Bs- Psychology 321

Cognitive Psychology

1. Artificial intelligence (AI) the attempt by humans to construct systems that

show intelligence and, particularly, the intelligent processing of information;
intelligence in symbol-processing systems such as computers.
2. Associationism examines how events or ideas can become associated with one
another in the mind to result in a form of learning.
3. Behaviorism a theoretical outlook that psychology should focus only on the
relation between observable behavior, on the one hand, and environmental
events or stimuli, on the other.
4. Cognitive psychology the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and
think about information.
5. Cognitivism the belief that much of human behavior can be understood in terms
of how people think.
6. Empiricist one who believes that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence.
7. Functionalism seeks to understand what people do and why they do it.
8. Gestalt psychology states that we best understand psychological phenomena
when we view them as organized, structured wholes.
9. Intelligence the capacity to learn from experience, using metacognitive
processes to enhance learning, and the ability to adapt to the surrounding
environment.
10. Introspection looking inward at pieces of information passing through
consciousness.
11. Pragmatists ones who believe that knowledge is validated by its usefulness.
12. Rationalist one who believes that the route to knowledge is through logical
analysis.
13. Structuralism seeks to understand the structure (configura- tion of elements) of
the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent
components.
14. Amygdala plays an important role in emotion, especially in anger and
aggression.
15. Axon the part of the neuron through which intraneuronal conduction occurs (via
the action potential) and at the terminus of which is located the terminal buttons
that release neurotransmitters.
16. Brain the organ in our bodies that most directly controls our thoughts, emotions,
and motivations.
17. Brainstem connects the forebrain to the spinal cord.
18. Cerebellum controls bodily coordination, balance, and muscle tone, as well as
some aspects of memory involv- ing procedure-related movements; from Latin,
“little brain”.
19. Cerebral cortex forms a 1- to 3-millimeter layer that wraps the surface of the
brain somewhat like the bark of a tree wraps around the trunk.
20. Corpus callosum a dense aggregate of neural fibers connect- ing the two
cerebral hemispheres.
21. Dendrites the branch-like structures of each neuron that extend into synapses
with other neurons and that receive neurochemical messages sent into synapses
by other neurons.
22. Frontal lobe associated with motor processing and higher thought processes,
such as abstract reasoning.
23. Hippocampus plays an essential role in memory formation
24. Hypothalamus regulates behavior related to species survival: fighting, feeding,
fleeing, and mating; also active in reg- ulating emotions and reactions to stress.
25. Korsakoff’s syndrome produces loss of memory function.
26. Limbic system important to emotion, motivation, memory, and learning.
27. Lobes divide the cerebral hemispheres and cortex into four parts.
28. Medulla oblongata brain structure that controls heart activity and largely
controls breathing, swallowing, and digestion
29. Myelin a fatty substance coating the axons of some neurons that facilitates the
speed and accuracy of neuronal communication
30. Nervous system the organized network of cells (neurons) through which an
individual receives information from the environment, processes that information,
and then interacts with the environment networks a web of relationships (e.g., c
31. Neurons individual nerve cells
32. Occipital lobe associated with visual processing, the primary motor cortex,
which specializes in the planning, control, and execution of movement,
particularly of movement involving any kind of delayed response
33. Parietal lobe associated with somatosensory processing
34. Pons serves as a kind of relay station because it contains neu- ral fibers that
pass signals from one part of the brain to another
35. Septum is involved in anger and fear
36. Synapse a small gap between neurons that serves as a point of contact between
the terminal buttons of one or more neurons and the dendrites of one or more
other neurons
37. Temporal lobe associated with auditory processing
38. Thalamus relays incoming sensory information through groups of neurons that
project to the appropriate region in the cortex.
39. Agnosia a severe deficit in the ability to perceive sensory information.
40. Bipolar cells make dual connections forward and outward to the ganglion cells,
as well as backward and inward to the third layer of retinal cells.
41. Cones one of the two kinds of photoreceptors in the eye; less numerous, shorter,
thicker, and more highly concentrated in the foveal region of the retina than in the
periphery of the retina than are rods (the other type of photoreceptor); virtually
non-functional in dim light, but highly effective in bright light and essential to color
vision.
42. Fovea a part of the eye located in the center of the retina that is largely
responsible for the sharp central vision people.
43. Ganglion cells a kind of neuron usually situated near the inner surface of the
retina of the eye; receive visual information from photoreceptors by way of
bipolar cells and amacrine cells; send visual information from the retina to
several different parts of the brain, such as the thalamus and the hypothalamus.
44. Optic ataxia impaired visual control of the arm in reaching out to a visual target.
45. Optic nerve the nerve that transmits information from the retina to the brain.
46. Perception the set of processes by which we recognize, orga- nize, and make
sense of the sensations we receive from environmental stimuli.
47. Photoreceptors the third layer of the retina contains the photoreceptors, which
transduce light energy into elec- trochemical energy.
48. Rods light-sensitive photoreceptors in the retina of the eye that provide
peripheral vision and the ability to see objects at night or in dim light; rods are not
color sensitive.
49. Theory of multiple intelligences belief that intelligence com- prises multiple
independent constructs, not just a single, unitary construct.
50. Top-down theories driven by high-level cognitive processes, existing
knowledge, and prior expectations.
51. Arousal - is a degree of physiological excitation, responsivity, and
readiness for action, relative to a baseline
52. Automatization - is the process by which a procedure changes
from being highly conscious to being relatively automatic.
53. Change blindness - is the inability to detect changes in objects or
scenes that are being viewed.
54. Consciousness - includes both the feeling of awareness and the
content of awareness.
55. Controlled processes - accessible to conscious control and
even require it.
56. Dishabituation - is a change in a familiar stimulus that prompts us
to start noticing the stimulus again.
57. Distracters - is a nontarget stimuli that divert our attention away
from the target stimulus.
58. Sensory adaptation - is a lessening of attention to a stimulus that
is not subject to conscious control.
59. Signal detection - is the detection of the appearance of a particular stimulus.
60. Priming - is the facilitation of one’s ability to utilize missing
information.
61. Vigilance - is refers to a person’s ability to attend to a field of
stimulation over a prolonged period, during which the
person seeks to detect the appearance of a particular target stimulus of interest.
62. Stroop effect - demonstrates the psychological difficulty in
selectively attending to the color of the ink and trying
to ignore the word that is printed with the ink of that
color.
63. Signal-detection theory (SDT) - is a theory of how we detect
stimuli that involves four possible outcomes of the presence or absence of a
stimulus and our detection or nondetection of a stimulus.
64. Divided attention - is the prudent allocation of available attentional resources to
coordinate the performance of more
than one task at a time.
65. Attention - it focus on a small subset of available
stimuli.
66. Blindsight - it traces of visual perceptual ability in blind areas.
67. Alzheimer’s disease - is a disease of older adults that causes
dementia as well as progressive memory loss.
68. Amnesia – it is a severe loss of explicit memory.
69. Working memory – it holds only the most recently activated portion of long-term
memory, and it moves these activated elements into and out of brief.
70. Recognition – is to select or otherwise identify an item as being
one that you learned previously.
71. Prime – is a node that activates a connected node; this activation
is known as the priming effect.
72. Memory - the means by which we retain and draw on our past
experiences to use this information in the present.
73. Central executive – is both coordinates attentional activities and
governs responses.
74. Hypermnesia – is a process of producing retrieval of memories
that seem to have been forgotten.
75. Episodic memory – it stores personally experienced events or
episodes.
76. Explicit memory - is when participants engage in conscious
recollection.
77. Implicit memory - is when we recollect something but are not
consciously aware that we are trying to do so.
78. Infantile amnesia - is the inability to recall events that happened
when we were very young.
79. Mnemonist - is someone who demonstrates extraordinarily keen
memory ability, usually based on the use of special techniques for memory
enhancement.
80. Recall – is to produce a fact, a word, or other item from memory.
81. Priming effect – is the resulting activation of the node.
82. Iconic store - is a discrete visual sensory register that holds information for very
short periods.
83. Long-term store – is a very large capacity, capable of storing information for very
long periods, perhaps even indefinitely.
84. Short-term store - is capable of storing information for somewhat
longer periods but also of relatively limited capacity.
85. Autobiographical memory - is refers to memory of an individual’s
history.
86. Decay theory – it asserts that information is forgotten because of
the gradual disappearance, rather than displacement, of
the memory trace.
87. Rehearsal – is the repeated recitation of an item.
88. Spacing effect - refers to the fact that long-term recall is best
when the material is learned over a longer period of
time.
89. Schemas – is a mental frameworks for representing knowledge that
encompass an array of interrelated concepts in a meaningful organization.
90. Mnemonic devices – is a specific techniques to help you memorize
lists of words.
91. Flashbulb memory – is a memory of an event so powerful that the
person remembers the event as vividly as if it were
indelibly preserved on film.
92. Interference theory - refers to the view that forgetting occurs
because recall of certain words interferes with recall of
other words.
93. Metacognition – it is our understanding and control of our cognition, our ability to
think about and control our own processes of thought and ways of enhancing our
thinking.
94. Accessibility - is the degree to which we can gain access to the
available information.
95. Constructive – is the prior experience affects how we recall things
and what we actually recall from memory.
96. Decay – it occurs when simply the passage of time causes an individual to forget.
97. Encoding – it refers to how you transform a physical, sensory
input into a kind of representation that can be placed
into memory.
98. Massed practice – a learning in which sessions are crammed
together in a very short space of time.
99. Consolidation – is the process of integrating new information into
stored information.
100. Distributed practice – is a learning in which various sessions are
spaced over time.
Bs Psychology 321

Clinical Psychology

1. Scientist-practitoner model - This term was used to label this two-pronged

approach to training.
2. Boulder Model – The approach to clinical psychology training unquestionably
dominated the field.
3. Predoctoral Internship – This internship consists of a full year of supervised
clinical experience in an applied setting.
4. Postdoctoral Internship – It is typically lasts 1 to 12 years and its essentially a
step up from the predoctoral internship.
5. Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology ( EPPP) – It is a
standardized multiple-choice exam on board range of psychology topics.
6. Counselling Psychologist – They are more likely to work with counsel and less
pathological clients.
7. Psychiatrist – They go to medical school and are licensed as physician.
8. Social workers – They have focused their work on the interaction between an
individual and the components of society that may contribute to or alleviate the
individual’s problem.
9. William Tuke – his homeland is England, He was the one who raised the fund to
open the York Retreat.
10. York Retreat – A residential treatment center where the mentally ill would
always be cared for with kindness, dignity, and decency.
11. Eli Todd – He made sure that the chorus of voices for humane treatment of the
mentally ill was also heard on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, he was able
to raise funds to open the Retreat in Hartford.
12. Dorothea Dix – a Teacher in a jail Boston, where she saw firsthand that many of
the inmates were there as a result of mental illness or retardation rather than
crime.
13. Emil Kraepelin – He considered as a father of descriptive psychology.
14. Edward Lee Thorndike – Was among those who promoted the idea that each
person possesses separate independent intelligence.
15. Charles Spearman – He led a group of theorist
16. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) – Distinguished itself from
Stanford-Binet by the inclusion of specific subtest as well as verbal and
performance scale.
17. Hermann Rorschach – a Swiss psychologists, he published a test that had
significant impact for many years to come, he released his own now-famous set
of 10 inkblots.
18. Rorschach Inkblot Method – was based on the assumption that people will
project their personalities onto ambiguous opr vague stimuli.
19. Thematic Apperception Test – was similar to Rorschach in that the test taker
responded to cards featuring ambiguous stimuli.
20. Psychotherapy – Is the primary activity of clinical psychology today, but hasn’t
always been the case.
21. Jerome Wakefield – A renowned scholar in the field of abnormal psychology.
22. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) – The prevailing
diagnostic guide for mental health professionals – everyday as they perform
assessments, offer therapy, and design and execute research study.
23. Multi- axial assessment – According to this system, a mental health professional
can provide diagnostic information on each of five distinct axes.
24. Abnormality – Forms of behavior that are outside the normal range often labeled
mental disorders, psychiatric diagnoses, or psychopathology.
25. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) – A provisional or proposed mental
disorder characterized by severe premenstrual symptoms possibly including
depressed mood, anxiety, affective lability and decreased interest in activity.
26. Provisional Disorder – A set of symptoms described in an appendix of the DSM.
27. Harmful dysfunction theory – A theory of abnormality stating that the definition of
disorder should include aspects of harmfulness.
28. Culture- bound syndrome – A set of symptoms or experiences of people within
specific cultural group or society.
29. Crisis interview – As type of clinical interview designed not only to asses a
problem demanding urgent attention ( most often, clients actively considering
suicide).
30. Diagnostic interview – A type of clinical interview in which the primary purpose is
to diagnose the client’s problem.
31. Confidentiality – As mandate by the code of ethics of the American
Psychological Association, upholding the privacy of clinical information.
32. Unstructured interview – An interview that involves no predetermined or planned
question and in which interviewers determine the course of the interview as it
takes place.
33. Open-ended question – An interview question that allows for individualized and
spontaneous responses from clients.
34. Mental status exam – A type of clinical interview often used in medical setting,
the primary purpose of which is to quickly asses how the client is functioning at
the time of the evaluation.
35. Paraphrasing – A clinical interview technique used simply to ensure clients that
they are beings accurately heard.
36. Rapport – A positive, comfortable relationship between clinician and client,
especially important in the context of the clinical interview.
37. Semistructured interview – A clinical interview that has some characteristics of
structured interview as well as some characteristic interview.
38. Attending behavior – It is fundamental aspects of listening, including eye
contact, body language, vocal qualities, and verbal tracking.
39. Fluid Intelligence - It is the ability to reason when faced with novel problems.
40. Family therapy – A form of psychotherapy in which family members attend
sessions together and a primary goal is the improvement of dysfunctional
characteristics of the family system.
41. Endogenous disorders – Emil Kraepelin’s term for disorders caused by internal
factors.
42. Neuropsychological test – A psychological test that focus on issues of cognitive
or brain dysfunction, including the effects of brain injuries and illness.
43. Louis Thurstone –A pioneer in the study of intelligence.
44. James Cattell – A leading figure in the study of intelligence who proposed
separate fluid and crystallized intelligences.
45. Crystallized intelligence – The body of knowledge one has accumulate as a
result of life experiences.
46. Perceptual reasoning index – a measure of fluid reasoning, spatial processing,
and visual- motor integration, and one of four index scores yielded by the
Wechsler intelligence test.
47. Learning disability – A diagnosis based on the level of academic achievement
falling significantly below the level of intellectual ability.
48. Normative data – A sample of result data gathered by creators of the
psychological test and typically designed to accompany the test that constitute a
basis for comparison for individuals who take the test in clinical setting.\\
49. Achievement test – A type of standardized tests used to measure
how much students have learned in specific, clearly defined content areas,
including but not limited to reading, mathematics, science, and social studies.
50. Quantitative Reasoning – The ability to solve numerical problems, and one of
the five factor scores of Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.
51. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) A projective personality test in which
individuals create stories in response to ambiguous interpersonal scenes.
52. Rorshach Inkblot Method The projective personality test created by Hermann
Rorshach involving 10 ambiguous inkblot.
53. Multimethod assessment An approach to assessment incorporating multiple
methods, including test of different types, interview data, observations or other
resources.
54. Christian Morgan One of the creators of the Thematic Apperception Test, a
popular projective personality test.
55. Cultural Competence for clinical psychologists, the ability to work sensitively
and expertly with culturally diverse members of a heterogeneous society.
56. Comprehensive System The leading scoring system for the Rorschach Inkblot
test, created by John Exner.
57. Traditional Personality Assessment In contrast to behavioural assessment,
an approach to assessment that assumes that personality is a stable, internal
construct; assessing personality requires a high degree of inference; and client
behaviours are sign s of underlying problems.
58. Sentence Completion Test Projective personality Tests in which the individual
is asked to complete sentence stems.
59. Naturalistic Observation The direct, systematic observation of a client’s
behaviour in the natural environment; also known as behavioural observation.
60. Objective personality test The personality Test characterized by
unambiguous test items, a limited range of client responses, and objective
scoring.
61. Attention In the context of psychotherapy outcome research the interest that a
therapist take in the client that may constitute a common factor across the
therapies.
62. Bruce Wampold A leading contemporary psychotherapy researcher who has
argued strongly in favor of the dodo bird verdict and against a perspective
approach to treatment.
63. Dodo Bird verdict A nickname for common research finding that different forms
of psychotherapy are roughly equally effective; derived from the line in Alice in
Wonderland, ‘’everyone has won and all must have prizes.’’
64. Effectiveness In contrast to efficacy, the success of a therapy in actual clinical
settings in which client problems span a wider range and are not chosen as a
result of meeting certain diagnostic criteria.
65. Efficacy The success of a particular therapy in a controlled study conducted
with clients who were chosen according to particular study criteria.
66. Meta- analysis A statistical method of combining result of separate studies to
create a summation of the findings.
67. Prescriptive approach An approach to psychotherapy in which specific therapy
techniques with the most empirical evidence are viewed as the treatment of
choice for specific disorder.
68. Psychotherapy Techniques and approaches used by clinical psychologists
and other mental health professionals to alleviate psychological symptoms or
improve some aspect of emotional, cognitive or behavioural functioning.
69. Working Alliance Also known as the therapeutic alliance or therapeutic
relationship, and an established common factor in psychotherapy outcome
research; a coalition or partnership between two allies working in a trusting
relationship toward a mutual goal.
70. Tripartite Model A model of assessing psychotherapy outcome developed by
Hans Strupp and his colleagues that acknowledges the viewpoint of three
parties (the client, the therapist, and third parties such as society, family or
managed care companies)
71. Allegiance Effects In psychotherapy outcome research, the influence of
researchers’ own biases and preferences on the outcome of their empirical
studies.
72. Anal stage In psychodynamic psychotherapy the second of the psychosexual
developmental stages, and the stage from which issues of control may emerge.
73. Defense mechanism In psychodynamic therapy, techniques used by the ego
to managed conflict between the id and the superego.
74. Freudian slips Verbal or behavioural mistakes that are determined, according
to psychodynamic psychotherapists, by unconscious motivations.
75. Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) A specific, manualized, contemporary form of
psychodynamic psychotherapy that emphasizes interpersonal relationships and
the received empirical support for the treatment of depression.
76. Oral stage In psychodynamic psychotherapy, the first of the psychosexual
developmental stage from which issues of dependency may emerge.
77. Phallic Stage In psychodynamic therapy, the third of the psychosexual
developmental stage, and the stage from which issue of self -work may emerge.
78. Psychodynamic Therapy
79. Repression In psychodynamic therapy, a defense mechanism in which the ego
repress conscious awareness of selected topic or emotion.
80. Sublimation In psychodynamic therapy, a defense mechanism in which the ego
redirect the id impulse in such away resulting behaviour actually.
81. Abraham Maslow A pioneer of the humanistic approach to clinical psychology.
82. Incongruence In humanistic psychotherapy, discrepancy between the real self
and the ideal self; the sources of psychopathology.
83. Empathy In humanistic psychotherapy, a type of family relationship resulting
from incomplete differentiation of self whereby family members remain overly
emotionally connected with each other.
84. Genuineness In humanistic psychotherapy, the quality of therapist of
truthfulness, realness, or congruence, in contrast to playing the therapist role
falsely.
85. Ideal self In humanistic psychotherapy, the self that an individual could
experience if he or she fulfilled his or her own potential, in contrast to real self.
86. Positive Psychology A recent movement which in the field of psychology that
accentuates the strong and healthy rather than the pathological aspects of
human behaviour.
87. Real self In humanistic psychotherapy, the self that an individual actually
experience, in contrast in ideal self.
88. Self- actualization In humanistic psychotherapy, the inborn tendency to grow in
a healthy way.
89. Unconditional positive regard In humanistic psychotherapy, one of the three
essential therapeutic conditions; the full acceptance another person without any
conditions or stipulations.
90. Congruence In humanistic psychotherapy, consistency between the real self
and the ideal self; the source of mental health.
91. Alfred Bandura A leading researcher in the area of observational learning
modelling, in social learning.
92. Behavioral Psychotherapy An approach to psychotherapy emphasizing
empiricism, observable and quantifiable problems and progress, and lack of
speculation about internal mental processes.
93. Classical Conditioning Conditioning in which an conditioned stimulus that
produce an unconditioned response is paired which a conditioned stimulus such
that the conditioned stimulus elicits a similar response (labelled as the
conditioned response).
94. Discrimination In Classical conditioning, a process by which the conditioned
response is not evoke the stimuli that are similar to, but not an exact much for,
the conditioned stimulus.
95. Generalization In classical conditioning, a process by which the conditioned
response is evoke by stimuli that are similar to, but not an exact match for, the
conditioned stimulus.
96. Operant conditioning Conditioning in which the organism ‘’operates’’ on the
environment, notice the consequences of the behaviour, and incorporates those
consequences into decisions regarding future behaviour.
97. Observational learning In behavioural therapy, conditioning that takes place
while the individual observes contingency applied to others rather the self; also
known as modelling and social learning.
98. Law of effect The behavioural principle that action followed by pleasurable
consequences are more likely to recur, whereas actions followed by unpleasant
consequences are less likely to recall.
99. Punishment In behaviour therapy, any consequence that makes a behaviour
less likely recur in the future.
100. Reward In behaviour therapy, any consequence that makes a behaviour
more likely recur in the future.