PAPER ASSIGNMENT

History Paper of World and Indonesian Nursing Development

ARRANGED BY

NAME :

NIM

POLTEKKES KEMENKES BENGKULU JURUSAN KEPERAWATAN

PRODI DIII KEPERAWATAN PROGRAM RPL MUKO - MUKO

TA. 2017/2018
 FOREWORD

Praise the presence of Allah Almighty who has bestowed His mercy and grace. so we
can finish the history paper of nursing development of World and Indonesia well and just in
time. In the preparation of the paper there may be a few obstacles. However, thanks to the
support of friends and guidance from supervisors. So we can finish this paper well.
With this paper, it is expected to help the learning process and can increase
knowledge for the readers. The author also does not forget to say thank you to all parties, for
his help, support and prayer.
Hopefully this paper can be useful for all parties who read this paper and can know
about the history of nursing development of the world and Indonesial. This paper may be less
than perfect, for which we expect criticism and suggestions for the perfection of this paper.

Authors
 CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY

A. Background.
History is any event or event in the past that is both pleasant and heartbreaking.
Nursing is a form of professional health care, which is an integral part of health services
based on nursing science and ethics.
Nursing is born simultaneously with the creation of man by God, so it can not be
denied that everyone needs nursing care in his life. Initially the nurse is considered as a
provision of care, where the implementation is done traditionally by groups, communities, or
social agencies.
The development of nursing that we know today can not be separated and strongly influenced
by the development of structure and progress of human civilization. The belief in animism,
the spread of the great religions, the world and the socio-economic conditions of society, the
occurrence of war, renaissance and the reform movement participated in coloring the
development of nursing. From history we can know the experience for that we use in the
present and the future.
Nursing as an integral part of health services is a form of professional service based
on nursing science. In the development of nursing science always follow the development of
other science, given the science of nursing is an applied science that always changes with the
times. Likewise, the nursing service in Indonesia, in the future is expected to be able to
provide services to the public in a professional manner in accordance with the demands of
society and technology are constantly evolving field of health. The implementation of nursing
care in most Indonesian hospitals has generally adopted a scientific approach through the
nursing process.
The theory is a group of concepts that form a real pattern or a statement describing a
process, event or occurrence that is based on facts that have been observed but less absolute
or evidence langsung.Yang nursing theory is referred to attempts to describe or explain the
phenomenon of nursing. Nursing theory is used as a basis in constructing a concept model in
nursing, and nursing concept models are used in determining nursing practice models. The
following is a summary of some nursing theories that professional nurses need to know to be
able to apply nursing practice based on beliefs and basic values of nursing.
 B. Formulation of the problem
1. What is history and nursing?
2. What is the history of nursing in the world?
3. How is nursing developing in the UK?
4. What is the history of nursing in Indonesia? \

C. Objectives.
1. Knowing the nursing practice model and the purpose of the theory and model of
nursing.
2. Knowing the characteristics of the theory of nursing and the factors that influence
the theory of nursing.
3. Knowing the views of some experts on the concept model and the theory of
nursing.

D. Benefits
1. To know the history of the development of nursing and the purpose of the theory
and model of nursing
2. Knowing the characteristics of the theory of nursing development and the factors
that influence the theory of nursing.
3. Knowing the views of some experts on the concept model and the theory of
nursing.
 CHAPTER II
THEORY REVIEW

A. HISTORY OF NURSING DEVELOPMENT IN WORD

Treatment has been carried out since the existence of humans and the target is
human from birth until the arrival of death. In Indonesia nurse work is done based on the
instinct of motherly feeling to care for her children (Mother Instinct). The history of nursing
development in Indonesia has been influenced by the invaders such as Japan, the Netherlands
and the UK. In development in Indonesia divided into several parts including:
ANY AGE
As in other countries, nursing is handed over to women who care for their families. Diseases
are considered satanic acts of dukun, a way of treatment by using leaves. Treatment in several
nations and countries.
A. Egypt
The Egyptians of ancient times had worshiped many gods. The famous gods include
Isis. They assume that this god is interested in the sick and provides help when the sick is
asleep. Founded the temple which is the first hospital in Egypt
Ketabiban. Science ketabiban especially surgery has been known by the ancient
Egyptians (± 4800 BC). In performing his duties as a physician he uses spikes, bandages, he
has knowledge of anatomy, general hygienr and medicine. In the books written in the book of
the Papyrus contains about 700 kinds of prescription drugs from Egypt
B. Babylon and syiria
The science of anatomy and herbs has been known to Babylonians since the centuries BC.
In one of the writings stating that in 680 BC people already knew how to hold the blood out
of the nose and take care of the jerawant on the face. The Babylonians worshiped the gods
therefore the treatment or treatment based on that belief.

C. Ancient Jews
The knowledge of the Jewish nation is widely obtained from the Egyptians. For example:
the ways of giving people the famous treatment are Moses. He is also known as a hygiene
expert. Under his leadership the Yahgudi developed his great interest in general cleanliness
and personal hygiene.
The Jewish health legislation forms the basis for modern hygiene in which the ways and
regulations are consistent with bacteriology today, for example:

1. Check and select the foodstuff to be eaten

2. Held the way of human waste disposal

3. Prohibition of eating pork because it can cause a disease

4. Notify the authorities if there is a dangerous disease, so action can be taken

D. India
The Indians (Hindu) in ancient times had embraced the Brahmin religion, in addition
to worshiping and asking for help to the god (dikuil) to heal the sick. In India there have been
hospitals, especially in the North during the reign of Rasa Ashoka, ± 8 hospitals where some
were later made into schools of treatment and care

E. China
The Chinese have known venereal diseases such as gonorrhea and syphilis. Dating has
also been done since 1000 BC of massage science and psychotherapy. The famous people in
ketabiban.

1. Seng Lung Known as "The Father of Medicine, who is an expert in internal medicine
and has used medicines from plants and minerals (salt-salaman) .The famous motto
is Look, Listen, Tanya, Rasa.
2. Chang Chung Ching ± 200 Sm has been working on lavement using bamboo.
3. Dutch colonial periodIn 1596 Cornelis De Houtman was the first Dutchman to come
to Indonesia during the colonial period. The VOC Period, (1602 - 1799) The Dutch
came to Indonesia for the first time in order to trade. In the trading business it was in
the form of VOC. In connection with the presence of staff and soldiers then two
health efforts. The first hospital was named "Binnen Hospital" was established in
1641 located in Batavia (now Jakarta) The care workers are taken from the
indigenous population (Bumi Putera) named Zieken oppaser (sick guard) This
hospital under the supervision of a doctor military.
In 1724-1744) out of town was established the second hospital named: Buiten
Hospital replaced Binnen Hospital which was closed in the year 1808. Since the
VOC was dissolved in 1799, the Dutch government handed over to the Indonesian
 government which later formed the State Organization of the Netherlands Indies.In
the Dutch colonial period I (1799-1811) no health effort that can be said to stand out
is generally a further effort of what has been there. Influence of kententaraan on
nursing start there efforts in health which are: MGD (Militaire Gezondsheids Dienst)
- army health service BGD (Burgerlije Gezon Dienst) - public health department,
At the time of Daendels government which is famous for making the Merak
Banyuwangi road, it is necessary to further improve the health of its troops. Some
Garnizoen Hospitals were created, namely in Semarang and Surabaya. His ministry
only paid attention to army health services only.

4. British Colonial Age of 1811-1816

Governor General Raffles is very concerned about people's health. The efforts in the
field of health are expressed in the words "health is human property". His efforts:
• Conduct general vaccination
• Improve the care of sick people (soul)
• Improve the care of detainees.
5. Dutch Colonial Period II (1816-1942)
After the rejuvenation of government to the Netherlands, health efforts appear to
advance. Prof. Dr. Reinwardt drafted health legislation, including medical practice,
obstetrics, medication and others for the area around Batavia in 1819 by Resident V
Pabst established a public hospital in Jakarta, among Stadsverban hospitals in Glodok.
This hospital has simple equipment. In 1919 the Stadsverban hospital became the CBZ
(Central Burgerlijke Ziekeninrichting) which was then transferred at Salemba.
Dr. W. de bosch who was very concerned about the health of establishing a
Javanese physician school (1852), which later developed into STOVIA (1898) and
finally GHS (1927). He also made preparations for midwifery education in 1852. In
1875 this midwifery education was closed again. Private (private) hospitals were held by
Zending.
Muhammadiyah, reinforcements. One of the most famous is the hospital in Gang
Paal which is now the Cikini Hospital, founded in 1879. Other skit houses are: St.
Carolus Hospital in Jakarta, St. Borromeus Hospital in Bandung and Elizabeth Hospital
in Semarang. A nursing education has been started that started in Cikini Hospital in
1900. Nursing education began in 1906 at Glodok Hospital in 1912.
 6. The Japanese colonial era (1942-1945)
In the Japanese colonial era of nursing in Indonesia may be said to resign. The
leaders of hospitals that used to be Dutch people were taken over by Japanese and partly
by the Indonesian people. Drugs are very poor, therefore outbreaks disease everywhere.
Materials are very less bandage, until the use of banana leaves and banana lining.
7. The Age of Independence (1945-1961)
The state of hospitals and care suffered from deficiencies, especially drugs. Since
1949 the government began to build and reconstruct improvements in the health field.
Year 1962 –present Care began to grow rapidly, with the establishment of nursing
academy education (AKPER) and in 1962 and Nursing Study Program (PSIK) Faculty of
Medicine University of Indonsia in Jakarta (1985), which brings a positive impact on
care services. The care approach uses a process of care based on the needs of the whole
person.
The treatment of mental illness in Indonesia.
The treatment of mental illness in Indonesia is not the same. Some are gently
treated, others are rough. This depends on the progress of the people in each region.
Treatment is not done at the hospital but outside the hospital, because there is no conviction
and pengertain people about mental illness. It was not until 1800 that people suffering from
mental illness were collected in wards but whose care was only custodial.
New psychiatric hospitals were founded in 1875 in Cilendek, Bogor which is the first mental
hospital in Indonesia with capacity 400. The second mental hospital is a mental hospital in
Lawang founded in 1894 which now consists of a source of Porong, Pasuruan , Sumpyuh, so
it is the largest mental hospital in Southeast Asia with a capacity of 3300. The third mental
hospital is located in Magelang, founded in 1923 with a capacity of 1400. The other is
established in Grogol, Jakarta.Padang, Palembang, Banjarmasing, Menado, each with a
capacity of 1.k.60 Treatment is done by nurse-nurses and carers of the sick under the
supervision of Indonesian nurses.
The new soul nurse education opened in September 1940 in Cilendek, Bogor. This education
is in the form of "Course". In the beginning, only Dutch and Indo Dutch people, in 1951, was
opened a course for nurses of the nation of Indonesia.Yang follow many who come from
outside Java, for example: Sumatra, Kalimantan and so on.
Currently mental illness treatment is done in a modern and no longer placed in a
closed room, but dibangsal-ward free. They get freedom, entertained and can mingle with
polite so finally insyaf and conscious.
 Treatment by way of being shocked or shocked.In the Middle Ages in a way scared
or dropped into the well.Also used Hydro-therapie by using hot water or cold water.
Treatment of this kind is still done today.
In modern times treatment is now done by using sleeping pills, entertained with
music, sports, dancing and others. Shock therapie is still done mainly with the flow of
electricity (ECT) .Therapie work is still held
The development of nursing in Indonesia is influenced by the social and economic
conditions of colonial rule of the Netherlands, Britain and Japan and the situation of
Indonesian government after Indonesian independence Differentiated upon:
The period before independence
Dutch colonial period In this period the nurse came from a native population called
VELPLEGEK called zieken oppaser as the guardian of the hospital. the Dutch government's
efforts in health are:
• Established the hospital I Binnen Hospital in Jakarta in 1799
• Establish the hospital II Butten Hospital
• Establish military health service (military gezond herds dients)
• Defining the Public Health Service (Burgerlijke gezandherds dienst)
8. British Colonial Period
Governor-General Rafles takes great care of the people of the motto: Health is human
property. His efforts in health:
 General dating
 Fixed the way the treatment of patients with mental disorders
 Paying attention to the health of the prisoners
The Japanese colonial period Cause the development of nursing decline which is also the age
of darkness of the world of nursing in Indonesia. These setbacks are seen on
 nursing work done by uneducated people,
 Hospital leadership is taken over by Japanese people,

B. HISTORY OF NURSING DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA

The development of nursing in Indonesia is influenced by the social and economic

conditions of colonial rule of the Netherlands, Britain and Japan and the situation of
Indonesian government after Indonesia's independence is differentiated:
1. The period before independence
Dutch colonial period I. At this time the nurse came from the native population called
VELPLEGEK with the title zieken oppaser as the guardian of the hospital. the Dutch
government's efforts in health are:
- Established the hospital I Binnen Hospital in Jakarta in 1799
- Established the hospital II Butten Hospital
- Establish military health service (military gezond herds dients)
- Defining Public Health Service (Burgerlijke gezandherds dienst)

British colonial period, Governor-General Rafles is very concerned with the people of the
motto: Health is human property. His efforts in health:
1. General dating
2. Fixed the way the treatment of patients with mental disorders
3. Taking into account the health of the prisoners
The Japanese colonial era led to the development of nursing decline which is also the age of
darkness of the world of nursing in Indonesia. These setbacks are seen in nursing work done
by uneducated people, Hospital leadership is taken over by Japanese people, Drugs are
lacking. Outbreaks of disease occur everywhere.

2. The Age of Independence

Efforts in the field of health in 1949 began to be built hospitals and health centers. In
1952 began to be established nurse school of nursing school teachers and nursery school at
junior level starting in 1962 established professional nursing education.

In 1962-now nursing began to grow rapidly. In 1962, a number of nursing academies

(AKPER) began in 1985. The study program of nursing sciences (PSIK) was organized by
the faculty of medicine of Indonesian university graduated I in 1988. The impact is to
improve nursing service, nursing process approach and improve the role and function of
nurses.

Nursing psychiatric illness in IndonesiaThe 1800 psychiatric patients have been

collected in wards and care is preserved. RS soul was first established in 1875 in Cilandak
Bogor dnegan capacity 400 people. The second psychiatric hospital in Lawang in 1894 with a
capacity of 3300 patients. The third psychiatric hospital of RSJ Prof. Dr. Soeroyo in
Magelang in 1923 with a capacity of 1400 patients.
 The new nursing education opened in September 1940 in bogor with the course.
Currently soul care is held in a modern way. Dibangsal-ward, treatment with shock therapy,
using sleeping pills with music, sports and recreation.
The context of nursing itself is heavily influenced by the history of nursing in Islam,
culture and belief in Arab beliefs
health from an Islamic health perspective and the professional values gained from
nursing education.
Unlike the nursing outlook in Western countries, the belief in the spiritual of Islam is
reflected in their culture.
In Indonesia, it is also possible to live how nursing and Islam develop in harmony
with the acceleration of nursing care demands, the complexity of disease, the development of
health technology and health informatics in order to keep in mind and imitate the history of
nursing development started by Rufaidah bint Sa'ad

C. Nursing in the Future

Nursing is an open and dynamic system, meaning that nursing will always adjust to
the changes that occur either in the field of science and technology. The following is the
opinion of some experts on the development of nursing in the future.
1) Virginia Henderson
a. It has a legal foundation that will govern nursing services universally
available.
b. The nurse will perform most of its functions in primary care. Doctors and
other health workers are more involved as consultants. Health services
combine modern medicine with traditional medicine.
c. The nursing model will take precedence over the treatment model.
d. The emphasis of nursing care is health education with the aim of helping
clients to be self-reliant and better utilize health services.
e. The services provided will be more emphasis on disease prevention efforts.
f. Available funds will be allocated more for the health care provider at home.
g. The hospital will only serve patients with acute pain and patients who require
major surgery.
h. The field of nursing will be more in demand, especially by minorities.
i. To obtain a practice license, the nurse must earn a bachelor's degree.
 j. The nurse's salary will be larger than the more professional and quality
nursing service.
k. More nurses who understand health practices

2) Fuerst Wolf And Wetzil

a. Work towards interdependence based on partnership with other professional
groups in providing comprehensive health care to the community.
b. Seek to determine his own role in practice and determine responsible
responsibilities and actions.
c. Improved knowledge and skills facilitated through nursing research.
d. The development of nursing along with developments in other fields.
e. Seeking rewards that are commensurate with status and role in nursing.

3) Prof. Ma'rifin Husin

a. In the field of nursing care from assistance based on skills and procedures
merely turns into assistance with the foundation of science and scientific
methods, nursing care standards, and nursing professional ethics.
b. The original service was changed into self-service.
c. Procedural skills transform into a science-based skill and nursing process with a
sense of responsibility for the implementation of nursing care, and professional
attitudes and behavior.
d. Nursing education that was originally vocational changed into higher education
both D III and SI.
e. Research.
f. From almost nothing at all turns into existing and established, because the
undergraduate (SI, S2) has enough.
g. In professional organizations, the focus is on organizational consolidation
programs,and welfare transformed into a broad and active professional
knowledge development.
h. Nursing as a profession is accepted as an independent profession.
i. In addition to the opinions of the experts above, developments in the field of
treatment can be predicted based on the facts that occur in society. These facts
include:
j. With the increasing population of elderly then gerontik nursing needs to be
developed.
k. Increased degenerative diseases, AIDS, mental illness, and increasing maternal
and infant mortality require specific services related to these problems.
l. Seeing the culture that clients prefer to be treated in the middle of the family and
the rising cost of care in the hospital then in the future will nurse home health
organizers will get an important position. Therefore, the specialization of family
health nursing needs to be developed.
 CHAPTER III
COVER

A. Conclusion
Nursing is a science and profession that provide health services in order to improve
kesahatan for the community. Nursing has been around since humans exist and until now the
nursing profession is growing rapidly. The history of nursing development in Indonesia does
not only take place in the order of practice, in this case the nursing service, but also in the
world of nursing education. Not foreign, nursing education has a great influence on the
quality of nursing services. Therefore nurses must continue to increase their potential, one of
them through continuing nursing education.

B. Suggestions
From the conclusion that we have as a prospective nurse must continue to improve
his competence, one of them through continuous nursing education, so we do not experience
the backwardness of international nursing. In addition, as a prospective nurse we should learn
how the history of the development of nursing world that exist, so we are more familiar with
how the profession of nursing and through it we can learn to appreciate the profession we
live.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

_____. 2006. Book of Professional Organization Organization of Indonesian National Nurses.

East Java: Board of ProvincesPPNI.

Samba, Suharyati. 2009. Travel Nursing Indonesia. Bandung: Yayasan Nusantara

Bandung.

http://www.tugaskesehatan.com/2012/05/hakekat-keperawatan.html

Ali, Zaidin. 2001. Fundamentals of Professional Nursing. Jakarta: Widya Medika.

Asmadi. 2008. Basic Concepts of Nursing. Jakarta: EGG.