Tribology: ME 253

Presented By: Gopakumar, P

Materials Engineering Dept
PhD student- Aug 2012
gopa99@gmail.com
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 Tribology: ME 253
Why lubricants are needed

• Friction / Wear

• Heat Generation

• Combustion Products

• Sealing

• Material Protection

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LUBRICATION

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LUBRICATION

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The Stribeck Curve

The Abscissa,

ZN/P
Where: Z = the oil’s viscosity
N = speed
P = load on the lubricant film
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 Tribology: ME 253
The Stribeck Curve……..and the rest follows

The Abscissa,

ZN/P
Where: Z = the oil’s viscosity
N = speed
P = load on the lubricant film
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 Tribology: ME 253
The Stribeck Curve……..and the rest follows

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Lubrication Systems:
ONCE THROUGH OIL SYSTEM

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Lubrication Systems:
BATH LUBRICATING SYSTEM

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Lubrication Systems:
CIRCULATING LUBE OIL SYSTEM

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Composition:

LUBRICANT IS MADE OF

BASE OIL + ADDITIVES

PARRAFFINIC (HVI) LUBE PROTECTION

NAPHTHENIC (MVI) ADD PERFORMANCE
AROMATIC (LVI) SURFACE PROTECTION

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Properties of Lubricants

Base Oil Dependent Additive Dependent

Viscosity Neutralization Value

Pour Point Metal Corrosion
Specific Gravity Oxidation Stability
Flash Point Antiwear
Oxdn. Stability Extreme Pressure
Demulsibility
Foaming
Air Release
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LUBRICANT PROPERTIES

1. KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
- RESISTANCE TO FLOW
- UNIT : cSt ( CM2/SEC)
- SAE NOS. FOR AUTOMOTIVE GRADES
- ISO VG NOS. FOR INDUSTRIAL GRADES

2. VISCOSITY INDEX
- INDICATES CHANGE OF VISCOSITY WITH TEMP.
- EMPIRICAL NO.
- HVI, MVI AND LVI OILS

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VISCOSITY “ IDEAL” FLUID : FOR AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE DESIGNER

MULTIGRADE OILS

IDEAL FLUID
o

MONOGRADE OILS

-20 0 40 100 200

TEMPERATURE, °C 14
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A TYPICAL VISCOSITY - TEMPERATURE GRAPHS

VISCOSITY
- 10°C TEMPERATURE + 100°C15
 Tribology: ME 253
LUBRICANT PROPERTIES

3. FLASH POINT
- TEMP. AT WHICH PRODUCT IGNITES IN PRESENCE OF
A FLAME
- IMPORTANT FROM SAFETY ANGLE

4. POUR POINT
- LOWEST TEMP. AT WHICH OIL IS OBSERVED TO FLOW
5. OXIDATION STABILITY
- ABILITY TO RESIST OXIDATION
- ACCELERATED BY HIGH OPERATING TEMP.
- PRESENCE OF CERTAIN METALS ACT AS CATALYST
- DETERMINES LIFE OF THE OIL

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LUBRICANT PROPERTIES

6. DETERGENCY
- ABILITY TO KEEP THE SYSTEM CLEAN

7. DISPERSANCY
- ABILITY TO KEEP HARMFUL PARTICLES IN SUSPENSION

8. DEMULSIBILITY: RESISTANCE TO EMULSION

- WATER SEPERATION ABILITY

9. ANTI - WEAR PROPERTY

- REDUCE WEAR BY FORMING A FILM BETWEEN
SLIDING SURFACES

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LUBRICANT PROPERTIES

11. EXTREME PRESSURE

- ABILITY TO WITHSTAND SHOCK LOADING AND
IMPACT LOADS.

12. CORROSION RESISTANCE

- ABILITY TO PROTECT METAL AGAINST CORROSION
AND RUST.

13. ANTI - FOAM

- CAPACITY OF BREAKING AIR BUBBLES
REACHING THE OIL SURFACE

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 Tribology: ME 253
LUBRICANT PROPERTIES

14. BASICSITY - TOTAL BASE NUMBER

- Neutralization of acid production in Engines

15. AIR RELEASE PROPERTY

- ABILITY TO RELEASE ENTRAINED AIR IN OIL

16. ADHESIVENESS
- ABILITY TO WET THE SURFACES
- ADDITION OF FATTY OILs

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Lubricant Additives

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What is an Additive in the Lubricant ?

• Any material added to the base stock to to change

its properties , characteristics and performance .
• Improve existing properties:
– Viscosity improver
– Pour Point Depressant
– Friction Modifiers
• Impart new properties
– Detergents/dispersants
– Anti Oxidants
– Oiliness and Tackiness Agents
• Protect base stock properties
– Anti Oxidants, Anti Foamants, Acid neutralizers
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General Properties Of Additives

• Solubility In Base Petroleum Product

• Color / Odor : Additive blended product color and
Odor should not give an impression of inferiority .
• Volatility : The volatility should be low, especially
in High Temperature applications .
• Stability :An additive should remain stable in
blending, storage and use . It implies chemical,
thermal and hydrolytic stability .
• Compatibility :Two or more additive blends should
be compatible to each other’s properties .

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Common Additives In An Engine Oil
VI Improvers
Detergent & Dispersants
Antiwear
Oxidation Inhibitors
Corrosion & Rust Inhibitors
Metal Deactivators
Defoamant
Pour Point Depressant
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 Tribology: ME 253
Detergents

• Provides detergency for engine cleanliness

• Neutralize acids , prevent corrosion from acids .
• Calcium, barium salts of petroleum sulfonic acids,
phenates and salicylates, phosphorous containing
polymers used .

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Dispersants

• Function is to keep the sludge, carbon ,varnish

and other deposits in colloidal suspension .
• Reduce the deposit formation and minimizes
particulate wear and oil thickening.
• Dispersants have a oxygen, nitrogen based polar
group and a large non polar group, usually a
polymeric olefin .

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Oxidation Inhibitors

• Decrease oil oxidation , reducing oil degradation and

corrosive action of the oil .
• Classified as primary and secondary anti oxidants .
• Eg are Hindered Phenols,Aromatic amines, ZnDDP,
Metal Deactivators such as Disalicylidene propylene
diammine and substituted benzatriazole

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 Tribology: ME 253
Extreme Pressure Additives

• EP additive also known as Anti Scuffing additive .

• Form protective film on the metal surface by reacting
chemically with the metal surface to form a layer at
conditions of high temperature (>1000 deg F)
• Zinc Dialkyl di thio phosphate,tricresyl
phosphate,organic phosphate,chlorinated and
sulpherised hydrocarbons, metal soaps of lead,
antimony and molybdenum used .

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Anti Wear Additive

• Anti wear reduces the wear at low and medium

speeds.
• Works by forming an oxide film on the metal
surface thus preventing the metal-metal contact
and also inhibiting action from the rust and
corrosion initiators .
• Eg are ZNDDP (Zinc Dialkyl Dithio Phosphate)

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VI Improvers

• Used in case of varied temperature applications.

• Polymers are used, which expand with increasing
temperature to counter act oil thinning .
• Poly iso butylene, Methacrillates, Acrylate
polymers , Olefin copolymers are used .

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Pour Point Depressants

• Pour Point depressants work at low temperatures by

minimizing the formation of wax networks and thereby
reducing the amount of oil bound up in the network .
• Examples are Polyalkyl methacrylates, styrene ester
polymers, alkylated napthalenes, ethylene vinyl
acetate copolymers and ployfurmates .

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Rust / Corrosion Inhibitors

• Prevents corrosion and rusting of metal parts in

contact with the lubricant .
• Commonly used are Zinc diothiophosphate,metal
phenolates,basic metal sulfonates,fatty acids and
amines .

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LUBRICANT BLENDING

1. SCHEDULING

2. DEHYDRATION OF BASE OILS

3. Q/C CHECKS OF BASE OILS

4. BLENDING OF BASE OILS & ADDITIVES

5. Q/C CHECKS OF BLENDED PRODUCT

6. FINISHED LUBRICANTS
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KEY PROCESS

• Base Oils Receipt

• Additives Receipt
• Blending
• Quality Control
• Filling
• Distribution

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THANK YOU

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