV) Mach No.

3) Derive an expression for velocity distribution for viscous flow through a circular pipe. Also sketch the
velocity distribution and shear stress distribution across the section of a pipe
4) State the characteristics of Laminar flow and Turbulent flow

5) What is “turbulence”? Derive an expression for loss of head due to friction in a pipe flow.

6a) What is Darcy’s friction factor in pipe flow? On what factors does the coefficient of friction
depends?
b) What are the minor losses in pipes? Give the appropriate formulae to calculate the losses?

7)Derive Darcy-Weisbach equation for head loss in pipes due to friction

8) What is the significance of lower critical velocity?

9) Derive an expression for the loss of head in a laminar flow through circular pipe?

10) Why turbulent type of flow is more frequently encountered in practice than laminar flow?
11) What is the significance of friction factor in pipe flow?
12) Derive Hagen – Poiseullie’s equation for the discharge through the pipes and show that the max
velocity is twice the mean velocity

13) Define Reynold’s number? What is its importance in pipe flow?

14) Differentiate between pipes in series and pipes in parallel

15) Show that the mean velocity of laminar flow in a circular pipe is one-half of maximum velocity
16) Write short notes on a) Moody’s chart b) Reynold’s experiment
17) Derive an expression for head loss in pipes due to friction (Darcy-Weisbach Equation)
18) Explain with neat sketch Reynold’s Experiment. What are conclusions drawn from it.
20) What are parameter represented in Moody’s pipe friction chart
21) What is zone of silence and zone of action
22) What is the significance of Moody’s diagram
23) If the Reynold’s number is 10,000, find out the friction factor
24) Define equivalent length of pipe
25) In a circular pipe under laminar flow conditions show that the velocity variation is parabolic and
shear stress variation is linear
26) How friction factor ‘f’ is determined for flow through pipes
27) Explain the variation of function factor in Turbulent flow
28) Find out equivalent diameter when pipes are connected in parallel

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29) Derive Darcy’s Weisbach equation and explain how friction factor ‘f’ varies for laminar and
turbulent flow
30) For pipes connected in series and parallel, show how to get the equivalent diameter
31) What are the characteristics of laminar flow (List three characteristics of laminar flow)
32) a) Derive an expression for loss head due to friction in pipe
b) Derive an expression for the equivalent diameter of a compound pipe
33) Show that the friction coefficient is
34) What is relative roughness and its importance
35) Show that for laminar flow through a circular pipe, the velocity distribution at a section of pipe is
parabolic
36) Differentiate between major and minor losses. Under what circumstances minor losses are
negligible

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