Energy equation

1. Euler eqn. For the frictionless flow along a streamline of an incompressible fluid reln. between pressure,
∂V 1 ∂p ∂z ∂V
elevation and velocity is given by: + +g +V =
0
∂t ρ ∂s ∂s ∂s
2. Bernoulli eqn.: Integration of Euler eqn. for steady, incompressible fluid flow, without friction, yields the
p V2
Bernoulli eqn.: + + Z = constant = H
γ 2g
p
Where represents flow work i.e. the work done by the fluid on the surroundings
γ
3. The general energy eqn of dealing with conservation of energy is written for steady, incompressible fluid
flow between two sections 1 and 2 as
H1 + H E − H L =
H2
Total head at section 1 + Head added due to machine such as a pump  − Head loss  =
Total head at section 2

Where H1 = total energy at section 1

HE =energy into the system between sections 1 and 2
HL = energy loss due to friction, etc. between section 1 and 2
H2 = total energy at section 2
When a pump is used HE = HP (a positive quantity) and when a turbine is used HE = Ht (a negative quantity)
Or,
( )
H 1 + H E −  e2 − e1 − qw  =
H 2 , where qw = heat added per unit weight of fluid, e1, e2 = internal energy per

unit weight of fluid at the respective states.

The term (e2 − e1 ) − qw  = (reversible + irreversible) head
In the incompressible fluid flow irreversible flow is called head loss HL
4. Hydraulic grade line: A line joining the piezometric heads at various points in a flow is known as
hydraulic grade line(HGL)
5. Energy Line: A line joining the elevation of total energy of a flow measured above a datum is known as
energy line. The energy line lies above the HGL by an amount of V2/2g .
6. Kinetic energy correction factor (𝛂): In 1-D method of analysis, the average velocity V is used to
represent the velocity at a cross section. The actual velocity distribution in the c/s is non-uniform. A
correction factor is introduced to obtain real kinetic energy at the c/s.
3
1 v 
α= ∫  dA , 𝛂 = 2.0 for laminar flow,
A V 
𝛂 = 1.03-1.06 for turbulent flow. Greater the non-uniformity in

velocity distribution larger will be the value of 𝛂. In turbulent flow velocity is more uniformly distributed
than laminar pipe flow.
7. Power: In the case of a work done over a fluid the power input into the flow is: P = γQH
γQH
a) Pump: Power input reqd. at the pump is: Pin =
ηp

b) Turbine: Power delivered by the turbine is Pout =

γQH ηt
 Momentum equation

1. Linear momentum equation:

∂
∑F x
= F px + Fsx + Fbx =
∂t
(M x )cv + M xout − M xin , M x = momentum flux in x-direction = ρQVx
1
2. Momentum correction factor: β = ∫ u dA , for laminar flow 𝛃 = 1.33, for turbulent flow 𝛃 = 1.05.
2
V 2A
3. The moment of momentum eqn.: It is based on Newton’s 2nd law of motion:
Torque
= exerted on the fluid by rotating element   Angular momentum of fluid leaving out of CV  −
 Angular momentum of fluid entering the CV 

=⇒ T ρQ 
 ( ∑V )
r out − ( ∑V ) 
r in 
