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Mobile evolution
Edge technology
GPRS
Applications
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
Coverage
HSPA is a Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) technology, in
which the uplink and
downlink are in separate frequency channels (usually denoted as
2x5MHz). Mobile
WiMAX is a Time Division Duplex (TDD) technology, in which there
is just one
frequency channel that is shared between the uplink and the
downlink. The ratio
between the uplink and the downlink defines how they share the
frequency channel
in time. A 1:1 ratio indicates time split 50/50 between the uplink
and the downlink as
outlined
3GPP evolution
HSPA is at least four years ahead of other mobile broadband
technologies. It supports the delivery of mobile broadband and
fixed wireless broadband services in any of the mobile spectrum
bands (850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz, 1900MHz, 2.1GHz and
2.6GHz) and during 2007 it is expected that at least five of these
bands will carry commercial traffic. However, HSPA is only one
step in the evolution of mobile broadband. Delivering peak rates of
14Mbps in the downlink and 5.8Mbps in the uplink today, its
evolution adds support for MIMO and 64QAM that will deliver
42Mbps in the downlink and 11.5Mbps in the uplink. In parallel,
LTE will deliver further enhancements in peak
rates (exceeding 100Mbps), in addition to scalable channel
bandwidths using OFDMA with both TDD and FDD operation. LTE
and HSPA-evolved offer maximum spectrum flexibility while
delivering true high-speed, high-quality 4G performance.
Technology
EDGE/EGPRS is implemented as a bolt-on enhancement for
2G and 2.5G GSM and GPRS networks, making it easier for existing
GSM carriers to upgrade to it. EDGE/EGPRS is a superset to GPRS
and can function on any network with GPRS deployed on it,
provided the carrier implements the necessary upgrade.
Although EDGE requires no hardware or software changes to be
made in GSM core networks, base stations must be modified.
EDGE compatible transceiver units must be installed and the base
station subsystem needs to be upgraded to support EDGE. New
mobile terminal hardware and software is also required to
decode/encode the new modulation and coding schemes and carry
the higher user data rates to implement new services.
Transmission techniques
In addition to Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), EDGE
uses higher-order PSK/8 phase shift keying (8PSK) for the upper
five of its nine modulation and coding schemes. EDGE produces a
3-bit word for every change in carrier phase. This effectively
triples the gross data rate offered by GSM. EDGE, like GPRS, uses
a rate adaptation algorithm that adapts the modulation and coding
scheme (MCS) according to the quality of the radio channel, and
thus the bit rate and robustness of data transmission. It introduces
a new technology not found in GPRS, Incremental Redundancy,
which, instead of retransmitting disturbed packets, sends more
redundancy information to be combined in the receiver. This
increases the probability of correct decoding.
EDGE can carry data speeds up to 236.8 kbit/s for 4 timeslots
(theoretical maximum is 473.6 kbit/s for 8 timeslots) in packet
mode and will therefore meet the International
Telecommunications Union's requirement for a 3G network, and
has been accepted by the ITU as part of the IMT-2000 family of 3G
standards. It also enhances the circuit data mode called HSCSD,
increasing the data rate of this service.
Classification
Whether EDGE is 2G or 3G depends on implementation. While
Class 3 and below EDGE devices clearly are not 3G, class 4 and
above devices perform at a higher bandwidth than other
technologies conventionally considered as 2G as 1xRTT). Because
of the variability, EDGE is generally classified as 2.75G network
technology.
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet oriented
Mobile Data Service available to users of Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) and IS-136 mobile phones. It provides data
rates from 56 up to 114 kbps.
GPRS can be used for services such as Wireless Application
Protocol (WAP) access, Short Message Service (SMS), Multimedia
Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communication
services such as email and World Wide Web access. GPRS data
transfer is typically charged per megabyte of throughput, while
data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per
minute of connection time, independent of whether the user
actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state. GPRS is a
best-effort packet switched service, as opposed to circuit
switching, where a certain Quality of Service (QoS) is guaranteed
during the connection for non-mobile users.
2G cellular systems combined with GPRS is often described
as "2.5G", that is, a technology between the second (2G) and third
(3G) generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate speed
data transfer, by using unused Time division multiple access
(TDMA) channels in, for example, the GSM system. Originally there
was some thought to extend GPRS to cover other standards, but
instead those networks are being converted to use the GSM
standard, so that GSM is the only kind of network where GPRS is in
use. GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases.
It was originally standardized by European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI), but now by the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP).
Multiprotocol support
Today the 2G base station backhaul networks use TDM while
the 3G networks are based on the combination of TDM and
packettechnology. As Ethernet transport becomes more widely
available with the promise of cost savings, operators need a
solution for merging the existing networks into Ethernet. The
Tellabs 8600 system provides a solution that helps the operator to
migrate the existing networks to packet technology cost-
effectively. The Tellabs 8600 system has all of the common TDM
(PDH, SDH, SONET) interfaces as well as Ethernet interfaces. TDM,
ATM, Frame Relay and HDLC are forwarded using MPLS
pseudowires, which can be carried over Ethernet, SDH or SONET
network. This provides flexibility for choosing the optimal network
technology for transport.
CONCLUSION
EDGE Evolution
EDGE include:
A 100-percent increase in peak data rates. A 50-percent increase
in spectral efficiency and capacity in C/I-limited scenarios. A
sensitivity increase in the downlink of 3 dB for voice and data
Reduction of latency for initial access and round-trip time,
enabling support for
conversational services such as VoIP and PoC Achieving
compatibility with existing frequency planning, thus facilitating
deployment in existing networks Coexisting with legacy mobile
stations by allowing both old and new stations to share the same
radio resources Avoiding impacts on infrastructure by enabling
improvements through a software upgrade
Applicability for DTM (simultaneous voice and data) and the A/Gb
mode interface. The A/Gb mode interface is part of the 2G core
network, so this goal is required for full backward compatibility
with legacy GPRS/EDGE The methods being standardized in
Release 7 to achieve these objectives include: Adding 16
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM) and a new set of
modulation/coding schemes that will increase maximum
throughput per timeslot by 38 percent. Currently, EDGE uses 8-
PSK modulation. Simulations indicate a realizable 25 percent
increase in user-achievable peak rates. Allowing reception on two
distinct radio channels to increase the number of simultaneous
timeslots. A type 2-enhanced EDGE device (which can
simultaneously transmit and receive) will be able to receive up to
16 timeslots in two radio channels as well as transmit on up to
eight timeslots in one radio channel. Mobile Broadband: EDGE,
HSPA, LTE Page 21 � Reducing the Transmission Time Interval
(TTI) to reduce overall latency. This will have a dramatic effect on
application throughput for many applications. � Downlink
diversity reception of the same radio channel to increase the
robustness in interference and improve the receiver sensitivity.
Sensitivity gains of 3 dB and a decrease in required C/I of up to 18
dB for a single co-channel interferer are shown in simulations.
Significant increases in system capacity can be achieved, as
explained below. Dual-Carrier Receiver A key part of the evolution
of EDGE is the utilization of more than one radio frequency carrier.
This overcomes the inherent limitation of the narrow channel
bandwidth of GSM. Using two radio-frequency carriers requires
two receiver chains in the downlink, as shown in the following
figure. Using two carriers enables the reception of twice as many
radio blocks simultaneously or, alternatively, the original number
of radio blocks can be divided between the two carriers, thus
reducing the transmission time by half, and avoiding the potential
need for simultaneous transmission and reception. Channel
capacity with dual-carrier reception improves greatly, not by
increasing basic efficiencies of the air-interface but because of
statistical improvement in the ability to assign radio resources,
which increases trunking efficiency. As network loading increases,
it is statistically unlikely that contiguous timeslots will be available.
With today’s EDGE devices, it is not possible to change radio
frequencies when going from one timeslot to the next. However,
with an Evolved EDGE dual receiver this becomes possible, thus
enabling contiguous timeslots across different radio channels.
Figure 7 shows a dual-radio receiver approach optimizing the
usage of available
Higher Order Modulation Schemes
Advantages
Downlink peak data rates up to 100 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth
� Uplink peak data rates up to 50 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth
� Operation in both TDD and FDD modes
� Scalable bandwidth up to 20 MHz, covering 1.25 MHz, 2.5 MHz,
5 MHz, 10 MHz,
15 MHz, and 20 MHz in the study phase. 1.6 MHz wide channels
are under
consideration for the unpaired frequency band, where a TDD
approach will be
used
� Increase spectral efficiency over Release 6 HSPA by a factor of
two to four
� Reduce latency to 10 msec round-trip time between user
equipment and the base
station and to less than 100 msec transition time from inactive to
active
REFERENCES