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1.

The Newtonian Synthesis ​Ice


2. The Universal Law of Gravity ​Bam
3. The Universal Gravitational Constant ​June
4. Gravity and Distance: Inverse-Square Law ​June
5. Weight and Weightlessness ​Pluem R.
6. Ocean Tides ​Pleum S.
7. Gravitational Fields ​Ichi
8. Einstein’s Theory of Gravity ​Print
9. Black Holes ​Non
10. Universal Gravitation

Including those things below:


- Pictures that informative
- Accurate information with citation
- Minimum of 20 pages
- Problem questions
- A5 book
Your topic is already assigned on each page with the
topic name on it.
Due date: March 7th, 2018
Gravity
Book
By
Daran Rungwatthanasphon (Pluem) 5961054
Jirachot Tunkunpai (Ice) 5961036
Kullathat Yingtavornkul (Print) 5961005
Nattanon Veerakul (Non) 5961029
Taiichi Sudo (Ichi) 5961200
Tanyatorn Sahapitaksin (Bam) 5961201
Sarocha Wuttipong (June) 5961096
Sippaphon Sathapornreungrai (Pleum) 5961102
The Newtonian Synthesis

Newtonian Synthesis is the unification of


earthbound material science and heavenly material
science. Isaac Newton contemplated that an apple and
the moon may both be influenced by the impact of
gravitational constrain. This at that point implied that
Newton's laws of movement were applicable in both the
space of earth that we live in and in the vast territories of
the universe. This changed how individuals pondered
nature by helping individuals understand that everything
we know in the universe are under the now all inclusive
laws of material science.

Question

1. What things that Newtonian can described?


=
2. What things that Laws of material science can
described?
=

่ ตอนเชา้
เดวมาเพิม
The Universal Law of Gravity

Gravity is very important. It is the force that pulls


things toward the Earth. It keeps thing on the Earth to be
on the ground. For instance, you throw the ball up high.
The ball will be fallen down to the ground by gravity
from the Earth. Gravity also makes people stay on the
ground instead of ​floating around. The amou​nt of gravity
on objects depend on their mass and distance. Object
that has more mass has more gravity. Gravity will be
stronger if two objects are closer. The distances between
two objects are very important because it is not just how
far between them, but it is square of the distance. Mass
time to gravity on that planet give the weight. Different
planet has different gravity, so your weight will be
change, if you are in the different planet. Your weight be
lesser when you are in the Moon. The reason is that the
gravity in the moon is less than the gravity in the Earth.
The sun’s gravity pull Earth to orbit around in the
perfect distance.

Newton's Apple

One day, ​Isaac Newton was sitting under the


apple tree. An apple fell down and hit his head. He
discover gravity force from this situation. Newton's law
of universal gravitation has an equation which is

Question
- In what sense does the Moon “fall”?
- State Newton’s law of universal gravitation in
words. Then do the same with one question.
The Universal Gravitational Constant
From the theory of Newton’s Apple, this explains the
attractive force between two objects when they have
mass. That shows the force is proportional to the two
mass objects but inversely proportional to the distance
square of the two objects.

G - ​universal gravitational
constant ​- equals to

6.674 × 10 −11 N m 2 kg −2

It can be understand in another simpler way that:


- Distance is given between centres
- Units are all in metres and kilograms
More important to know that force of gravity exists in
every kind of action and between all objects. That the
more closer the objects, the more affection on it.
However, it can be more easier to be noticed when one
another have a greater mass.
Questions:
- A planet is a third of the distance from a star as
another planet of the same mass. Will it have
three times the gravitational attraction?
- If there is an attractive force between all objects,
why do we not feel ourselves gravitating toward
massive buildings in our vicinity?
Gravity and Distance: Inverse-Square Law
Gravitation is the force pulling of two objects towards
each other with mass. From that, Newton states that:
“​The gravitational attraction force between two ​point
masses​ is directly proportional to the product of their
masses and inversely proportional to the square of their
separation distance. The force is always attractive and
acts along the line joining them.”
However, the gravity is being weaken as the object
moving apart from each other. By considering this
sphere area picture below, see how the source strength
spreads out as the distance increases:
This is called Inverse-Square Law. It happens when a
point from sources expands equally in different
direction, and goes beyond the range. The influence
intensity always come in by radius ​r of the source
strength then divided by sphere area. In addition, there
are a lot point of sources; including gravitational force,
electric field, light, sound or radiation.

Questions:
- By how much does the gravitational force
between two objects decrease when the distance
between their centres is doubled? Tripled?
Increased tenfold?
- Consider an apple at the top of a tree that is
pulled by Earth’s gravity with a force of 1N. If
the tree were twice as tall, would the force of
gravity be ¼ as strong? Defend your answer.
Weight and Weightlessness
Weight is the force acted on mass by gravity
pressing against the Earth surface. It is expressed in
formula W = MG that W refers to weight, M refers to
Mass of the object, and G refers to gravitational
acceleration. In the meantime, weightless is the absence
of weight which happens when the effects of gravity are
not felt. Technically, the existence of gravity is two
things pressing against each other. Hence, we could
experience temporally the sensation of weightlessness on
Earth. For example, astronauts face weightlessness
because of no external contact force pulling or pushing
toward their body.
Weightlessness

Weight
Question:
1. Moon has gravity 83.33 percents less than Earth
which is 1.62 m/s^2. This means you weigh six times
less on the Moon than you do on Earth. On which planet,
you will experience longer sensation of absence of
weight or weightlessness?

2. A heavy box weighs 80 kg was dropped from the top


of building. What would be the weight of the box during
it in the air before hitting the floor?

3. What would we likely be if there is no external contact


force pulling or pushing affecting on our body?
Ocean Tides
Tides are the rise and fall of the levels of the ocean.
They are caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun and
Moon as well as the rotation of the Earth.

Cycles of a Tide
Tides cycle as the Moon rotates around the Earth and as
the position of the Sun changes. Throughout the day the
sea level is constantly rising or falling.
1. The sea level rises
2. High tide is reached
3. The sea level falls
4. Low tide is reached
5. Back to number 1

This cycle can happen once or twice a day depending on


the location of the area to the Moon. Tides that happen
once a day are called diurnal. Tides that happen twice a
day are called semidiurnal. Because the Earth rotates in
the same direction as the Moon, the cycle is actually
slightly longer than a day at 24 hours and 50 minutes.

Tides and the Moon


While the Sun and the rotation of the Earth both have
some tidal impact, the location of the Moon has the
biggest affect on the tide. The gravity of the Moon
causes a high tide both on the side of the Earth directly
below the Moon (sublunar tide) and the opposite side of
the Earth (antipodal). Low tides are on the sides of the
Earth 90 degrees away from the Moon.

Tidal Currents
When the sea level is rising or falling, water is flowing
to or from the ocean. This flow causes currents called
tidal currents.
Flood current
- A flood current occurs as the sea level is rising towards
high tide. Water is flowing towards the shore and away
from the ocean.
Ebb current
- An ebb current occurs as the sea level is dropping
towards low tide. Water is flowing away from the shore
and towards the ocean.
Slack water
- At the exact time of high tide or low tide there is no
current. This time is called slack water.

Tidal Range
The tidal range is the difference in sea level between low
tide and high tide. The tidal range will vary in different
locations depending on the location of the Sun and the
Moon as well as the topography of the shore line.

In the open ocean the tidal range is typically around 2


feet. However, tidal ranges can be much larger near the
shore. The largest tidal range is on the coast of the Bay
of Fundy in Canada where the tides can change by as
much as 40 feet from high to low tide.
Types of Tides
High - High tide is the point in the tidal cycle where the
sea level is at its highest.
Low - Low tide is the point in the tidal cycle where the
sea level is at its lowest.
Spring - Spring tide occurs when the Sun and the Moon
are aligned to combine for the largest tidal range of the
highest high tide and the lowest low tide.
Neap - A neap tide is when the tidal range is at its
smallest. This occurs during the first and third quarters
of the Moon.
Semidiurnal - A semidiurnal tidal cycle is one where
there are two high and two low tides each day.
Diurnal - A diurnal tidal cycle is one where there is only
one high and one low tide during a day.
Questions
1. If the Sun, Earth and Moon are lined up follows, the
Earth would have ______ .
2. What tidal current occurs when the tide is moving
away from ocean towards the shore?
3. What type of tide occurs when the tidal range is at its
smallest?
Gravitational Fields
The gravitational field is the gravitational force per unit
mass that would be applied on a little test mass by then.
It is a vector field, and focuses toward the power that a
little test mass would feel by then. For a point molecule
of mass M, the greatness of the resultant gravitational
field quality g, at separate r from M
g = GM
r2

Until is newtons per kilogram or N kg −1 which is the


same as ms−2

Question
1. Mass of Earth when it's radius is 6400 km and

gravitational field strength is 9.81 N kg​-1​ i​s ?

2. N kg​-1​ is equivalent to ?
Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation
If we called Newton’s law of gravitation is a
basic of study the gravity, then Einstein’s theory of
gravity is the advance one. Newton’s law of gravity
works perfectly for almost everything that is related with
gravity on our planet. However, Albert Einstein found
something inconsistent with Newton’s theory. First,
Newton’s theory said that mass and energy are related.
But, actually, they don’t because if they are related, why
a massless photons gravitate when they have no mass.
Second, there is a speed limit in the Universe (the speed
of light). For example, The Sun is 8 light minutes away
from us. So, it takes 8 minutes for the light of the sun to
reach the Earth which means when you look at the sun,
you always see it as it was 8 minutes ago. So, if the sun
is suddenly disappear, it will take us 8 minutes to feel
the gravitational difference on Earth. But, Newton’s
theory said that if the sun suddenly disappear, you will
feel the difference right away. Albert Einstein, after
inventing the famous theory of relativity, realized that
Newton’s law of gravity had to be changed. This took
him about 10 years to figure out the solution. His
solution is called General relativity. In his new theory,
he found that the space and time were interwoven into a
single continuum known as space-time. Right now, he
decided to describe the force of gravity as a curvature of
space-time. Also, he found out that the every objects that
contained an energy caused a curves in a space-time. In
other words, every object with energy can affect the
force of gravity. Also, the curvature of spacetime effects
light rays. So, light is also affect by the gravity. This is
linked with how black hole occured. The black hole is
the thing that is occured when there is an object that has
a lots of energy to extremely curve the spacetime which
makes an object becomes very dense enough to capture
light. Also, this theory predict that it has a possibility to
create a waves of spacetime because since spacetime is
dynamical and you can curve it, it should be possible to
create a ripples in spacetime. These are called
gravitational waves. These waves have completely same
concept with electromagnetic waves which ripples in
electric and magnetic field instead of spacetime.

Question
1. How Einstein’s theory of gravity linked with
Newton’s ?
2. How Einstein describes force of gravity?
3. How black hole occured base on this theorem?
4. How gravitational wave is linked with
electromagnetic wave?
5. How gravitational wave occurred?
Black Holes

Black hole is a strangestest things that happen in


the outer space. It have a extremely density that can suck
a whole planet. However, the scientist cannot figure that
what inside Black Holes. Black holes can form by a
collapsing of a star, Black hole have a three time of the
gravitational that the sun, which leads to a crazy amount
of gravitational force pulling on objects around it. Black
holes also consume the dust and gas from the galaxy
around them, growing in size.
Albert Einstein first predicted black holes in
1916 with his ​general theory of relativity​. The term
"black hole" was coined in 1967 by ​American
astronomer John Wheeler​, and the first one was
discovered in 1971. There are three types: stellar black
holes, supermassive black holes and intermediate black
holes.
Questions
- Will our sun become black hole?
- How many types of Black Holes?
- Is there is a way to escape from Black Holes?
- What happen if Black Holes occur inside on the
Earth? Could it Happen?
Universal Gravitation
Universal gravitation is about the all inclusiveness of
gravity. Newton's place in the Gravity Hall of Fame isn't
because of his disclosure of gravity, but instead because
of his revelation that attraction is general. All’s draw in
each other with a power of gravitational fascination.
Gravity is general. This power of gravitational
fascination is straightforwardly reliant upon the majority
of the two s and contrarily relative to the square of the
separation that isolates their focuses.
Equation
m m
F = G d1 2 2
F = ​magnitude of the gravitational force between two
objects
G = The gravitation
m = mass of the object
d = separation between the central of the two object

Question
- What was the cause of perturbations discovered
in the orbit of the planet Uranus? What greater
discovery did this lead to?
- What percentage of the universe is presently
speculated to be composed of dark matter and
dark energy?
References

Physics Book
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Forces/isq.ht
ml
https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/what-is-gravity/en/
https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-law-of-universal-g
ravitation-definition-importance-examples.html
https://online.science.psu.edu/phys010_fawd/node/1053
3
https://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.
html
-Weightlessness and Its Effect on Astronauts. (2018).
Space.com. Retrieved 3 March 2018, from
https://www.space.com/23017-weightlessness.html
-Weightlessness | physics. (2018). Encyclopedia
Britannica. Retrieved 3 March 2018, from
https://www.britannica.com/science/weightlessness
https://isaacphysics.org/concepts/cp_gravitational_field
http://www.softschools.com/formulas/physics/gravitatio
nal_field_formula/334/
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circles/Lesson-3
/Newton-s-Law-of-Universal-Gravitation
https://physics.info/gravitation/summary.shtml
https://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/z8k887h/revisio
n/4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_constant

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