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Composite Materials

Design, Analysis & Applications

Dr. S. Kamran Afaq


Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials

OUTLINE
Mechanical Behavior

• Unidirectional Composite
• Longitudinal Strength and Modulus
• Transverse Strength and Modulus
• Shear Modulus

• Mechanical Characterization
• Lamina Properties
• Stress Strain Relationship
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Composite Materials

Revision

• Weight and Volume Fraction


Relation b/w Weight and Volume Fraction

m
Wm  Vm
c

f
Wf  Vf
c
Composite Density

c   f V f  mVm
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite

A unidirectional composite consists of parallel fibers embedded in a matrix

 L , EL
Longitudinal

L Transverse
T
 T , ET
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Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior

Longitudinal
(Parallel to fibers)

Transverse
(Perpendicular to fibers)
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Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Longitudinal Strength and Stiffness

Assumptions
• Fibers are uniform in properties and diameter
• Fibers are continuous and parallel through out the Composite
• Perfect bonding and no slippage

Strain experienced by fiber, matrix and composite are equal

 f  m  c T Fm
T
Ff
L
Fc
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Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Longitudinal Strength and Stiffness

Fm
Fc  Fm  F f Ff
Fc
 c Ac   m Am   f A f T

T
Am Af
c  m  f
L

Ac Ac
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Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Longitudinal Strength and Stiffness

Fm
For the parallel fibers, the volume
fraction are equal to the area fraction Ff
Fc
Af Am
Vf  and Vm  T
Ac Ac T
L

 L   c   mVm   f V f
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Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Longitudinal Strength and Stiffness

Differentiate w.r.t strain (which is same Fm


for composite, fiber and matrix
Ff
Fc
d c d f
d m T

 Vf  Vm T
d d d L

 d 
EL  E f V f  EmVm E  
 d 
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Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Longitudinal Strength and Stiffness

Rule of Mixtures

 c   mVm   f V f

EL  E f V f  EmVm
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Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Longitudinal Strength and Stiffness

f Ef

m Em

Vf Vf
0 100 0 100

 c   mVm   f V f EL  E f V f  EmVm
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Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Longitudinal Strength and Stiffness

Fiber
f

Composite
c
Matrix

m

c 
 c   mVm   f V f
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Composite Materials

Exercise 2.1
1- A carbon composite and glass composite each have fiber mass fraction
of 60%. Calculate its ultimate strength and modulus;

Glass fiber (σ= 3.45 GPa, E = 72 GPa, ρf = 2550 kg/m3)


Carbon fiber (σ= 4.00 GPa, E= 228 GPa, ρf = 1790 kg/m3)

For the same matrix (σ=60 MPa, E=3.00 GPa, ρm = 1200 kg/m3)

2- For a composite plate ( l=200 mm, b=100, t=5 mm), Calculate Force
in fiber, matrix and Composite at its ultimate fracture. (Data as above)
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Composite Materials

Exercise 2.2
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Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Transverse Strength and Stiffness
σc
Assumptions
Fiber
• Fibers are uniform in properties and diameter
• Continuous and Parallel
• Composite is stressed in Transverse direction

Each layer will carry the same load and stress


Matrix

 f  m  c T

L
T
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Transverse Stiffness σc
Fiber
Total deformation of composite;

 f  m  c
Gives,

Matrix
1 T
ET 
Vf Vm L
 T
E f Em
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Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Comparison b/w Longitudinal and Transverse Stiffness

Fibers are much less effective in


raising the ET than EL

EL  E f V f  EmVm
Ef
1
ET 
Vf Vm
Em 
Ef Em

0 100
Vf
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Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Transverse Strength
• Longitudinal Strength and Stiffness are improve by fibers volume fraction
• Fibers geometry is unable to sustain transverse load
• Transverse Strength is controlled by the Matrix ultimate strength

 mu
 TU 
S
S is the strength reduction factor, which depends on relative properties
of the constituents and their volume fraction

S

1  V f 1  Em E f  

1  4V f   1  Em E f 
12

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Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior T
Unidirectional Composite
L
Shear Stiffness
T

Shear loading
Fiber τ
 f m c
Total Shear deformation

 f   m  c Matrix
m  f
Gives,

G f Gm f
GLT 
GmV f  G f Vm m
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Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior T
Unidirectional Composite
L
Poisson’s Ratio
T
vLT : Relate σL to εT (Major)

vTL : Relate σT to εL (Minor)

Total deformation
f
c
 f  m  c (1)
m

 f  t f  T  f  t f  f  L  f
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Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior T
Unidirectional Composite L
Poisson’s Ratio T

 f  t f  T  f  t f  f  L  f Fiber

 m  tm  T m  tmm  L m f
c
 c  tc  T c  tcLT  L c
m
Since Matrix
 L m   L  f   L c
So from equation (1),
tc LT  t f  f  tmm
 LT TL
 LT  V f  f  Vmm and 
EL ET
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials

Exercise 2.3
1- A carbon composite have fiber volume fraction of (25%, 50%).
Calculate its mechanical properties (EL, ET, GLT, vLT);

Glass fiber (E = 72 GPa, v=0.2)

Matrix (E=3.00 GPa, v=.35)

Assume fiber are istropic.


Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite σ11 , E11

T
 L , EL
L
T Longitudinal

Transverse
x2
 T , ET σ22 , E22
x1
x3
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Composite Materials
Mechanical Characterization
E11, v12 E22

G12
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Composite Materials
Mechanical Characterization E11, v12

ε1

ε2
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Composite Materials
Mechanical Characterization
E11, v12

Composite

1

1 

E11 = 1 /1 n12 = -2 /1


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Composite Materials
Mechanical Characterization E22

ε2 E22 = 2 / 2 n12= - n21 E11 /E22


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Mechanical Characterization G12

Ex
 12 T

4
G12 
4 1 1 212 G12 = 12 / 12
  
E x E1 E2 E1
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Composite Materials
Lamina Properties
A single layer of a laminated composite material is known as Lamina

x3

x1
x2
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials
Lamina Properties
Stress Tensor
σ33

σ31
σ32

 11  12  13 
σ13
 ij   21  22  23  σ23 σ11
 31  32  33  σ21 σ12
σ22

x3

x1
x2
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Composite Materials
Lamina Properties
Stress Tensor

 11  12  13   1  6  5 
 ij   21  22  23   ij   6  2  4 
 31  32  33   5  4  3 
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Composite Materials
Lamina Properties
Isotropic Properties Anisotropic Properties

By Applying Tensile Load

• Same modulus in all directions


• No change in angles of sides
• Deformation is direction independent COMPOSITE

• Directional Modulus
• Changes in angles
• Deformation is direction dependent
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials
Lamina Properties
Orthotropic Properties

Deformation response of Orthotropic Material is same as Anisotropic

But, if load is applied in a specific direction, they behave as Isotropic

This specific direction is


same as the Axes of
Symmetry of Material
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Composite Materials
Stress-Strain Relationships
Isotropic Materials
  E (Hooks Law)

1
 
E
 1   0 0 0 
 1   E E E   1 
    1  0 0 0   
  2 E E E  2 
 3    E   E 1 E 0 0 0   3 
   
 4   0 0 0 1 0 0   4 
G
 5   0 0 0 0 1 0   5 
   G  
 6   1   6 
0 0 0 0 0
 G
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Composite Materials
Stress-Strain Relationships
Orthotropic Materials

Nine independent Material Constants


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Stress-Strain Relationships
Orthotropic Materials
For Plane Stress State 3  4  5  0

Compliance
Matrix

   S  
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Composite Materials
Stress-Strain Relationships
Orthotropic Materials For Plane Stress State

   S      Q 

Rigidity
Matrix

[Q] = [S]-1
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Stress-Strain Relationships
Transformation Coordinates

Consider x-y system, that is at an angle ‘θ’ w.r.t the fibre or 1-2 system

1
y
θ

x
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Stress-Strain Relationships
Transformation Coordinates

Stresses in 1-2 system

 12  T  x y


Transformation Matrix

 c2 s2 2cs 
T    s 2 c 2  2cs  y
1

 sc sc c 2  s 2 
  θ

c  cos  , s  sin 
2

x
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Composite Materials
Stress-Strain Relationships
1
Transformation Coordinates y
Stress-Strain θ
 12  Q 12
 12  T  x y 2
So,
 x y  T 1  12 x
 x y  T 1 Q 12  12  T  x y
 x y  T 1 QT  x y
 x y  Q  x y
Where,
Q   T QT 
1
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Composite Materials
Stress-Strain Relationships
Transformation Coordinates

 x y  Q  x y


Stress-Strain

Where,
Q   T QT 
1

Similarly for Compliance Matrix

S   T S T 
1
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials
Stress-Strain Relationships
Example

Find [Q]0° , [Q]90° , [Q]60°


Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials
Stress-Strain Relationships
Example

Find [Q]0° , [Q]45°

Solution
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials
Stress-Strain Relationships
Example
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application

Composite Materials

Assignment 3.1
1- Carbon-Epoxy Composite. Vf = 60% , E11=130, E22=1.2
v12=.28, G12=7 . Find [Q] and [S].

2- Q30, Q45, Q90

3- S30, S45, S90


Composite Materials

Thank you

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