0

^CENTENNiq^ r 80-GT-102
m ^. HE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
45 E 47 St., New York, N.Y. 10017
a Society shall not be responsible for statements r;r up i cns advanced in papers or.
y z ^ ! discussion at meetings of the Society or of ,ts D vr.r or :Sections or printed in
.. its publications Discussion is printed or);v l the paper is published in an ASME
iF?V,MEG^P j — Journal or Proceedings Released for gei erdl p,,til eatu;n upI.n. pr'sentation. Full
credit should be given to ASME. ftr : hfm..rl Drvisirun and the .+ ithor(si

Copyright © 1980 by ASME

Effect of Pressure and Turbine

Inlet Temperature on the
Efficiency of Pressurized Fluidized
R. L. Graves Bed Power Plants*
The difficulties encountered in past and present efforts to operate direct coal-fired
Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tenn. gas turbines are substantial. Hence the development effort required to assure a
Assoc. Mem. ASME reliable, high-temperature pressurized fluidized bed (PFBC) combined cycle may
be very expensive and time consuming. It is, therefore, important that the benefit of
achieving high-temperature operation, which is primarily increased efficiency, be
clearly understood at the outset of such a development program. This study
characterizes the effects of PFBC temperature and pressure on plant efficiency over
a wide range of values. There is an approximate three percentage point advantage
by operating at a gas turbine inlet temperature of 870 C (1600 F) instead of 538 C
(1000 F). Optimum pressure varies with the gas turbine inlet temperature, but
ranges from 0.4-1.0 MPa (4-10 atm). An alternate PFBC cycle offering high ef-
ficiency at a peak temperature of about 650 C (1200 F) is also discussed.

NOMENCLATURE
ha — combustion air enthalpy
hg — combustion gas enthalpy
0
ma - mass of combustion air per mass coal
0
mg - mass of combustion gas per mass coal
P - pressure
q' - heat release in furnace per unit mass coal
INTRODUCTION
The pressurized fluidized bed coal combustor
(PFBC) coupled to a combined gas/steam turbine power
cycle, has emerged as a promising power conversion
concept with the potentials of both high overall ef-
ficiency and low SO2 emissions. The pressurized
combustor is also seen as a potentially lower cost
furnace than either conventional pulverized coal com-
bustors (PCC) or atmospheric pressure fluidized bed
combustors (AFBC). This is due to the reduction in
*Research sponsored by Tennessee Valley Author-
ity under Interagency Agreement TV-48296A under Union
Carbide Corporation contract W-7405-eng-26 with the
U.S. Department of Energy.
'By acceptance of this article, the publisher or recipient acknowledges the U.S. ° F) is utilized. However, operation of a gas turbine
Government's right to retain a nonexclusive, royalty free license in and to any
copyright covering the article.
Contributed by the Gas Turbine Division of The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers for presentation at the Gas Turbine Conference &
Products Show, New Orleans, La., March 10-13, 1980. Manuscript received at
ASME Headquarters December 19, 1979.
CopiesFrom:
Downloaded
will be http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/83976/
available until December 1, 1980.
plan area and coal feed ports which result from pres-
surizing the fluidized bed combustor.
The power required to compress the fluidizing
combustion air is very large and can be accomplished
most economically if the high pressure, high tempera-
ture combustion gases are used to drive a gas turbine
which, in turn, drives the compressor. Depending on
the pressure and temperature of these combustion
gases, considerable net power may be obtained from
the turbine-compressor unit thus giving rise to a
combined cycle power plant. A representative cycle
configuration for this type of plant is shown in
Fig. 1.
Use of the power recovery turbine also permits
increased bed depth without a substantial increase in
the pumping losses associated with the combustion air
system. Both combustion efficiency and sulfur reten-
tion have been shown to be proportional to the fluid-
ized bed depth, hence the deeper bed is desirable in
these aspects as well as the further reduction in
plan area which accompanies use of a deep bed.
Although reduced furnace capital costs and en-
hanced sulfur capture are noteworthy advantages, the
potential for obtaining high plant efficiencies in
the combined cycle system is certainly a major ob-
jective in PFBC development. The cost of electricity
(CUE) for a given power plant is strongly related to
its overall efficiency (which affects capital cost)
whereas large percentage changes in the cost of major
components have less impact.
The high efficiency of the PFBC is attributable
to the extraction of power from the high thermo-
dynamic availability in the combustion gases via the
power recovery turbine. Design studies have consis-
tently predicted overall efficiencies of 40% if a gas
turbine inlet temperature (GTIT) of 870 + ° C (1600 +
on the erosive and corrosive combustion gases at high
temperatures has proven to be a formidable obstacle
in the path of PFBC development.
A review of past experience with removing par-
ticulate matter from hot gas streams indicates that
the best that hasonbeen
achieved
03/12/2018 Termsin a reliable
of Use: manner
http://www.asme.org/about-asme/term
 COMPRESSOR TURBINE IP LP
COMB
Fig. 1 Schematic of typical PFBC combined cycle
is a particulate removal efficiency of about 95% for
particles on the order of 10 p in size and 60-90% for
5 p particles when using cyclone or multiclone par-
ticle collectors [1,2] (an exception is the recent
test series at the Exxon miniplant [31). Other re-
sults show a general lack of effectiveness for cy-
clones on particles less than lop in size [4].
The turbine manufacturers have reached a
preliminary conclusion that at high temperature, the
turbine inlet gas should contain no more than about
9-45 mg/m 3 (0.004-0.02 gr/SCF) [5], although values
as low as 0.40 mg/m 3 (0.00017 gr/SCF) have been
suggested, for particles sized 10 p and larger. From
data for the typical particulate effluent from a PFBC
[5] it can be deduced that the collection efficiency
must be about 99.7 to 99.9 for particles 10 p and
larger. This performance is certainly pushing the
capabilities of cyclones and as yet development
efforts for granular bed filters and ceramic panel
filters have met with limited success.
Experience in the Locomotive Development Commit-
tee coal-fired turbine program and that gained with
power recovery turbines on catalytic cracker units in
petroleum refineries has indicated that if the tur-
bine inlet temperature is reduced, higher dust load-
ings can be tolerated. This is probably due to the
greater hardness of the metal and the allowable use
of harder metals, since corrosion is also reduced at
the lower temperatures [6,7,8]. Successful operation
with turbine inlet dust loadings on the order of 122
mg/m 3 (0.054 gr/SCF) has been achieved at length
when the inlet temperature has been below 677 ° C
(1250 ° F) [6].
Fundamental thermodynamic considerations indi-
cate, of course, that the cycle efficiency for a
plant such as shown in Fig. 1 would suffer from
lowering the peak temperature at which work is ex-
tracted from the combustion gases. However, the com-
bined cycle configuration with rather complex inter-
action between gas and feedwater streams does not
lend itself to a trivial analysis. Since the turbine
inlet temperature is apparently a major factor in the
Downloaded From: http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/83976/ on 03/12/2018 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/term
;EN
CONDENSER
PUMP
required development effort, its effect on the plant
efficiency should be understood. Characteristics of
the Brayton cycle indicate that the compressor pres-
sure ratio should also be included in the investiga-
tion due to its pronounced effect on the efficiency
of that cycle.
ANALYTICAL APPROACH
Examination of the problem and desired results
revealed that the gas turbine and furnace could be
studied parametrically and separately from the steam
system which was subjected to its own parametric in-
vestigation. The appropriate match on parametric
operating maps could then be accomplished by an en-
ergy balance on the economizer in which the flue
gases are cooled by heating the feedwater stream (see
Fig. 1).
Steam System Description
A slightly simplified conventional steam power
system was selected for use in the study. The sim-
plifications included limiting the number of feed-
water heaters to five and eliminating auxiliary
boiler feed pump turbines with complex extraction
schemes. The fundamental parameters for this typical
system are itemized in Table I.
Although there are numerous schemes for incor-
porating the economizer into the feed heating stream,
the configuration shown in Fig. 2 was found to yield
the highest cycle efficiencies of several simple ap-
proaches which were tested. The final feedwater tem-
perature varied from case to case depending on the
heat available from the gas stream but was not
allowed to exceed 277 ° C (530 ° F) in any case. The com-
plexity in analysis arises from the fact that the
amount of energy available from the turbine exhaust
to heat the feedwater influences the amount of steam
extracted, which effects the net steam flow through
the turbine and remainder of the feed heating train.
A computer model of the power plant was utilized to
 Hi

COMBUSTION GAS
FROM TURBINE EXHAUST

ROM
EAERATOR

TO BOILER

OR

FEEDWATER HEATER

Fig. 2 Interface between combustion gas and feedwater streams

Table I. Steam power Table II. Furnace energy

system description balance parameters

Combustion temper- 900 ° C (1650 ° F)

Pressure at HP 16.66 MPa ature
turbine inlet (2415 psia) Excess air 20%
Temperature at HP 538°C (1000 ° F) Ca/S mole ratio 2
turbine inlet Coal higher heat- 28842 kJ/kg
Reheat temperature 538 ° C (1000 ° F) ing value (dry) (12400 Btu/lb)
Reheat pressure 3.45 MPa Carbon burnup 99%
(500 psia) efficiency
Feedwater pump 81% Stack gas temper- 149°C (300 ° F)
efficiency ature
Condenser pressure 0.005 MPa
(1.5 in. Hg)
Boiler feedwater 18.98 MPa
pressure (2750 psia) If the energy balance is based on a unit mass of
coal, the heat release in the furnace can be ex-
pressed in the form
calculate the turbine power as different amounts of
0 0
energy were added to the feedwater through the econo- = 25,889 + ma ha - mghg kJ/kg
q
mizer. A single curve relating the steam system
power to the heat added in the economizer could then
be formulated which greatly simplified the analysis = 11,596 + maha - mghg Btu/lb
of the entire power plant with the gas turbine.
As a reference point the same steam system was
analyzed for a case in which no compressor and tur-
where the mass of coal is assumed to be dry. Enthalpy
bine were utilized, i.e., an AFBC system.
for the combustion gas was calculated and tabulated
as a function of temperature using data from gas
Furnace Energy Balance
tables [9]. The perfect gas specific heat ratio was
also calculated for various temperatures for use in
The energy balance around the furnace was based
determining the gas turbine power.
on Illinois #6 coal and dolomite as the sulfur reten-
For most combinations of pressure ratio and tur-
tion agent. The furnace configuration is shown sche-
bine inlet temperature some preheating of the combus-
matically in Fig. 1. Steam superheater and reheater
tion air is possible, having an effect similar to
surface is assumed to be designed to provide a par-
recuperation in a gas turbine cycle. In considering
ticular combustion gas temperature entering the gas
the preheater, an approach temperature difference of
turbine. Some of the simplifications utilized in the
56 ° C (100 ° F) was used consistently.
furnace analysis are:
1. no freeboard burning,
2. air used for coal transport not treated sepa- Compressor - Turbine
rately from main air stream,
3. flue gas used for coal drying not treated sep- The machine efficiencies and pressure drops
arately from main gas stream. through the furnace have a pronounced effect on the
Significant parameters in the furnace energy net power available from the turbine. The compressor
balance are included in Table II. was assumed to have an adiabatic efficiency of 857,
Losses associated with calcination of the regardless of pressure ratio. Although lower pres-
dolomite, ash drain, and radiation were taken into sure ratios inherently improve the efficiency defined
account. in this manner, the lower pressure ratio machines

Downloaded From: http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/83976/ on 03/12/2018 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/term

 would be smaller than the high pressure ratio com- Air properties from gas tables were employed for
pressors as conceived in this study, usually result- compressor work calculations whereas the previously
ing in lower efficiency. Furthermore, compressor mentioned derived properties for the combustion gases
exhaust losses would represent a higher fraction of were used for the turbine calculations. The ideal
the power with low pressure ratios. work for the turbine is quite sensitive to the spe-
Turbine efficiency is adversely effected by re- cific heat ratio used to calculate the isentropic
duction in pressure ratio due to the so-called reheat temperature drop for the expansion. Significant
effect [10]. For this reason in addition to the error can be incurred if air properties are used for
others cited above, the turbine was assumed to have the turbine.
an efficiency based on Table III.
Considerable pressure drop occurs as the air Calculation of Overall Efficiency
leaving the compressor passes through the distributor
plate in the fluidized bed, the bed itself, heat ex-
The overall efficiency data derived in this
changers, and particulate removal devices. This, of
study are based on the coal-to - busbar efficiency.
course, reduces the available pressure drop through
The auxiliary losses associated with coal handling,
the turbine and subsequently its power output. The
cooling water pumps, "hotel," etc. were obtained from
pressure drop through the fluidized bed is not a
Reference 11 and totaled 2.9% of the generator out-
function of pressure but of the depth of the bed.
put. A constant generator loss of 2% was also incor-
That imposed by the distributor plate is assumed to
porated. The power for fluidizing the furnace is in-
be 50% of the bed pressure drop necessary for good
herent in the compressor-turbine calculation for the
air distribution at various air flow rates. The
PFBC but for the baseline AFBC system the power re-
equipment between the compressor and turbine usually
quired by the forced draft and induced draft fans was
gives rise to pressure drops proportional to pressure
accounted for specifically.
since the pressure losses are of a fluid friction
nature. These losses were approximated by the values
in Table IV.
RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION
Pressure losses which remained constant through
the analysis are shown in Table V.
The effects of a number of secondary variables
were quantified in addition to the effects of the
turbine inlet temperature and pressure. Each is dis-
Table III. Assumed turbine efficiency cussed in following sections.

Pressure ratio Adiabatic efficiency Pressure Ratio-Turbine Inlet Temperature

(total-to-static)
These variables are the most significant in
determining the gains in plant efficiency by advanc-
3 80
ing the turbine and particulate removal technology.
4 81
The family of curves mapped in Fig. 3 clearly show
5 83
the effects of pressure ratio and temperature on the
7 85 efficiency of PFBC systems. The data resemble the
10 88 performance of Brayton cycle systems in that the
>10 88 optimum pressure ratio is somewhat dependent on the
turbine inlet temperature.

Table IV. Pressure losses in

PFBC system 41

GAS TURBINE INLET

Pressure loss TEMPERATURE
(% of compressor
Component 40
exit pressure)
870°C
(1600 ° F)

Air preheater 2.5 39

Cyclones 2.5
760°C
Piping 2.0 • (1400 °F)

38 •

Table V. Pressure drops not

a
650°C
(1200°F)
dependent on pressure ratio 593°C

J 37
J
Pressure loss
o
538°C
(1000°F)
Component
kPa psi 36 O AFBC

Fluidized bed a 29.9 4.33

Air distributor plate 14.9 2.17
Economizer 3.45 0.50 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Bag filter 1.38 0.20 FAN OR COMPRESSOR PRESSURE RATIO

aExpanded bed depth is 3.66 m Fig. 3 Effects of gas turbine inlet temperature and
(12 ft). pressure ratio on PFBC overall efficiency

Downloaded From: http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/83976/ on 03/12/2018 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/term

 If the inlet temperature is limited to about
538 ° C (1000 ° F) the gas turbine contributes very lit-
tle power to the overall system output, perhaps 2.5%.
The efficiency gain over the AFBC system is primarily
due to the elimination of the fluidizing fans with
the power recovery turbine and the slightly higher
furnace efficiency in the case of the PFBC. Existing
turbochargers with pressure ratios of 3-4 are avail-
able which might be incorporated in a system operat-
ing in this region. Such a concept is being studied
for utility and industrial applications at the Oak
Ridge National Laboratory. It should be noted that
pressure ratio has little effect on performance at
538 ° C (1000 ° F) although the furnace size could be
reduced by higher pressures. However, the greater
susceptibility of multistage turbines to erosion
damage may make higher pressures unattractive where
no gain in efficiency is achieved.
The power contributed by the gas turbine in-
creases to about 20% of the total as the inlet tem-
perature is raised to 870 ° C (1600 ° F) while the over-
all efficiency increases by about 3 points (8%). By
looking at the singular effect of peak temperature on
the plant efficiency, an interesting comparison to
other concepts may be derived as shown in Table VI.
This comparison reveals a "forgiving" nature of
the PFBC configuration investigated in this study
since the cycle efficiency is degraded only a small
degree if the high temperature gas cleanup technology
cannot be ameliorated with a reasonable effort neces-
sitating a more conservative system. That is some-
what due to the particular configuration which can be
called a parallel combined cycle, since part of the
prime heat is dumped directly into the steam system.
In a true topping/bottoming combined cycle, the steam
is generated entirely by heat rejected from the top-
ping cycle. As evident from Table VI, the efficiency
of this latter concept is more sensitive to the peak
cycle temperature. Another feature of the parallel
cycle approach is that improvements in the steam
cycle, such as more feedwater heaters or supercrit-
ical pressure, increase the efficiency of the low
temperature and pressure cases a greater percentage
than the 870 ° C (1600 ° F) high-pressure cycle, for in-
stance. Therefore, if a more advanced steam cycle
were used, the effect of the gas turbine temperature
on efficiency would be less than the 0.5 points per
56 ° C (100 ° F) found in this study.
Table VI. Effect of peak temperature on efficiency of power plant concepts
Incremental change in efficiency/
temperature change
System
[percentage points/
56 ° C (100 ° F)]
PFBC 0.50
True gas/steam turbine 1.7
combined cycle (gas-
fired)
True gas/steam turbine 1.1
combined cycle (coal
derived liquid fuel)
Simple gas turbine cycle 0.50
Steam Rankine with AFBC 1.0
Downloaded From: http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/83976/ on 03/12/2018 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/term
Effect of Bed Depth
The depth of the fluidized bed influences the
plant efficiency since the pressure drop of the air
tuyere plate and the bed itself reduce the output of
the gas turbine to something less than ideal. Over a
range of 2.7-4.6 m (9-15 ft) the bed depth was found
to have minimal effect on the plant efficiency.
Since the gas turbine output is essentially dependent
on the parameter, AP/P, at high pressure ratios an
increase in AP, resulting in a small change in tIP/P,
does not reduce efficiency significantly.
Even at low pressure ratio, where changes in
pressure drop have a more pronounced effect on the
gas turbine net power, this power is such a small
fraction of the total system power that its reduction
does not markedly degrade the overall efficiency. The
effect of bed depth is most evident for systems with
pressures of 0.3-0.5 MPa (3-5 atm) and turbine inlet
temepratures > 760 ° C (1400 ° F), far off the optimum
design points.
Effect of Turbine Efficiency
The efficiency attainable by turbines operating
with coal combustion products as the working fluid is
somewhat nebulous at this time. For low pressure
ratio turbochargers, efficiencies of 75-80% seem to
be state of the art. Turbo-expanders, such as used
with catalytic cracking units offer efficiencies of
80-83% with perhaps 85% within reach of current tech-
nology [16]. High pressure ratio (8-15) industrial
turbines are currently capable of adiabatic effi-
ciencies near 90%. The uncertainties rest in the
amount of alteration which a turbomachine must under-
go to enhance its reliability when running on a rela-
tively dirty gas. Turbo-expanders are characterized,
for instance, by straight-in flow at the turbine in-
let with no 90 ° elbow, long chord length stator
blades, and rotor blades with relatively thick trail-
ing edges [8,17]. The degree of reaction incorpor-
ated into the airfoil design is also somewhat higher
than generally found in heavy duty industrial gas
turbines. Adoption of many of these features in
modern gas turbines will most likely cause a reduc-
tion in efficiency.
Another factor necessitating a good understand-
ing of the effect of turbine efficiency is the almost
Temperature range
Reference
[ C ( ° F)]
538-870 (1000-1600) This study
900-1200 (1650-2190) 12
980-1204 (1800-2200) 13
980-1204 (1800-2200) 14
538-649 (1000-1200) 15
 certain degradation which would occur over extended Effect of Alternate Cycle Configuration
periods of operation between overhaul or airfoil
replacements. Fundamentally, the efficiency of a power cycle
Figure 4 shows the effect of reducing the tur- may be increased in two ways:
bine efficiency to 95% of the values in Table III. 1. by increasing the peak temperature and therefore
For the high temperature PFBC the overall efficiency the ideal cycle efficiency as postulated by
would suffer measurably from a small decrease in com- Carnot,
ponent performance. In contrast, the overall plant 2. by altering the cycle to more closely approximate
is not greatly affected by either small increases or the Carnot cycle which possesses the maximum ef-
decreases in turbine performance for the more conser- ficiency at a particular peak cycle temperature.
vative PFBC systems since the turbine output is of Progress in the efficiency of practically any
lesser importance. power plant concept via the former approach has been
extremely slow primarily due to the limits of known
materials. The latter approach to improving effi-
ciency, therefore, may produce results more readily.
41 For example, a Carnot engine with a peak temperature
of 870 ° C (1600 ° F) and rejecting heat at a typical
steam condensing temperature would have an efficiency
of about 62% (as opposed to 40%, see Fig. 3) even
40
870°C when accounting for an 85% furnace efficiency. A
(1600 0 F) particular PFBC concept which offers good efficiency
at modest peak temperatures by taking advantage of
= 39 these latter principles is a gas turbine reheat cycle
in combination with a steam cycle. As shown in Fig.
U 5, the interface between gas and steam cycles is es-
Z sentially the same as the other PFBC systems treated
38
U_ in the study. Reheating the combustion gases can be
LL
w accomplished with either freeboard or inbed heat ex-
W
I- changers with a maximum practicable temperature of
Q 37 about 100 ° F lower than the bed temperature.
There are several possible options for the tur-
bine configuration. The expanders could be similar
to catalytic cracker power recovery units and could
36 0 AFBC
be mounted on the same or separate shafts. Two ex-
0
panders (1-2 stages each) would be able to provide an
overall pressure ratio of about 5-7. Another pos-
35 sibility would be the use of a two-shaft industrial
gas turbine similar to the G. E. MS-5002 series which
has an overall pressure ratio of about 6-8 and uses a
0 '

single stage turbine per shaft. Use of a two-shaft
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 turbine, which allows the compressor speed to vary
FAN OR COMPRESSOR PRESSURE RATIO independently of the power turbine, may also provide
easier control of the pressurized bed.
Fig. 4 Effect of a 5% reduction in gas turbine The increase in power plant efficiency over the
efficiency on overall plant efficiency non-reheat PFBC is indicated in Fig. 6. The reheat

COMPRESSOR TURBINE IP LP

COMBI

IEN

CONDENSER

PUMP

Fig. 5 Diagram of PFBC system with combustion gas reheat

Downloaded From: http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/83976/ on 03/12/2018 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/term

 41
40
870°C
(1600 ° F)
650 ° C
= 39
(1200°F)
REHEAT
U
1593°CF REHEAT
1100
z
W_ 38
0 650°C
593°C (1200°F)
LL
(1100 ° F)
I-
37
J
a Secaucus, New Jersey, June 5-6, 1979.
36 O AFBC
0 Flue Gas Cleaning and Particulate Monitoring in
35
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
FAN OR COMPRESSOR PRESSURE RATIO
Fig. 6 Effect of combustion gas reheat on PFBC
plant efficiency
cycle with peak and reheat temperature of 730 ° C
(1350 ° F) is practically equivalent to the 870 ° C
(1600 ° F) PFBC non-reheat system in terms of plant
efficiency.
The capability of attaining high efficiency
while mitigating the problems of gas cleanup and tur-
bine erosion and corrosion through (1) lower inlet
temperature and (2) single stage turbines is cer-
tainly an improvement over currently envisioned PFBC
systems. The cost of this alternate system has not
as yet been estimated.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
The PFBC system has been shown to be a concept
in which continuing improvements in technology will
produce higher fuel efficiency. Even at modest pres-
sure and temperature some improvement over AFBC sys-
tems and considerable improvement over pulverized
coal systems with scrubbers can be achieved.
The optimum pressure at turbine inlet tempera -
ture has been characterized and is within the capa-
bilities of a variety of types of turbomachinery cur-
rently in use. The effect of implementing more rug -
ged but possibly less efficient turbines was shown to
be significant for the more advanced PFBC systems.
A new concept for the PFBC utilizing a gas re-
heat has been introduced, offering relatively high
efficiency ("39%) at a conservative peak cycle tem -
perature of 649 ° C (1200 ° F). The concept also pro-
vides for simple control and use of turbomachines
Downloaded From: http://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/conferences/asmep/83976/ on 03/12/2018 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/term
which are considered to be most suitable for opera -
tion on dirty gas.
REFERENCES
1 J. P. Meyer and M. S. Edwards, Survey of
Industrial Coal Conversion Equipment Capabilities:
High-Temperature, High-Pressure Gas Purification,
ORNL/TM-6072 (June 1978).
2 D. F. Ciliberti et al., "Particulate Control
for Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion Processes,"
pp. 642-654 in Proceeding of the Fifth International
Confer-ence on Fluidized Bed Combustion - Volume II,
Mitre Corporation, December 1978.
3 R. C. Hoke et al., "Miniplant PFBC Studies,"
presented at the Pressurized Fluidized Bed Workshop,
4 W. M. Swift et al., "Plans and Studies on
PFBC," pp. 493-521 in Proceedings of the Fifth Inter-
national Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion -
Volume II, Mitre Corporation, December 1978.
5 CFCC Development Program - Advanced Clean-up
Hardware Performance Guidelines for Commercial Plant
(Task 4.1.2), FE-2357-37, (March 1978).
6 M. E. Lackey, Summary of the Research and
Development Effort on Open - Cycle Coal - Fired Gas Tur-
bines, ORNL/TM-6253, (October 1979).
7 J. P. Balfoort, "Power Recovery Systems and
Hot Gas Expanders," published in the Proceedings of
the Third Turbomachinery Symposium, Gas Turbine Lab-
oratories, Texas A&M University, College Station,
Texas.
8 L. M. Stettenberg, "The Power Recovery Gas
Expander in the Fluid - Bed Catalytic Cracking Cycle,"
presented at the 47th Annual Fall Meeting of the
Western Gas Processors and Oil Refiners Association,
Newport Beach, California, October 5-6, 1972.
9 J. H. Kennan and J. Kaye, Gas Tables, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1950.
10 D. G. Shepherd, Principles of Turbomachin-
, MacMillan Company, New York, 1956.
11 D. H. Brown et al., ECAS Phase II Final
Report Volume II Advanced Energy Conversion Systems-
Conceptual Designs, Part 2 Closed Turbine Cycles,
NASA-CR134949 Volume II, Part 2 (1976).
12 A. Wunsch, "Combined Gas/Steam Turbine Power
Plants - The Present State of Progress and Future
Developments," Brown Boveri Rev. 10, 646 (1978).
13 D. J. Amos, et al., ECAS Westinghouse Phase
I Final Report, Volume Combined Gas-Steam Turbine
Cycles, NASA CR 134941 Vol. V (February 1976).
14 D. J. Amos and J. E. Grube, ECAS Westing-
house Phase I Final Report Volume IV - Open Recuper-
ated and Bottomed Gas Tur-bine Cycles, NASA CR134941
Vol. IV (February 1976).
15 R. W. Wolfe, ECAS Westinghouse Phase I Final
Report - Volume XI - Advanced Steam Systems, NASA CR
134941 Vol. XI (February 1976).
16 Roger L. Schonewald, Ingersoll-Rand Re-
search, Inc., personal communication to R. L. Graves,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, June 1979.