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Composite Materials
OUTLINE
Mechanical Behavior
• Unidirectional Composite
• Longitudinal Strength and Modulus
• Transverse Strength and Modulus
• Shear Modulus
• Mechanical Characterization
• Lamina Properties
• Stress Strain Relationship
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Revision
m
Wm Vm
c
f
Wf Vf
c
Composite Density
c f V f mVm
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
L , EL
Longitudinal
L Transverse
T
T , ET
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Longitudinal
(Parallel to fibers)
Transverse
(Perpendicular to fibers)
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Longitudinal Strength and Stiffness
Assumptions
• Fibers are uniform in properties and diameter
• Fibers are continuous and parallel through out the Composite
• Perfect bonding and no slippage
f m c T Fm
T
Ff
L
Fc
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Longitudinal Strength and Stiffness
Fm
Fc Fm F f Ff
Fc
c Ac m Am f A f T
T
Am Af
c m f
L
Ac Ac
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Longitudinal Strength and Stiffness
Fm
For the parallel fibers, the volume
fraction are equal to the area fraction Ff
Fc
Af Am
Vf and Vm T
Ac Ac T
L
L c mVm f V f
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Longitudinal Strength and Stiffness
Vf Vm T
d d d L
d
EL E f V f EmVm E
d
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Longitudinal Strength and Stiffness
Rule of Mixtures
c mVm f V f
EL E f V f EmVm
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Longitudinal Strength and Stiffness
f Ef
m Em
Vf Vf
0 100 0 100
c mVm f V f EL E f V f EmVm
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Longitudinal Strength and Stiffness
Fiber
f
Composite
c
Matrix
m
c
c mVm f V f
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Exercise 2.1
1- A carbon composite and glass composite each have fiber mass fraction
of 60%. Calculate its ultimate strength and modulus;
For the same matrix (σ=60 MPa, E=3.00 GPa, ρm = 1200 kg/m3)
2- For a composite plate ( l=200 mm, b=100, t=5 mm), Calculate Force
in fiber, matrix and Composite at its ultimate fracture. (Data as above)
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Exercise 2.2
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Transverse Strength and Stiffness
σc
Assumptions
Fiber
• Fibers are uniform in properties and diameter
• Continuous and Parallel
• Composite is stressed in Transverse direction
f m c T
L
T
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Transverse Stiffness σc
Fiber
Total deformation of composite;
f m c
Gives,
Matrix
1 T
ET
Vf Vm L
T
E f Em
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Comparison b/w Longitudinal and Transverse Stiffness
EL E f V f EmVm
Ef
1
ET
Vf Vm
Em
Ef Em
0 100
Vf
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite
Transverse Strength
• Longitudinal Strength and Stiffness are improve by fibers volume fraction
• Fibers geometry is unable to sustain transverse load
• Transverse Strength is controlled by the Matrix ultimate strength
mu
TU
S
S is the strength reduction factor, which depends on relative properties
of the constituents and their volume fraction
S
1 V f 1 Em E f
1 4V f 1 Em E f
12
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior T
Unidirectional Composite
L
Shear Stiffness
T
Shear loading
Fiber τ
f m c
Total Shear deformation
f m c Matrix
m f
Gives,
G f Gm f
GLT
GmV f G f Vm m
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior T
Unidirectional Composite
L
Poisson’s Ratio
T
vLT : Relate σL to εT (Major)
Total deformation
f
c
f m c (1)
m
f t f T f t f f L f
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior T
Unidirectional Composite L
Poisson’s Ratio T
f t f T f t f f L f Fiber
m tm T m tmm L m f
c
c tc T c tcLT L c
m
Since Matrix
L m L f L c
So from equation (1),
tc LT t f f tmm
LT TL
LT V f f Vmm and
EL ET
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Exercise 2.3
1- A carbon composite have fiber volume fraction of (25%, 50%).
Calculate its mechanical properties (EL, ET, GLT, vLT);
Composite Materials
Mechanical Behavior
Unidirectional Composite σ11 , E11
T
L , EL
L
T Longitudinal
Transverse
x2
T , ET σ22 , E22
x1
x3
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Mechanical Characterization
E11, v12 E22
G12
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Mechanical Characterization E11, v12
ε1
ε2
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Mechanical Characterization
E11, v12
Composite
1
1
Composite Materials
Mechanical Characterization E22
Composite Materials
Mechanical Characterization G12
Ex
12 T
4
G12
4 1 1 212 G12 = 12 / 12
E x E1 E2 E1
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Lamina Properties
A single layer of a laminated composite material is known as Lamina
x3
x1
x2
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Lamina Properties
Stress Tensor
σ33
σ31
σ32
11 12 13
σ13
ij 21 22 23 σ23 σ11
31 32 33 σ21 σ12
σ22
x3
x1
x2
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Lamina Properties
Stress Tensor
11 12 13 1 6 5
ij 21 22 23 ij 6 2 4
31 32 33 5 4 3
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Lamina Properties
Isotropic Properties Anisotropic Properties
• Directional Modulus
• Changes in angles
• Deformation is direction dependent
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Lamina Properties
Orthotropic Properties
Composite Materials
Stress-Strain Relationships
Isotropic Materials
E (Hooks Law)
1
E
1 0 0 0
1 E E E 1
1 0 0 0
2 E E E 2
3 E E 1 E 0 0 0 3
4 0 0 0 1 0 0 4
G
5 0 0 0 0 1 0 5
G
6 1 6
0 0 0 0 0
G
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Stress-Strain Relationships
Orthotropic Materials
Composite Materials
Stress-Strain Relationships
Orthotropic Materials
For Plane Stress State 3 4 5 0
Compliance
Matrix
S
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Stress-Strain Relationships
Orthotropic Materials For Plane Stress State
S Q
Rigidity
Matrix
[Q] = [S]-1
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Stress-Strain Relationships
Transformation Coordinates
Consider x-y system, that is at an angle ‘θ’ w.r.t the fibre or 1-2 system
1
y
θ
x
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Stress-Strain Relationships
Transformation Coordinates
c2 s2 2cs
T s 2 c 2 2cs y
1
sc sc c 2 s 2
θ
c cos , s sin
2
x
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Stress-Strain Relationships
1
Transformation Coordinates y
Stress-Strain θ
12 Q 12
12 T x y 2
So,
x y T 1 12 x
x y T 1 Q 12 12 T x y
x y T 1 QT x y
x y Q x y
Where,
Q T QT
1
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Stress-Strain Relationships
Transformation Coordinates
Where,
Q T QT
1
S T S T
1
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Stress-Strain Relationships
Example
Composite Materials
Stress-Strain Relationships
Example
Solution
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Stress-Strain Relationships
Example
Introduction Mechanical Behavior Laminate Theory Sandwich Structures Analysis & Design Manufacturing/Application
Composite Materials
Assignment 3.1
1- Carbon-Epoxy Composite. Vf = 60% , E11=130, E22=1.2
v12=.28, G12=7 . Find [Q] and [S].
Thank you