Professional Documents
Culture Documents
RMD510
Session Objectives
RMD510
Two-Dimensional Approach
U : Peripheral velocity at the
mean blade height in a
tangential plane
Ca : axial component
Cw : whirl or tangential
component
p
Work
W kDDone FFactor is
i the
h ratioi off the
h actuall workk absorbing
b bi
capacity of the stage to its ideal value as calculated from the Euler
turbine equation.
q
W UC a tan β1 tan β 2
For a given rotor
U U C a tan α1 C a tan β2 blade,, α1 and β2 are
almost constant
U U C a tan α1 tan β 2
Hence, less work is done at the region where Ca is high and the
actual temperature rise is given by
λUC a
ΔTos ΔTs ( tan β1 tan β 2 )
cp
is the work done factor,
factor which is less than unity.
unity Its value may range from 0.96
0 96
at the first stage to about 0.85 at the fourth and subsequent stages.
Degree off R
D Reaction,
i R is
R, i defined
d fi d as the
h ratio
i off the
h static
i enthalpy
h l rise
i
in the rotor to the static enthalpy rise in the whole stage.
ΔT A ΔTA : Static temperature rise in the rotor
R
ΔT A ΔT B ΔTB : Static temperature rise in the stator
If R > 0.5, then β2 > α1 and If R < 0.5, then β2 < α1 and the
the velocity diagram is velocity diagram is skewed to
ske ed to the right
skewed i ht. The static the left. The stator enthalpy
enthalpy rise in the rotor (and pressure) rise exceeds
exceeds that in the stator (this that in the rotor.
i also
is l true
t for
f the
th static
t ti
pressure rise).
05 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 12
PEMP
Polytropic
y p efficiency y is the
efficiency of a compressor stage
operating between infinitesimal
pressure differential P. It is
used in comparing the
performance of two compressors
having the same pressure ratio
b operating
but i at different
diff
temperature levels.
In multistage
g compressors,
p the
polytropic efficiency is used in
defining the isentropic efficiency
of individual stages.
1
0.8 p2
Isentropic p= 0.8
08 1
efficiency, c p1
0.7
c 1 1
p2 p
1
p= 0.7
0.6 p1
P l
Polytropic
i index
i d n is
i defined
d fi d suchh that
h
1 1 n 1 1 n
or p
p n n 1
1 p
T2 p2
From
o co
consideration
s de at o of
o small
s a stage efficiency
e c e cy
T1 p1
1
T p2
'
F id
For ideall compression
i process
2
T1 p1
Stage
g ppolytropic
y p efficiency
y can now be written as
1 n 1 ln p2 p1
p
n 1 lnT2 T1
De Haller Number
V2
0.72 for rotor
V1
C3 for stator
0.72
C2
D > 0.4-0.45 (at rotor tip) ; > 0.6 (at rotor hub)
05 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 16
PEMP
Design Data
To satisfy continuity:
rt
r
2
m 1 AC a1 1 rt 1 r
2
C a1
rt
rr
m
rt
2
πρ1C a1 1 rr rt
2
C1 C a1 150 m / s (C w1 0)
150 2
T1 288 3
276 .8 K
2 * 1.005 * 10
1 3.5
T 276.8
p1 p01 1 1.01 0.879bar
T01 288
100 * 0.879
1 1.106kg / m 3
0.287 * 276.8
20 0.03837
rt 2
*1.106 *150 1 rr rt 2 1 rr rt 2
p , Ut , is related to rt byy Ut = 2 rt N,,
The tipp speed,
350
and hence if Ut is chosen to be 350 m/s, then N
2 rt
05 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 25
PEMP
rr rt N
rt m s
rev
• At this stage it is appropriate to check the Mach number relative to the rotor
tip at inlet to the compressor.
• Assuming g the axial velocity
y to be constant across the annulus,, which will be
the case where there are no inlet guide vanes, the relative velocity
2
V1t U12t Ca21 355.32 150
50 2 ,
• Assuming that the air leaving the stator of the last stage has an axial velocity
of 150 m/s and no swirl, the static temperature, pressure and density at exit
can readily be calculated as follows:
150 2
T2 452.5 3
441.3K
2*1.005*10
γ
3.5
T2 γ 1 441.3
p2 p02 4.19 3.838bar
T02 452.5
100* 3.838
ρ2 3.03kg/m 3
0.287* 441.3
0.044 0.044
h 0.0413m
2rm 2 * 0.1697
Many stages
Casing
Inlet 0.2262
0 2262 m Exit
Mean
0.1697m radius 0.1903 m
0.1131 m Hub 0.1491m
Compressor Axis
UCa tan t 2
t 1 tan U Cw2 Cw1
Tos
cp cp
With a purely axial velocity at entry to the first stage,
stage in the absence
of IGVs,
U 266.6
tan 1
Ca 150
1 60.640
Ca 150 U
V1 305.9m / s
cos 1 cos 60.64
05 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 36
PEMP
• Using this deflection and neglecting the work-done factor for this crude
estimate
266.6 * 150(tan 60.64 tan 47.01)
Tos 3
28 K
1.005 * 10
• A temperature rise of 28 K per stage implies 164.5/28 = 5.9 stages. It is
likely that the compressor will require six or seven stages; and in view
off the
th influence
i fl off the
th work-done
kd factor,
f t seven is i more likely.
lik l
• An attempt will, therefore, be made to design a seven-stage compressor.
Stage-by-stage design:
From the velocity triangles, we get
Cw1 Ca tan 1 Cw 2 Cw1 Cw
• For the first stage 1 = 0 because there are no inlet guide vanes.
• The stator outlet angle for each stage, 3 , will be the inlet angle 1 for
the following rotor.
• Calculations of stage temperature rise are based on rotor considerations
only, but care must be taken to ensure that the diffusion in the stator is
kept to a reasonable level.
• The work-done factors will vary through the compressor and
reasonable values for the seven stages would be 0.98 for the first stage,
0.93 for the second,, 0.88 for the third and 0.83 for the remainingg four
stages.
First stage
• Since Cw1= 0,
0 Cw2= 76.9
76 9 m/s and hence U
• We have finally to choose a value for the air angle at outlet from the
stator row, 3 ,which will also be the direction of flow, 1 , into the
second stage.
• Here it is useful to consider the degree of reaction. For this first stage,
with the prescribed axial inlet velocity, C3 will not equal C1 (unless 3 is
made zero) whereas our equations for R were derived on the assumption
of this equality of inlet and outlet velocities. Nevertheless, C3 will not
differ markedly from C1, and we can arrive at an approximate value of R
b using
by i equation
ti
C w 2 C w1 76.9
R 1 1 0.856
2U 2 * 266.6
• The
Th degree
d off reaction
ti isi high,
hi h but
b t this
thi is
i necessary with
ith low
l hub-tip
h b ti
ratios to avoid a negative value at the root radius. We shall hope to be
able to use 50 percent reaction stages from the third or fourth stage
onwards,
d andd an appropriate
i t value
l off R for
f the
th secondd stage
t may be
b
about 0.70.
05 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 46
PEMP
• For the second stage, Tos = 25 K and = 0.93 and we can determine
1 and 2 using equations
0.93* 266.2*150
25 3
( tan β1 tan β2 )
1.005*10
tan 1 tan 2 0.6756
Ca
and from R tan β1 tan β 2
2U
2U
150
0.70 (tan 1 tan 2 )
2 * 266.6
tan 1 tan 2 2.4883
05 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 47
PEMP
• The
Th required
i d change
h in
i whirl
hi l velocity
l it isi 101.3
101 3 m/s,
/ comparedd with
ith
76.9 m/s for the first stage; this is due to the higher stage temperature
rise and the lower work-done factor. The fluid deflection in the rotor
bl d has
blades h increased
i 15 51. It
d to 15.51 h 3 for
I appears that f theh fi
first stage
should be 11.06. This design gives a de Haller number for the
second-stage rotor blades of cos57.70 /cos42.19 = 0.721, which is
satisfactory.
• With the stator outlet angle for the first-stage stator now known, the de
H ll number
Haller b for
f the
th first-stage
fi t t stator
t t would
ld be
b
C3 cos 2 cos 27.15
0.907
C2 cos 3 cos11.06
The velocity diagram for the second stage appears as shown in the Figure
and the outlet pressure and temperature become
3 .5
P03 0.90* 25
1 1.280
P01 2 308
P03 2 1.249*1.280 1.599 bar
T03 2 308 25 333 K
05 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 50
PEMP
• At this point we do not know 3 for the second stage, but it will be
determined from the fact that it is equal to 1 for the third stage.
• ItI iis useful
f l to point
i out that
h the
h degree
d off reaction
i isi directly
di l related
l d to
the shape of the velocity diagram. It is known that for 50 percent
reaction the velocity diagram is symmetrical.
• Writing Cwm= (Cw1+Cw2)/2, degree of reaction can be rewritten in the
form R = 1-(Cwm/U).
• When Cwm/U is small, and the corresponding reaction is high, the
velocity diagram is highly skewed; the high degree of reaction in the
first stage is a direct consequence of the decision to dispense with inlet
guide vanes and use a purely axial inlet velocity.
• The degree of reaction is reduced in the second stage, and we would
eventually like to achieve 50 percent reaction in the later stages where
the hub-tip ratios are higher.
05 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 51
PEMP
• One possibility
O ibilit is
i to
t consider
id changing
h i the th degree
d off reaction,
ti butb t it is
i found
f d
that the de Haller number is not strongly influenced by the degree of reaction
chosen; as R had a value of = 0.70 for the second stage it might appear that a
suitable value for the third stage might be between 0.70
0 70 and 0.50.
0 50
• Repeating the above calculations for a range of R, however, shows that R = 0.55
results in a further decrease of the de Haller number to 0.706; For a specified
axial
i l velocity,
l i the h required
i d diff
diffusion
i iincreases with
i h reaction
i . A dde H
Haller
ll
number of 0.725 can be achieved for R = 0.40, but it is undesirable to use such a
low degree of reaction. A more useful approach might be to accept a slightly
lower temperature rise in the stage,
stage and reducing ΔTos from 25 K to 24 K while
keeping R = 0.50 gives
tan β1- tan β2 = 0.6854
• Yielding β1 = 50.92 , β2 = 28.63 and a de Haller number of 0.718, which is
satisfactory for this preliminary design.
• Other
O h methods
h d off reducing
d i the h aerodynamic
d i loading
l di include
i l d increases
i in
i blade
bl d
speed or axial velocity, which could readily be accommodated.
05 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 53
PEMP
• A work-done factor of 0.83 is appropriate for all stages from the fourth
onwards, and 50 percent reaction can be used.
• The
h design
d i can be
b simplified
i lifi d by
b using
i the
h same mean diameter
di velocity
l i
diagrams for stages 4 to 6, although each blade will have a different
length due to the continuous increase in density.
• The seventh and final stage can then be designed to give the required
overall pressure ratio. It is not necessary to repeat all the calculations
for stages 4-6
4-6, but it should be noted that the reduction in work-done
factor to 0.83, combined with the desired stage temperature rise of 25K,
results in an unacceptably low de Haller number of 0.695.
• Reducing the stage temperature rise to 24 K increases the de Haller
number to 0.705, which is considered to be just acceptable for the
ppreliminaryy design.
g
• P
Proceeding
di as before,
b f
24 * 1.005 *103
tan 1 tan 2 0.7267
0.83 * 266.6 * 150
266.6
tan 1 tan 2 0 .5 * 2 * 1.7773
150
• Yielding β1 = 50.38 (= α2) and β2 = 27.71 (= α1). The
performance of the three stages can be summarized
below:
stage
g 4 5 6
p01(bar) 1.992 2.447 2.968
T01(K) 357 381 405
( 03/p
(p / 01) 1 228
1.228 1 213
1.213 1 199
1.199
p03(bar) 2.447 2.968 3.560
T03(K) 381 405 429
p03- p01(bar) 0.455 0.521 0.592
• At entry to the final stage the pressure and temperature are 3.560 bar
and 429 K. The required compressor delivery pressure is 4.15*1.01 =
4.192 bar. The p
pressure ratio of the seventh stage
g is thus ggiven byy
p03 4.192
1.177
p01 7 3.560
• The temperature rise required to give this pressure ratio can be
determined from
3 .5
0.90Tos
1 1.177
429
giving Tos 22.8 K
• The corresponding air angles, assuming 50 percent reaction, are then
β1 = 50.98 (= α2), β2 = 28.52 (= α1) with a satisfactory de Haller
number of 0.717.
0 717
• With a 50 percent reaction design used for the final stage, the fluid
will leave the last stator with an angle α3 = α1 = 28.52, whereas
ideally the flow should be axial at entry to the combustion chamber
chamber.
The flow can be straightened by incorporating vanes after the final
compressor stage and these can form part of the necessary diffuser
at entry to the combustion chamber.
chamber
Comments RMD510
• All the preliminary calculations have been carried out on the basis
of a constant mean diameter.
• Another
A h problem
bl now arises:
i a sketch,
k h approximately
i l to scale,
l off
the compressor and turbine annuli shows that the combustor will
have an awkward shape, the required changes in flow direction
causing additional pressure losses.
Comments RMD510
Comments RMD510
• The
Th use off a constant inner
i diameter
di is
i often
f found
f d in
i industrial
i d i l units,
i
permitting the use of rotor discs of the same diameter, which lowers the
cost.
• Constant outer diameter compressors are used where the minimum
number of stages is required, and these are commonly found in aircraft
engines.
engines
• The compressor annulus of the Olympus 593 engine used in Concorde
employs a combination of these approaches; the LP compressor annulus
has a virtually constant inner diameter, while the HP compressor has a
constant outer diameter.
• The accessories are packed around the HP compressor annulus and the
engine when fully equipped is almost cylindrical in shape, with the
compressor inlet and turbine exit diameters almost equal. In this
application,
li ti frontal
f t l area is
i off critical
iti l importance
i t because
b off the
th high
hi h
supersonic speed.
05 @ M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 62
PEMP
Compressor: Axial –
7 high pr. stages;
7 low pr. stages
Turbine: 1 low pr.
stage; 1 high pr.
stage
Weight: 3180 kg
Length: 7.11m
Diameter: 1.21m
Concorde aircraft Thrust: 170kN