BLOOD SEROLOGY:

Q1. Principle of Seratec HemDirect

ANS: Add 150ul of sample added into the sample well “S”, containing mobile antibodies with bindes
to the sample having antigen and makes mobile antibody-antigen complex. This comples moves through
the absorbant card and reached at test area “T’ where it makes an antibody-antigen-antibody sandwich.
Test area T will show a pink line when haemoglobin conc. Reaches at 0.05ug/ml.

Q2. Confirmatory and presumptive test definitions

ANS: Presumptive Test: It’s a screening test used for the detection of a specific substance. Ins not a
conclusive test. Chances of false positive are always there.

Confirmatory Test: It is used to detect the presence of a specific substance in a particular

sample. It confirms the presence of a substance in sample. Less chances of false positive. More
accurate and more expensive than presumptive testing.

Q3. What is plasma?

ANS: It’s a yellowish water, major part of blood containing blood cells, proteins, sugar, fats and many
other components. It makes up 55% of the whole blood volume. Helps in maintaining blood
pressure and regulate body temp.

Q5 High Dose Hook Effect

ANS: False negative reactions can occur if the sample is too concentrated. This causes the antigen
to saturate the antibody and prevent the “antibody-antigen-antibody” sandwich formation
required for positive color detection. This is referred as the “high dose hook effect”.

Q6. What is forensic serology

ANS: It’s the detection, classification and study of various bodily fluids including, blood, semen and
saliva and their relationship to the crime scene.

Q7. Why zinc is used in KM reagent?

ANS: Zinc is used in the stock solution to keep it in reduced form.

Q8. Principle of KM test

ANS: It’s a presumptive test for blood used for the detection of blood on evidence. It’s a
phenolphthalein based test which is a clear dye, reacts with blood hemoglobin in the presence of
hydrogen peroxide and immediately turns pink.

Q9. Limitations of KM test

 1. 1 in 1000 sensitivity on dried stains.
2. Eliminate the possibility of false positive in step 2 and 3
3. Does not differentiate between human and animal blood.
4. May react with chemical oxidants and vegetable peroxidases.

Q10. What information is important during processing evidence?

ANS: i. Incident Date & MLC/PMR No. and Date

ii. FIR No. & Date

iii. Description of evidence

iv. Evidence sealed or unsealed

v. Any other marking

vi. Mathing quantity of items with MLC request form.