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Outline General
1. General
Centrifugal Stopping
force
Curving Braking force Tires are installed on the vehicle
together with disc wheels.
Vehicles ride on pneumatic tires
filled with pressurized air. Tires are
the only vehicle components that
Running come into direct contact with the
Weight
Driving road sur-face.
force If the tire air pressure is improper,
this can cause abnormal wear and
lower the driving performance.
Tires perform the following functions:
• The tires support the overall
Tire Lessen the shock
weight of the vehicle.
• The tires directly contact the road
Disc wheel
surface and therefore transmit the
vehicle's driving and braking forces
to the road, thus controlling starting,
acceleration, deceleration,
stopping, and turning.
• The tires attenuate (reduce) shock
caused by irregularities in the road
surface.
(1/1)
Outline Construction
2. Construction
Tubeless tire Tubed tire (1) Tires
The types of tires are tubed tires
and tubeless tires.
Also, there are radial tires and bias
Inner liner
Tube
tires, both of which comprise the fol-
lowing parts.
<1>Tread
Valve <2>Belt (rigid breaker)/Breaker
Valve
<3>Carcass (cross plies)
Radial tire Bias tire
<1> Tread <4>Inner liner
<2> Breaker <5>Bead wire
<2> Belt
There are also other types, such as
(rigid breaker) compact spare tires (temporary tire
<3> Carcass types) used for punctures and other
(cross plies)
emergencies, and run-flat tires on
<4> Inner liner which you can drive a certain distance
even with a puncture.
<5> Bead wire
Tire external
Wheel rim diameter
diameter
(3)Disc wheels
Pressed-steel disc wheel
The size of the wheel is indicated on
The size of the wheel
the rim of the disc wheel.
<1> Wheel rim <2> Wheel rim
width flange shape <1>Wheel rim width
<3> Offset
<2>Wheel rim flange shape
<3>Offset
<4>Wheel rim diameter
<5>Wheel rim center
<6>P.C.D. (Pitch Circle Diameter)
<6> P.C.D <4> Wheel rim
Cast light alloy disc wheel (pitch circle diameter
<7>Hub mounting surface
diameter)
The size of
the wheel
(1/1)
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Diagnosis Technicain - Manual Transaxle Tires and Disc Wheels
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Diagnosis Technicain - Manual Transaxle Tires and Disc Wheels
HINT:
Unidirectional Pattern Tires
These are tires with a tread pattern, which has direction-
ality with respect to the direction of rotation. Lateral
Mark indicating
direction of
grooves in the tire tread are given directionality in order
rotation to improve performance on wet roads, making it easier
Forward rotation Reverse rotation
for the tires to drain off water. The performance of these
tires on wet roads worsens if they are mounted in the
wrong direction.
(1/1)
2. Pattern noise
Pattern noise is the most distinctive operating sound
of the tire. The tread grooves coming into contact
with the road surface contain air, which is trapped
and compressed between the grooves and the road
sur-face. When the tread leaves the road surface,
the compressed air bursts out of the grooves,
generating noise.
Pattern noise increase if tread design is such that air is
more liable to be trapped in the grooves. The block or
lug tread pattern, for example, is more likely to gen-erate
noise than the rib pattern. The pitch (frequency) of the
noise rises as the vehicle speed increases.
Since pattern noise thus depends on tread pattern,
the pattern can be designed to minimize this. What
appears to be a simple repetitive lug and zigzag pat-
tern, for example, may contain subtle variations in
pat-tern spacing.
(2/2)
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Diagnosis Technicain - Manual Transaxle Tires and Disc Wheels
Tire Types
There are various ways to classify tires. The type of tire
according to the road surface which is used is empha-
sized and the functions and characteristics of each type
of tire are indicated.
1. Snow tires
The snow tire is designed to maintain maneuverability
on muddy or snow-covered roads. This is done by
providing a greater number of blocks in the tread pat-
tern, and making these blocks deeper and further apart
from each other. It combines the lug tread pat-
tern, which effectively transmits driving force, and the
rib pattern, which minimizes side-slipping.
<Characteristics>
• Less side-slipping and better traction, and
greater steering stability during braking.
Normal tire
• Greater maneuverability when turning and changing
lanes.
All-weather • Easier escape from wheel ruts.
tire • Smaller rolling resistance.
• Less vibration and noise.
Snow tire
Since snow tire tread is less rigid than normal tire tread,
50 60 70 80 on the other hand, it is less capable of stabilizing a vehi-
Tread contact area ratio (%) cle traveling at a high speed on a dry road surface. Cor-
nering especially suffers in this respect.
2. Spiked tires
Snow tires perform well on snow-covered roads, but
have little road-hugging ability on icy roads. The
spiked tire has been devised to provide greater
driving stability under such conditions. It features
snow tire tread, combined with metal spikes, which
bite into the surface of the ice to transmit the
Spike vehicle's driving and braking forces. Nevertheless,
equipping the vehicle with the spiked tires alone
Tip does not ensure complete driving safety on snow-
Body covered and icy roads. The vehicle must still be
operated with the utmost care. Also, use of spiked
tires on road surfaces that are free of snow and ice
must be avoided since this not only accelerates spike
wear, but also could damage the road surface and
pollute the air with concrete and asphalt particles.
Authorities in some countries or localities restrict or
prohibit the use of spiked tires and even tire chains
for these reasons.
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Diagnosis Technicain - Manual Transaxle Tires and Disc Wheels
3. Studless tires
In the past, spiked tires had primarily been used on
ice and snow. However, since the use of spiked tires
has recently been restricted or prohibited in many
Sipes countries, studless tires have been developed to facil-
itate vehicle travel on icy roads without the use of
spikes. Studless tires use a special tread rubber that,
in addition to the capabilities of snow tires, also pre-
vents loss of flexibility even at extremely low
tempera-tures. This enables these tires to ensure
sufficient contact with the surface of the road even
when the road is covered with ice or snow. In
addition, due to the provision of many small cuts in
the tread surface, called "sipes", or by other means,
the tire is able to effectively dig up and throw off ice
Snow Icy roads and snow, enabling it to obtain adequate driving force
tires
Snowy roads and braking force. However, there are cases in which
Studless
the performance of studless tires cannot be
tires sufficiently demonstrated under certain road
conditions and with certain driving styles. It is
therefore important to drive with caution on icy roads
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 (m)
and use tire chains and so forth as neces-sary.
Example : Comparison of braking distance
between snow tires and studless tires
(Speed : 40 km/h [ 25mph ] )
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Diagnosis Technicain - Manual Transaxle Tires and Disc Wheels
5. Sand tires
These tires are designed to be able to run on roads
in areas with soft, sandy terrain.
The tread of these tires is wide, and the tread pattern
is ribbed with shallow grooves which prevent it from
breaking through the top layer of the sand or soil.
The inflation pressure of these tires is lowered when
running on sandy terrain in order to maximize the
sur-face area that contacts the road surface.
Therefore, the carcass of these tires is constructed to
be able to bear heavy loads even at low inflation
pres-sures.
Dimensional Run-out
uniformity
Uniformity in
rigidity Uniformity
LFV TFV
RFV
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Diagnosis Technicain - Manual Transaxle Tires and Disc Wheels
1. Wheel balance
Static balance
It is necessary to balance the wheel assemblies
prop-erly in order to eliminate vibrations and this
operation is what is called wheel balancing.
Wheel balancing involves balancing the weight of the
entire wheel assembly-that is, the disc wheel with
A (Heavy spot) the tire attached.
Wheel balance can be divided into "static bal-
Centrifugal
force ance"(that when the wheel assembly is at rest)
Radial
vibration and "dynamic balance" (that when it is rotating).
HINT:
Dynamic balance There are off-the-car balancers that balance the tires
alone and on-the-car balancers that balance the tire with
A B the rotating parts such as the disc brake rotor and axle
hubs.
G0
G0
B A
2. Run-out
Radial Run-out Run-out is defined as the apparent change in a
tire dimensions during rotation.
Run-out is measured by holding a dial gauge against
the surface of the tire, rotating the tire, and observing
the fluctuations of the indicator needle on the gauge.
Off center
There are two types of run-out: that in the tire's radial
Out of round (Eccentric) direction (radial run-out), and that in the axial
direction (lateral run-out).
Lateral Run-out
Warping Non-perpendicularity
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Diagnosis Technicain - Manual Transaxle Tires and Disc Wheels
3. Uniformity
A tire may be thought of The tire is subject to subtle fluctuations in the way it
as a collection of springs. flexes as it rotates. These fluctuations introduce a
periodic variation in the force which it receives from
the road surface. This force can be resolved into
three components:
• Radial Force Variation (RFV)
Fluctuation in the vertical force acting upwards
toward the tire's center. (parallel to the tire's radius)
• Lateral Force Variation (LFV)
Fluctuation in the horizontal force acting parallel to
the tire's axis.
• Tractive Force Variation (TFV)
Fluctuation in the horizontal force acting parallel to
the tire's direction of motion.
LFV TFV
RFV
SERVICE HINT:
• Vibration
Tire vibration problems are divided into body shake,
steering flutter, and steering shimmy.
Body shake is defined as vertical or lateral vibration
of the vehicle body and steering wheel, along with
vibra-tion of the seats.
Shimmy and flutter are defined as vibration in
the steering wheel in its rotational direction.
(1/1)
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Diagnosis Technicain - Manual Transaxle Tires and Disc Wheels
SERVICE HINT:
standard
(%)
• Hard riding:
=
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Diagnosis Technicain - Manual Transaxle Tires and Disc Wheels
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Diagnosis Technicain - Manual Transaxle Tires and Disc Wheels
(2) Load
Load
A higher load accelerates tire wear in much the
same way as a reduction in inflation pressure does.
(2/5)
60
down to the point where it cannot
50 Tire depth gauge drain off the water between the
40 60 km/h tread and the road surface, leading
to hydroplaning.
30
3. Tread wear indicator
20 60 km/h
Tire tread wear indicators are pat-
40 km/h terned ridges 1.6mm (0.0630in.) to
10 1.8mm (0.0709in.) higher than the
40 km/h
rest of the tread surface, and are
0 20 40 60 80 100
(New tire) (Completely worn) molded into the tread at four to six
Percentage of wear (%) points along the circumference of
Wet surfaces the tire. As the tire tread wears in
Dry surfaces
time, the depth of the ridges
becomes less until they become
flush with the sur-face of the tread.
Tire tread wear indicators indicate the
allowable limit of tire wear, show-ing
when it is time to replace the tire.
(3/5)
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Diagnosis Technicain - Manual Transaxle Tires and Disc Wheels
4. Unusual wear
(1) Wear on tire shoulders or center
If the tire inflation pressure is too low, the
shoulders wear more faster than the center.
Overloading produces the same effect.
If the inflation pressure is too high, the center
wear more faster than the shoulders.
Under-inflation Wear on
shoulders
Over-inflation Wear on
tread center
Inside Inside
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Diagnosis Technicain - Manual Transaxle Tires and Disc Wheels
Direction of travel
Direction
of tire
slippage
Inside
Toe-out wear
Excessive toe-out
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Diagnosis Technicain - Manual Transaxle Tires and Disc Wheels
(4/5)
Example
5. Tire rotation
Because the load which is applied to
the front and rear tires are different,
Front
and the level of wear also varies.
Therefore tires should be rotated reg-
ularly so that they will wear uniformly.
Tires which the rotational direction is
determined must not be replaced at
right and left.
Tire which the tire size of front and
rear are different must not be
replaced at front and rear.
As the recommended tire rotation
method varies depending on model
and region, refer to the Owner's Man-
ual.
Spare Spare
tire tire
FF vehicle FR vehicle (except 1 Box type)
Full-time 4WD
Part-time 4WD
1 Box type vehicle
(5/5)
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Diagnosis Technicain - Manual Transaxle Tires and Disc Wheels
Exercise
Use the Exercises to check your level of understanding for the material in this Chapter. After answering
each Exercise, you can use the reference button to check the pages related to the current question. When
you get a incorrect answer, please return to the text to review the material and find the correct answer.
When all questions have been answered correctly, you can go to the next Chapter.
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Diagnosis Technicain - Manual Transaxle Tires and Disc Wheels
Question- 1
Mark each of the statements True or False.
1 Tire inflation pressure does not affect the tire wear. True
False
2 For tires with the tread worn, the road contact area is increased
so that they are effective even on a wet road surface. True False
Question- 2
The following illustration shows the disc wheel construction. From the following word group, select the words
that correspond to 1 to 4.
3 4
a) Wheel rim diameter b) Wheel rim width c) P.C.D. (Pitch Circle Diameter) d) Offset
Answer: 1. 2. 3. 4.
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Diagnosis Technicain - Manual Transaxle Tires and Disc Wheels
Question- 3
The following illustrations show the tire tread pattern.
From the following word group, select the appropriate one that correspond to 1 to 4.
1 2 3 4
a) Rib pattern (Suitable for driving on the paved road at high speed)
b) Lug pattern (Suitable for driving on the non-paved road)
c) Rib-and-lug pattern (Stable driving performance can be attained on both the paved and the non-paved roads.)
d) Block pattern (Used in the snow tire or studless tire)
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