IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 30, NO.

9, SEPTEMBER 2015 4809

A Single-Stage Photovoltaic System for a

Dual-Inverter-Fed Open-End Winding Induction
Motor Drive for Pumping Applications
Sachin Jain, Athiesh Kumar Thopukara, Ramsha Karampuri, and V. T. Somasekhar, Member, IEEE

Abstract—This paper presents an integrated solution for a pho-
tovoltaic (PV)-fed water-pump drive system, which uses an open-
end winding induction motor (OEWIM). The dual-inverter-fed
OEWIM drive achieves the functionality of a three-level inverter
and requires low value dc-bus voltage. This helps in an optimal
arrangement of PV modules, which could avoid large strings and
helps in improving the PV performance with wide bandwidth of
operating voltage. It also reduces the voltage rating of the dc-link
capacitors and switching devices used in the system. The proposed
control strategy achieves an integration of both maximum power
point tracking and V/f control for the efficient utilization of the
PV panels and the motor. The proposed control scheme requires
the sensing of PV voltage and current only. Thus, the system re-
quires less number of sensors. All the analytical, simulation, and
experimental results of this work under different environmental
conditions are presented in this paper.
Index Terms—Centrifugal pump, dual-inverter, maximum
power point tracking (MPPT), open-end winding induction mo-
tor (OEWIM), photovoltaic (PV) cell.
I. INTRODUCTION
LECTRICAL motors constitute more than 40% of total
E electric power consumption [1]. Modernization of human
society and growing applications of electric motors have expo-
nentially increased the demand for electrical energy. This forces
an increase in the power generation capacity. However, due to
ecological concerns, restriction and constraints are imposed on
increasing the generation capacity of conventional sources. So,
contemporary research is focused toward an effective utiliza-
tion of nonconventional energy sources. Among the available
nonconventional sources, photovoltaic (PV) technology seems
to be the most promising and attractive. This can be attributed
to declining cost of PV modules, free energy source, zero main-
tenance, and noise free operation. Thus, employment of a PV
source for powering electric motor could be a good solution
especially for water-pumps, electric fans, submersible pumps,
etc. Such loads can have the option of optimally using PV power
whenever Sun power is available [2].
Further, when such loads are used in the stand-alone system
like water pumping application in domestic, agricultural, and
Manuscript received May 23, 2014; revised August 25, 2014; accepted Octo-
ber 14, 2014. Date of publication October 30, 2014; date of current version April
15, 2015. Recommended for publication by Associate Editor C. A. Canesin.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Na-
tional Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, India (e-mail: jsachin@
nitw.ac.in; athiesh.44@gmail.com; ramsha_k@nitw.ac.in; vtsomasekhar@
rediffmail.com).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPEL.2014.2365516
industrial sectors, solar PV powered system could be a good
solution. It could meet the requirement during critical situation,
i.e., during summer especially in tropical countries like India.
This encourages the use of electric motor-pump with better
performance and efficiency with the PV system [3].
Some possible solutions given for PV-fed water-pump were
based on usage of dc motor either directly coupled [4] or via a
dc–dc converter [5] with the PV source. However, the require-
ment of continuous maintenance and higher cost restricts the
use of dc motors for their application in PV water pumping sys-
tems [3]. Thus, there is a need of such a solution that uses the
PV power effectively, while using a low cost, low maintenance,
reliable, and robust motor for pumping application. The most
suitable motor for such an application is an induction motor
(IM).
Some of the initial proposals for a PV-fed IM, based on the
two-stage system, were given by various authors in the past.
Most of them have used a dc–dc boost converter in the first
stage and the second stage comprises of a dc–ac inverter. Boost
converter amplifies and operates the low value PV input voltage
near maximum power point (MPP) while the inverter gives the
required ac voltage to the IM. Also, the control techniques are
based on either independent frequency control [2], or a V/f con-
trol [6]. Recently, a proposal based on closed-loop speed control
to improve the performance and efficiency of the system was
given by Alves Vitorino et al. [7], in which the authors have
presented a sensor-less speed control technique. However, two-
stage power conversion, high voltage rating of semiconductor
devices, and more number of sensors increase the power loss
and cost of the system.
A typical PV pumping system with two power conditioning
stage is shown in Fig. 1(a). As discussed earlier, this system
results in poor performance and lesser efficiency. Therefore, a
single-stage system with simpler control, as shown in Fig. 1(b),
could be a better choice [8]–[13]. One of such a system was
proposed by Muljadi [14], in which the authors have used a six-
step quasi-square wave inverter, which can take care of dc–ac
inversion as well as maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for
the PV source. It is a better proposition since the author has given
an integrated single-stage power conversion solution. But the
drawback of this system is that the six-step quasi-square inverter
deteriorates the motor performance and hence the efficiency. It
also require filters, which are bulky and expensive. Further, this
system requires a higher voltage rating for the input dc-link
capacitor and semiconductor devices. All these may increase
the cost, weight, size, and power loss of the system.

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4810
Fig. 1. Block diagram of PV-powered centrifugal pump. (a) Conventional two
stage. (b) Conventional single stage. (c) Proposed single stage.
Recently, Makhlouf et al. [15] have suggested the closed-loop
vector control for the PV pumping system using a single-stage
multilevel pulse width modulation (PWM) converter. While this
system results in low motor losses, it is more complex with
more number of control variables and sensors. Most recently,
Perpétuo Corrêa et al. [16] have published a paper with a stand-
alone PV pumping system. It is also a single-stage system,
wherein the authors have proposed MPPT and minimum losses
point tracking methods of control. However, this system requires
more number of sensors, and results in low bandwidth for PV
operating voltage.
Thus, from the previous discussion, it is evident there is a
requirement for a low-cost, low-voltage single-stage power con-
version PV water pumping system with wide bandwidth of PV
operating voltage. Also, the three-level/multilevel inverter with
a low dc-bus voltage could be a better solution as the perfor-
mance of this system improves with the increased number of
levels/steps in the inverter output voltage. Also, many investi-
gations on open-end winding induction motor (OEWIM) with
multilevel inverters are documented in the literature [17]–[21].
Further various PWM techniques and control schemes [22]–[27]
for OEWIM drive have been analyzed by various researchers. In
short, OEWIM promises to provide effective solutions for drive
application as compared to common neutral IM [20]. Apart from
high reliability and redundancy [23], [27], OEWIM has many
good features as discussed in the next paragraph.
One of the most important feature of OEWIM is it uses two
two-level voltage-source inverters (VSIs) to achieve three-level
inversion [28]. It also lowers voltage rating of semiconduc-
tor devices and input dc-bus electrolytic capacitor [17]. This
can be attributed to the fact that dc-bus voltage is designed
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 30, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2015
based on maximum value of phase voltage instead of line-to-line
voltage. The decoupled PWM technique increases the apparent
switching frequency of switching devices, reducing the ripple
in the motor phase current. Unlike the conventional three-phase
neutral point-clamped three-level inverter, wherein the dc-link
capacitor is constrained to carry load current leading to large
fluctuations of voltage of the dc-neutral point, the dc-link ca-
pacitor of OEWIM carries only the ripple current, thus resulting
a negligible voltage fluctuations [23]. This increases the life and
reliability of the dc-bus capacitor or in other words the relia-
bility of the inverter system, which is of paramount interest for
systems connected to the PV source.
Thus, OEWIM coupled with the PV source could be a good
proposition. This paper presents one such solution for a simple
water-pump application as depicted in Fig. 1(c). The proposed
system has the following features:
1) it is an economical system as it uses a single power con-
ditioning stage;
2) it has inherent low dc-bus voltage requirement with V/f
control integrated with MPPT and uses three-level (dc–
ac) inversion for better performance of motor;
3) low input dc-bus voltage requirement reduces the voltage
rating of dc-link capacitor and increases bandwidth of PV
operating voltage, it also reduces the voltage rating of the
semiconductor devices used in the inverter;
4) it optimally uses the PV source for all environmental con-
ditions by operating it at MPP, also, it employs V/f control
integrated in the MPPT algorithm which improves the per-
formance of the motor and requires less number of sensors
for its operation;
5) three-level output with the decoupled sample-averaged
zero-sequence elimination (DSAZE) algorithm [24] fur-
ther improves the performance with reduced motor current
ripple.
Rest of this paper is divided into four sections. Section II gives
details of modeling of the proposed system. Section III describes
the operation and analysis of the proposed system. Section IV
describes the control strategy and algorithm proposed. Section
V depicts the simulation and experimental results obtained. It
also gives the detailed cost analysis and comparison for the
proposed system with the existing system(s).
II. MODELING OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
A proposed configuration of the solar PV-powered pumping
system is shown in Fig. 2, which comprises of: 1) solar PV
array; 2) dual-inverter namely Inverters I and II; 3) three-phase
OEWIM with pump load; and 4) controller block which consists
of MPPT and DSAZE PWM algorithm. These components are
described in detail in the following sections.
A. PV Source Model
The PV source was modeled by using PV cell current–voltage
characteristic equation as follows [29]:
 
q (v p v c e l l + i p v c e l l R s )
ipvcell = iL − i0 e nkT −1 (1)
JAIN et al.: SINGLE-STAGE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM FOR A DUAL-INVERTER-FED OPEN-END WINDING INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE 4811

Fig. 3. OEWIM model.

Fig. 2. Schematic circuit diagram of the proposed system.

Similarly, pole voltage of Inverter II can be given as

where ipvcell is PV cell current, iL is photocurrent, i0 is diode
Vpv Vpv Vpv
saturation current, n is diode quality or ideality factor, k is Boltz- ; vb  o = S B 
va  o = S A  ; vc  o = S C  . (4)
mann constant, q is electron charge, T is panel operating tem- 2 2 2
perature in Kelvin, Rs is PV cell series resistance, and vpvcell is The motor phase voltage vaa  is given by
PV cell voltage (V).  
Vpv 2 1
The output of PV source is connected to inverter with dc-bus vaa  = (SA − SA  ) − ((SB − SB  ) + (SC − SC  )) .
2 3 3
capacitance Cpv . By applying KCL at input of the inverter [from (5)
Fig. 2] Similarly, the other phase voltages vbb  , vcc  of the inverter
output can be derived for the system. Further, the input inverter
dvpv
ipv = ic + iinv ⇒ ipv = Cpv + iinv . (2) current iinv can also be derived using switching functions. Cur-
dt rent flowing through Inverter I is given by
Integral solution of (2) is the voltage vpv across capacitance 1 1 1
Cpv , which is used by the PV model to calculate the PV source iinv1 = (SA + 1)iaa  + (SB + 1)ibb  + (SC + 1)icc  .
2 2 2
current. The inverter current iinv is the current drawn by In- (6)
verters I and II. Further dual inverter has two series connected Current flowing through the Inverter II is given by
equal value capacitors across the dc link. These capacitors share 1 1
equal voltage with respect to the common point “o” as shown iinv2 = (SA  + 1)(−iaa  ) + (SB  + 1)(−ibb  )
2 2
in Fig. 2.
1
+ (SC  + 1)(−icc  ). (7)
2
B. Modular Three-Level Dual-Inverter Model
The net current flowing through the dual inverter is
Dual inverter used in the proposed configuration is modeled
1 1
using switching functions [30]. To model dual inverter, switch- iinv = iaa  (SA − SA  ) + ibb  (SB − SB  )
ing function SW (where W can be A, B, C, A’, B’ or C’ depending 2 2
on the phase and number of inverter) requires the logic gener- 1
+ icc  (SC − SC  ). (8)
ated from the PWM controller. It has value 1 and –1 which 2
represents turn ON of top and bottom switch, respectively, for Thus, the previous values of phase voltage and current can be
the given leg or phase of the inverter. The modular dual inverter used by the Simulink model of OEWIM, which is discussed in
shown in Fig. 2 consists of six poles (a, b, c, a’, b’, and c’) the next section.
and 12 switches (two switches per pole). The value of the pole
voltages in a particular phase can be ±Vpv /2 depending on the C. OEWIM Model
switch (whether top or bottom) is turned ON. If top switch of
phase “a”, S1 is turned ON, the pole voltage vao is +Vpv /2 and An OEWIM [28] is obtained by opening the neutral point
when bottom switch of phase “a”, S4 is turned ON, then the pole of the star-connected stator windings of a normal three-phase
voltage vao is −Vpv /2. Thus, pole voltage of Inverter I can be IM. The winding diagram of three-phase OEWIM is shown in
given as Fig. 3.
For modeling and analysis, the decoupled form of OEWIM
Vpv Vpv Vpv is considered. For transforming the stator (φ = θ) and the ro-
vao = SA ; vbo = SB ; vco = SC . (3) tor parameters (φ = β) to decoupled form, the transformation
2 2 2
4812 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 30, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2015

matrix used is given as follows:

⎡ ⎤
xq y
⎢ ⎥
⎣ xdy ⎦
x0y
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤
cos φ cos (φ − 2π/3) cos (φ + 2π/3) xaa 
2⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
= ⎣ sin φ sin (φ − 2π/3) sin (φ + 2π/3) ⎦ ⎣ xbb  ⎦
3
1/2 1/2 1/2 xcc 
(9)
where θ is the angle between the stator as-axis and the quadrature
(q) axis, β is the angle between rotor ar-axis and the q-axis, also
β = θ − θr , θr is the angle between rotor ar-axis and stator as-
Fig. 4. Demonstration and comparison of dc-bus voltage requirement for H-
axis (see Fig. 3), parameter x can be either voltage “v” or current bridge and dual-inverter systems. (a) Schematic circuit diagram of the two-level
“i” or flux linkage “λ” and subscript parameter y can be “s” or H-bridge inverter with input dc voltage (PV voltage) of “Vpv .” (b) Space vector
“r.” The subscript “s” denotes the parameters of stator and the locations of voltage vector obtained from two-level inverter. (c) Schematic
circuit diagram of dual-inverter-fed OEWIM drive with input dc voltage (PV
subscript “r” denotes the parameters of rotor. voltage) of “V p v /2.” (d) Space vector locations of voltage vector obtained from
The dynamic d–q model of an OEWIM is described by three-level dual-inverter scheme.

vq s = Rs iq s + ω(Lls ids + Lm (ids + idr )) + pλq s (10)

vds = Rs ids − ω(Lls iq s + Lm (iq s + iq r )) + pλds (11) modulating waveform. The reference voltage vector |vsr |ࢬα is
vq r = Rr iq r + (ω − ωr )(Llr idr + Lm (ids + idr )) + pλq r further divided into two decoupled components |vsr |/2 ࢬ α and
|vsr |/2 ࢬ (180 + α). The decoupled components are then given as
(12) the reference vector for Inverters I and II, respectively, as shown

vdr = Rr idr − (ω − ωr )(Llr iq r + Lm (iq s + iq r )) + pλdr in Fig. 2, for generation of required output voltage. Thus, using
decoupled PWM configuration has the benefit of double output
(13) voltage.
where Rr is rotor resistance, Rs is stator resistance, Lls is sta-
tor leakage inductance, L’lr is rotor leakage inductance, Lm is A. Low Input DC-Bus Voltage Requirement of Dual Inverter
mutual inductance between stator and rotor winding, ω is the for OEWIM-Pump Drive
synchronous speed, ωr is the electrical speed of motor, and p To analytically verify the low input dc-bus voltage require-
denotes the time derivative. Also, here vq r = vdr = 0, since ment, a comparison between two-level and dual-inverter-fed
rotor bars are short-circuited. OEWIM is done. Both the inverters are compared for generat-
The expression for the electromagnetic torque Tem is given ing the same output voltage vector with different values of input
by PV source voltage. The low input voltage requirement of dual
3P inverter for an OEWIM drive is demonstrated in Fig. 4.
Lm [iq s idr − ids iq r ]
Tem = (14) Let the PV source voltage required to generate the rated in-
22
stantaneous IM phase voltage van is Vpv as shown in Fig. 4(a).
where P is the number of poles.
From Fig. 4(a) and (b), the inverter output voltage, van , vbn , and
The mechanical equation governing the OEWIM-pump drive
vcn can be obtained using the inverter pole voltage, vao , vbo , and
is expressed as follows:
vco ; and switching functions SA , SB , and SC as follows:
dωrm ech 2 
Tem = J + Bωrm ech + TL (15) 2 1 Vpv
dt van = vao − vn o = SA − (SB + SC ) (16)
3 3 2
where J is motor inertia (kg · m2 ), B is centrifugal load torque
coefficient, TL is load torque (N · m), and ωrm ech is instantaneous where vn o is common-mode voltage given by
angular velocity of motor shaft (rad/s). 1 1 Vpv
vn o = (vao + vbo + vco ) = (SA + SB + SC ) . (17)
3 3 2
III. OPERATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
Thus, the space vector location of reference voltage vector
−→
The proposed dual inverter is operated by using the decou- OA [see Fig. 4(b)] can be generated by the switching functions
pled PWM strategy. It incorporates simple V/f control for the SA = 1, SB = −1, and SC = −1. Substituting these values into
efficient operation of system below the rated speed. The pro- (17) will result in the phase voltage, van as 2Vpv /3.
posed PWM strategy requires the information of magnitude and Now, consider the three-phase, three-level dual inverter con-
angle of the reference voltage vector. The magnitude is calcu- nected to an OEWIM as shown in Fig. 4(c). Let the input PV
lated and controlled by the MPPT algorithm and the angle “α” source voltage is Vpv /2, which is half of the voltage taken for
is the function of time and fundamental frequency of reference two-level H-bridge inverter. Now, the dual inverter output phase
JAIN et al.: SINGLE-STAGE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM FOR A DUAL-INVERTER-FED OPEN-END WINDING INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE 4813

−−→
voltage OG [see Fig. 4(d)] is given as

vaa  = vao − va  o  − voo  (18)

where voo  is the common mode voltage [see Fig. 4(c)] which is
given by
1 Vpv
voo  = [(SA − SA  ) + (SB − SB  ) + (SC − SC  )].
3 4
(19)
Therefore, vaa  is given by

2 1 Vpv
vaa  = (SA − SA  )− [(SB − SB  ) + (SC − SC  )] .
3 3 4
(20)
−−→
So, to generate voltage vector OG [see Fig. 4(d)], the switch-
ing functions required are SA = 1, SB = −1, and SC = −1;
SA  = −1, SB  = 1, and SC  = 1. Substituting these values in
(20), results in the phase voltage of magnitude 2Vpv /3 corre-
sponding to phase aa’.
Hence, to generate the phase voltage of 2Vpv /3, the PV source
voltage required in case of two-level inverter is Vpv and in
case of dual inverter connected to OEWIM is Vpv /2. However,
the DSAZE PWM technique [22] needs excess 15% of dc-link
voltage to generate the rated motor phase voltage.

IV. CONTROL STRATEGY AND MPPT ALGORITHM

The solar PV-powered-fed dual inverter connected to
OEWIM-pump drive is operated using a simple control strategy,
which simultaneously accomplishes MPPT and DSAZE PWM
integrated together. This integrated algorithm generates the re-
quired PWM control signals for the modular dual inverter. The
flowchart of control algorithm is shown in Fig. 5. The MPPT part
of algorithm facilitates motor-pump drive to extract maximum
available power from the PV source, thereby assuring effective
utilization of the PV source. The DSAZE PWM part of the algo-
rithm incorporates V/f control. It maintains constant rated flux Fig. 5. Flowchart of the MPPT, DSAZE algorithm used in the proposed
in the motor which retains the maximum torque capability of the scheme.
machine for the given PV power. Thus, in pump drive applica-
tion where torque is proportional to square of speed, maintaining
the maximum torque further helps in maximum utilization of the B. DSAZE PWM Algorithm
input source.
The magnitude of the reference voltage vector generated by
the MPPT output and angle “α” is decomposed into the in-
A. MPPT Algorithm
stantaneous three-phase reference voltage vas , vbs , and vcs for
One of the simplest, most popular, and commercially used Inverter I. The gating time Tg j (j = a, b, c) for top switches of
methods of MPPT, namely, the Hill Climbing algorithm [31] Inverter I (see Fig. 2) is then obtained by the switching algo-
is employed in the proposed system. The algorithm first senses rithm [32]. This algorithm [32] requires instantaneous values
the voltage (vpv ) and current (ipv ) of PV array for calculating the of the reference phase voltage for calculating the effective time
power (ppv ). The calculated and sensed PV power and voltage (time for which all the active vectors are switched) or turned
are then compared with their previous value to determine the ON time for top switches. The position of effective time period
slope of the operating point. The considered slope then deter- can be adjusted in such a way that the offset time is equal to
mines the correction for modulation index (ma ). With respect to Ts /2 within a switching period. This feature is exploited by the
sign of the slope (negative or positive), the value of ma is modi- DSAZE PWM technique to eliminate the zero sequence voltage
fied (incremented or decremented) as described in the flowchart within a sampling period.
shown in Fig. 5 until the operating point reaches near MPP. As DSAZE is a center-spaced PWM technique for the dual-
The calculated value of ma is then used by the DSAZE PWM inverter system, the ripple content in current is less and hence
algorithm. results in the improvement of developed torque. The other
4814
Fig. 6. Simulation results showing waveforms at PV source side.
advantage of the DSAZE PWM algorithm for OEWIM drive
is that it requires less memory and computing time for process-
ing. As both the reference voltage vectors for Inverters I and II
are in the phase opposition, the gating time Tg j  (j = a, b, c) for
the top switches of Inverter II are directly obtained using the
gating time for Inverter I as follows:
Tg j  = Ts − Tg j
where j = a, b, c and Ts is the inverter switching time period(s).
Complement of the respective gating signals for Inverters I
and II are generated for bottom switches for both inverters.
V. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS WITH
COST ANALYSIS
A. Simulation Results
The single-stage PV-powered OEWIM drive for pump appli-
cation, shown in Fig. 2, is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink.
A 3.6 kW (20 × 3) PV array feeding power to a 4 kW
OEWIM-pump drive is considered for simulation. The Solarex
MSX60 PV panel parameters under standard test conditions
are Voc = 21 V, Isc = 3.74A, Vm = 17.1 V, Im = 3.5 A, and
Pm = 59.9 W. A dc-bus capacitor (Cpv ) of value 1000 μF is
used at the output of PV source. A four-pole, 400 V, 1430 r/min
IM is used. Further the important parameters of the mo-
tor are Rs = 1.405 W, Rr = 1.395 W, xls = xlr = 1.8344 W,
and xm = 54.0982 W. Simulations are performed by consider-
ing 96 samples per cycle of applied fundamental voltage, irre-
spective of the modulation index. This means that the switching
frequency is a variable quantity. The switching frequency varies
from 1.28 kHz (corresponding to a modulation index, ma = 0.2
with fundamental frequency f = 13.33 Hz) to 4.8 kHz (corre-
sponding to a modulation index, ma ≥ 0.75 with fundamental
frequency f = 50 Hz).
Fig. 6 shows the simulation results of the proposed system
under different environmental conditions for PV source-side
parameters. The increasing and decreasing nature of PV power
with respect to insolation (G) and temperature (T) can be ob-
served with the waveforms of PV power and ma . This verifies the
MPP tracking, further small oscillations in the value of ma near
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 30, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2015
Fig. 7. Simulation results showing waveforms at motor-pump side.
(21)
MPP and small ripple content in a PV power confirms the oper-
ation near optimum voltage. Also, another useful observation in
the simulation results is that the operating voltage of PV array
passes through optimum voltage for every step increase in inso-
lation and temperature. This can be justified with the matching
values of peak power value during transient tracking and steady
state near MPP as given in the PV power subplot. Further, it can
be noted that PV voltage waveform shows a sudden rise and fall
in the value with the step increase in insolation and temperature.
This can be attributed to charging and discharging of PV capac-
itor CP V with excess or deficit PV power, respectively, during
transient condition.
Fig. 7 shows the motor-side parameters for different environ-
mental conditions. Variation on ma with respect to PV power
can also be seen here in the waveform of torque, speed, and
mechanical power output. It can be observed that torque, speed,
and mechanical power output follow ma or the PV power indi-
rectly. Also, it can be easily observed that slip power too follows
ma . Thus, slip power loss increases and decreases with increase
and decrease of PV power, respectively. This may help in keep-
ing small variation in efficiency which can be observed from
last subplot of Fig. 7. Also, another important feature that re-
late results of Figs. 6 and 7 is motor phase voltage plot. The
transient variations in PV voltage Vpv during step increase in
insolation can be depicted with a peak value of motor phase
voltage waveform.
Another typical observation between Figs. 7 and 8 is the rip-
ple contents in the torque waveform and motor phase current
follows ma . It can be observed that torque ripple is more dur-
ing lower insolation and decreases as insolation increases. This
JAIN et al.: SINGLE-STAGE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM FOR A DUAL-INVERTER-FED OPEN-END WINDING INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE 4815

TABLE I
SUMMARY OF SIMULATION RESULTS FOR THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

G T PV O/P η (%) Speed Torque Slip Slip Current

Suns (°C) power power (r/min) (N·m) (%) power THD
(W) (W) (W) (%)

0.1 25 329 240 72.95 352 6.5 4.74 12 11.94

0.3 30 1040 895 86.06 740 11.6 3.62 33.5 8.58
0.6 35 2133 1902 89.17 1026 17.7 3.8 75.25 5.06
0.8 45 2763 2465 89.21 1139 20.65 4.24 109.25 4.28
0.9 50 3072 2735 89.03 1187 22 4.46 128 3.97
1 55 3365 2990 88.86 1229 23.25 4.7 147.5 3.77

Fig. 9. DSAZE PWM modulating waveforms for leg a and a’ of Inverters I and
II: (a) from simulation (V p v ≈ 320 V and m a = 0.64), (b) from experimental
setup (V p v ≈ 110 V and m a = 0.5) (x-axis: simulation time (s); y-axis: gate
time (s)).

Fig. 8. Harmonic spectrum of motor phase current (ia a  ) at steady state ob- Fig. 10. α–β plot of three-phase vo1tage input to OEWIM obtained from: (a)
tained from simulation under different environmental conditions: (a) at 0.1 simulation (V p v ≈ 320 V and m a = 0.64) and (b) experimental setup (V p v ≈
insolation and 25 °C; (b) at 0.6 insolation and 35 °C; (c) at 1.0 insolation and 110 V and m a = 0.5).
55 °C.

1.5 A, 1440 r/min, and 1 hp is used with fan type of cen-

can be attributed to the fact that the increase and decrease of
ripple content in the motor phase current will result in the in-
crease and decrease of the torque ripple, respectively. Further,
it can be noted that the amplitude of motor phase current also
follows ma and total harmonic distortion (THD) of motor phase
current decreases with increase in insolation. Thus, in short,
system performance improves with increase in PV power. This
can be observed in Table I, where the simulation results are
summarized.
B. Experimental Results
To verify simulation results, a prototype of the proposed sys-
tem is developed. To emulate PV characteristics, a dc power
supply with fixed series resistance is used. The power sup-
ply is operated in constant voltage mode with variable cur-
rent limit. The three-phase OEWIM with specifications 440 V,
trifugal load which guarantee the operation for water-pump
load profile. The motor is fed from the dual inverter which
uses Semikron insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) mod-
ule (SKM75GB128DN). Gate pulses required by IGBT module
is generated from dSPACE 2201 and is given via a driver IC
(HCPL 316J). The control algorithm implemented in dSPACE
includes the MPPT and V/f control with DSAZE PWM for the
OEWIM coupled to a centrifugal torque load. This control al-
gorithm can also be implemented using a low-cost Freescale
semiconductor made MC56F8013 signal controller. For track-
ing MPP of the source, a voltage sensor (LV25-P, 600 V rms,
10/25 mA) to sense the terminal voltage and a current sensor
(Tektronix A622, 0–70 A rms, 100 mV/A) to sense the PV cur-
rent are used. The sensed voltage and current are given to the
computing system through the ADC’s of dSPACE. The comput-
ing system internally generates the value of ma required for the
4816 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 30, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2015

Fig. 11. Experimental results for the proposed system on the dc source side, i.e., source voltage, current, power, and the modulation index: (a) under starting
condition, (b) under running condition, and (c) for various emulated environmental conditions.

DSAZE PWM algorithm to calculate Tg j and Tg j  for Inverters

I and II, respectively (see Fig. 5).
Fig. 9 gives the waveform for Tg a and Tg a  obtained from
simulation and experimental setup. The complementary nature
of Tg a and Tg a  can be observed in the waveforms. This veri-
fies the utilization of the decoupled PWM strategy. Further, as
proved decoupled PWM also reduces the required value of dc-
bus voltage which can be depicted from Fig. 10. In this figure, Fig. 12. Experimental results for the proposed system at motor-pump side,
the plots of phase voltage vector in αβ plane obtained from i.e., motor phase voltage and current: (a) under starting condition and (b) under
running condition.
simulation and experimental results were shown. Requirement
of low dc-bus voltage can be easily verified with the given input
values of ma and input PV voltage of the inverter as mentioned
in Fig. 10(a) and (b). The synchronization of change in ma
after one complete cycle can be depicted from zoom-in part
of Fig. 10(a). If this synchronization between MPPT and V/f
control is disturbed in the field, then it may result in a poor per-
formance of the system. This can be taken care of by assuring
proper synchronization between MPPT and V/f control under
all field conditions. The other drawback in the field may be the
Fig. 13. Motor aa’—phase current and its harmonic spectrum: (a) under
inverter failure. If an inverter fails, a rewiring would enable the starting condition and (b) under running condition.
healthy inverter to deliver partial load. In other words, the fault
tolerance with OEWIM is more compared to the conventional
two-level VSI drive. Also, the power cable required to connect
the OEWIM and inverter is double compared to the conventional and source power shows MPP tracking for various environmen-
two-level VSI drive. However, this drawback in the field can be tal conditions. As fan type load has approximately similar char-
taken care by minimizing the distance between inverter and the acteristics to centrifugal water pump load, so nearly the same
motor. performance is accepted with actual water pump load systems.
Fig. 11 gives the experimental results for the parameters at the Fig. 12 shows the experimental results for the parameters at
input side of inverter. Increasing value of modulation index and the inverter output. Implementation of V/f control can be veri-
input power confirms the MPP tracking which can be seen in fied by variable frequency operation under starting and running
Fig. 11(a). Oscillations near MPP can be observed in Fig. 11(b). conditions. At starting when the value of ma is low, the operating
More number of oscillations in ma near MPP can be attributed frequency is kept low and near MPP when ma value becomes
to sharp power–voltage characteristics of input source and the high frequency of phase voltage also increases. The motor “aa”
algorithm used. However, operation near MPP can be observed phase current waveform along with its harmonic spectrum under
in the waveform of source power. Also, to emulate various en- starting and running conditions is shown in Fig. 13(a) and (b),
vironmental conditions in the PV system, the current limit of respectively. The harmonic spectrum under starting and running
programmable power supply is changed from 0.3 to 0.5 A and conditions is comparative with the harmonic spectrum of cur-
again back to 0.3 A. This would nearly emulate the increasing rent at low and high insolation (see Fig. 8), respectively. Another
and decreasing insolation in the PV array system. Fig. 11(c) important thing is that the typical pattern of ripple in the cur-
shows experimental results obtained from developed test setup rent waveform shown in Fig. 13 is matching with the simulation
for this condition. The increasing and decreasing value of ma results given in Fig. 8.
JAIN et al.: SINGLE-STAGE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM FOR A DUAL-INVERTER-FED OPEN-END WINDING INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE 4817

TABLE II of low dc-bus voltage requirement, MPPT integrated with V/f,

COST COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PROPOSED SYSTEM WITH TWO BASIC
TOPOLOGIES AVAILABLE IN THE LITERATURE FOR PUMP APPLICATION
three-level inverter operation and low cost. Analytical proof for
low dc-bus voltage requirement in the proposed system is pre-
sented. Implementation of V/f with MPPT can be verified with
Item / part no. Using conventional induction motor Using OEWIM
simulation and experimental results. Thus, a high-performance
2-stage 2-level [3] 1-stage 2-level 1-stage 3-level integrated solution is proposed. Low cost of the proposed sys-
[14] [proposed]
Controller PWMs PWMs PWMs
tem can be attributed to the requirement of low voltage dc-link
requirements bus capacitor, low voltage rating switches, and less number of
4 3 6 sensors for the integrated control operation which is presented
ADCs ADCs ADCs
3 2 2 in Table II. Thus, in all, this paper presents one of the effective
Flash / RAM Flash / RAM Flash / RAM and simple solutions for PV power-fed water-pump application.
Medium Less Less
Controller MC56F8013 MC56F8013 MC56F8013
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Athieshkumar T received the B.Tech. and M.Tech
degrees from the VR Siddhartha Engineering Col-
lege, and the National Institute of Technology
(NITW), Warangal, India, respectively.
He is currently working as an Engineer in VEM
Technologies, Hyderabad. His areaof interests in-
clude photovoltaic pumping systems, integration of
renewable energy sources to power electronic con-
verters, and switching-mode power supplies.
Ramsha Karampuri received the B.Tech. and
M.Tech degrees from S.R.I.T, J.N.T. University, and
V.N.I.T., Nagpur, India, respectively. He is currently
working toward the Ph.D. degree in electrical engi-
neering from the National Institute of Technology
(NITW), Warangal, India.
His research interests include power electronics
and drives, and application of power electronics to
non-conventional energy conditioning.
V. T. Somasekhar(M’11) received the Graduate de-
gree from the Regional Engineering College Waran-
gal (currently, the National Institute of Technology),
Warangal, India, in 1988, the Postgraduate degree
from the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, In-
dia, in 1990, and the Doctoral degree from the Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, in 2003.
From 1990 to 1993, he was a Research and De-
velopment Engineer with Perpetual Power Technolo-
gies, Bangalore, and a Senior Engineer with Kirloskar
Electric Company, Ltd., Mysore, India. Since 1993,
he has been with the National Institute of Technology,Warangal, India, where
he is currently a Professor. His research interests include multilevel inversion
with open-end winding induction motors, ac drives, and pulse width-modulation
strategies.

Sachin Jain is currently working as an Assistant Pro-

fessor at the National Institute of Technology (NIT-
W),Warangal, India. Before joining NIT-W, he was
working as an Senior Design Engineer in the R&D
Department of the Solar Energy Business Group of
Schneider Electric at Bangalore. His research inter-
ests include power electronics applications in non-
conventional energy conditioning, power quality, and
distributed generation.