Index WEF MOP8 Web

Index
A Advanced treatment, 1-3

2 equalization, 11-79
A /O process, 14-102
materials of construction, 10-45
Absorption systems, 18-4
adsorption, 10-47
Acceptance, septage, 11-68
air stripping, 10-47
Access roads, 4-24, 4-28
coagulation, 10-45
Accidental release prevention program,
filtration, 10-46
7-27
sedimentation, 10-46
Acid-cleaning, 24-64
Advantages, FBBRs, 13-112
Acidogenesis, anaerobic digestion, 25-18
Advisory Council on Historical Preservation,
Activated alumina, odor control, 7-152
4-19
Activated biofilter, process, 15-7
Aerated channels, 6-27
Activated carbon, odor control, 7-145
Aerated grit basins, 11-51
Activated primary clarifiers, 12-57
Aerated grit chamber, 6-34
Activated Sludge Models, IAWPRC, 20-21
Aerated static-pile composting, 25-204
Activated sludge treatment (also, refer to
Aeration and mixing requirements,
suspended-growth biological
integrated biological treatment,
treatment), 14-9
15-25
odor control, 7-130
Aeration basin volume design example,
upgrading, 15-51
14-297
Activation, organic polymers, 22-51
Aeration basins, 6-35
Administration offices, 4-34
Aeration
Adsorption, materials of construction, 10-47
composting, 25-218
Advanced alkaline stabilization, 25-239
diffused aeration, 14-172
accelerated drying (AASAD), 25-243
equalization, 11-85
biosolids product, 27-43
equipment, aerobic digestion, 25-164
Advanced integrated, pond systems, 18-25
FBBRs, 13-125
Advanced oxidation, 16-137
MBBRs, 13-43
I-1
Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation
and the American Society of Civil Engineers/Environmental and Water Resources Institute
I-2 Design of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
mechanical surface aerators, 14-180 Ammonia recovery, sidestream treatment,

submerged turbine aerators, 14-185 17-26
Aerobic conditions, composting, 25-199 Ammonia stripping, sidestream treatment,
Aerobic digesters, 10-53, 25-151 17-26
Class A biosolids, 20-8 Ammonia, odor emissions, 7-43
Class B biosolids, 20-9 Ammonia-nitrogen flux, 13-55
Aerobic granule-based reactors, 13-210 Anaerobic digestion, 10-54, 25-15
Aerobic pretreatment, anaerobic digestion, Class A biosolids, 20-8
25-56 Class B biosolids, 20-9
Aerobic–anoxic operation, aerobic digestion, Anaerobic treatment (see also suspended-
25-184 growth biological treatment),
Aftergrowths, disinfection, 19-65 14-125
Agitated-bed reactors, composting, 25-206 Analysis
Air drying, Class A biosolids, 20-8 digester gas, 25-131
Air emissions, 4-42 odorant, 7-38
combustions sources, 7-48 Anionic polymers, 12-34
digester gas, 25-148 Annamox
Air flowrate, air emissions, 7-6 biofilm reactors, 13-211
Air pollution control, thermal processing, sidestream treatment, 17-16
26-77 Application rates
acid gases, including sulfur oxides, 26-84 biosolids land application, 27-12
combustion modifications, 26-83 dedicated land disposal, 27-35, 27-37
electrostatic precipitators, 26-82 Application, organic polymers, 22-29
fabric filters, 26-82 Applying site evaluation criteria, 4-12
flue gas treatment, 26-83 Arc screens, 11-15
mechanical collectors, 26-80 Arc-flash studies, 9-15
mercury, 26-84 Architecture, 4-39
nitrogen oxides, 26-82 Area sources, odors/air emissions, 7-61
particulate and metals, 26-77 Arrangement of treatment processes, 4-29
stack-gas reheat, 26-85 Arrhenius function, 13-21
wet scrubbers, 26-81 Ash, 27-37
Air quality, 4-19 Ash-derived biosolids product, 27-44
Air sampling plans, 7-38 Asset management, 2-5
Air stripping, 16-7, 16-150, 16-152 ASTM sustainability standards, 5-8
Air stripping, materials of construction, 10-47 Asymmetrical flow distribution layout, 6-21
Air/oxygen injection, odor control, 7-100 Attached-growth biological treatment,
Air-lift pump, 21-37 materials of construction, 10-41
Air-permit-review process, 7-23 rotating biological contactors, 10-42
Albertson and Okey model, 13-184 trickling filters, 10-41
Alkaline stabilization, 25-231 Attainment status, air emissions, 7-19
Alkaline stabilization, Class B biosolids, 20-10 Audits, energy, 5-37
Alkalinity, anaerobic digesters, 25-26, 25-118 Automation controls, temperature and
Aluminum salts, conditioning, 22-20 building, 9-68
Ambient-odor limits, 7-16 Automation
Amendments, composting, 25-210 equalization, 11-87
American Concrete Institute, 4-24 grit removal, 11-66
Americans with Disabilities Act, 4-33 screening, 11-38
Amines, digester gas, 25-137 septage, 11-76

Index I-3
Autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion, Bioaugmentation, sidestream treatment, 17-16

25-171 Biochemical oxygen demand and total
Auxiliary equipment, thermal oxidation, suspended solids removal,
26-56 integrated biological treatment,
Availability of funding, 4-29 15-28
Available carbon, 12-58 Biochemical oxygen demand removal
efficiency, 12-12
Biochemistry
B anaerobic digestion, 25-16
Backwash filters, moving bed, 13-82 biological odor treatment, 7-113
Backwash handling, BAFs, 13-105 Biocolloids, 22-6
Bacteria, disinfection, 19-12, 19-15, 19-16 Biofilm airlift reactors, 13-212
Baffles, 6-26 Biofilm carriers, trickling filters, 13-143
nutrient control, 14-120 Biofilm models, 13-31
secondary clarification, 14-269 Biofilm reactors, 13-5
Ballasted flocculation, 12-37, 12-39 Biofilm thickness
Band screens, 11-18 FBBRs, 13-124
Bar rack headloss, 6-32 RBCs, 13-140
Bar screens, odor containment, 7-79 Biofilms, 13-5
Bardenpho™ process, 14-92, 14-93, 14-101 Biofilter activated sludge process, 15-9
Barrel-arch covers, odor containment, 7-71 Biofilters, odor control, 7-114
Bars, screening media, 11-8 Biogas, 25-123
Basin cleaning, 11-86 anaerobic digestion, 25-28
Basin configuration, aerobic digestion, 25-184 landfills, 27-29
Batch operation, aerobic digestion, 25-184 Biogasification, 26-67
Batch reactors, 6-37 Biological fouling, 16-135, 16-136
Batch reactors, anaerobic digestion, 25-67 Biological treatment (see also suspended-
Bearings, belt presses, 24-35 growth biological treatment), 14-1
Belt conveyor, 21-57, 21-58, 21-59, 21-60, integrated (see integrated biological
21-61, 21-62, 21-63, 21-65, 21-67, treatment), 15-1
21-68, 21-69, 21-70 odor control, 7-112
Belt dryers, 26-17 Biologically active filters (BAFs), 13-73
Belt filter presses, 10-52 Biomass concentration, FBBRs, 13-113
conditioning, 22-23 Biophosphorus, aerobic digestion, 25-188
dewatering, conditioning, 22-39 Biopolymers, 22-6
odor containment, 7-81 Bioreactor classification, trickling filters,
Belt thickeners, odor containment, 7-81 13-153
Belt presses, 24-29, 24-35 Bioreactor configuration, trickling filters,
Belts 13-151
cleaning system, 24-39 Bioscrubbers, odor control, 7-127
tracking, 24-39 Bioset process, 25-243
wash system, 24-39 Biosolids characteristics, land application,
Benchmarking, energy requirements, 5-39 27-6
Beneficial use, incinerator ash, 27-38 Biosolids, 1-4
Bernoulli equation, 6-11 Biotowers, 6-36
Best-available control technology, odor Biotrickling filters, odor control, 7-127
treatment, 7-14 Blowers and fans, thermal oxidation, 26-55
Beta ray irradiation, Class A biosolids, 20-8 Blowers, oxygen transfer, 14-190

BOD loadings loading rates, biosolids land application,

overland flow systems, 18-33 27-14
rapid-infiltration systems, 18-35 phosphate precipitation, 17-29
Boilers, digester gas use, 25-137 Calculation procedure, 6-2
Brake power, 6-43 Campus layout, 4-30
Breakpoint chlorination, 19-53 Canada, disinfection regulations, 19-20
Brick manufacturing, 27-44 Cap system, landfills, 27-30
Brine Capacity
disposal, 4-28, 16-148, 16-149, 16-150 landfills, 27-25
recovery, 16-150 plant, 3-5
Broad-crested weir, 6-14 Capital costs
Bromine disinfection, 19-178 heating, ventilating, and air conditioning,
Brownfields, 4-17 9-61
Bucket elevator, 21-77, 21-78 site selection, 4-27
Buckingham equation, 21-23, 21-27 Capture efficiency, 24-92
Buffer zones, 4-19 belt presses, 24-36
Building and grounds, safety, 8-10 centrifuges, 24-24
Building recessed-plate filter presses, 24-47
classifications, fire protection, 9-82 Carbon addition for nutrient removal,
enclosures, odor containment, 7-74 14-111
requirements, recessed-plate filter presses, Carbon adsorption, 16-66, 16-67, 16-69, 16-70,
24-47 16-71, 16-72
fire, and mechanical codes, thermal Carbon adsorption, odor control, 7-145
oxidation, 26-61 Carbon dioxide
Bulk density digester gas, 25-136
compost, 27-47 materials of construction, 10-16
heat-dried biosolids, 27-51 Carbon footprinting, 5-8
solids cake, 24-7 Carbon monoxide
Bulk liquid volume displacement, 13-38 emissions control, 7-161
Bulk specific surface area, 13-38 thermal processing, 26-69
Bulking agent, composting, 25-216 Carbon oxidation, 14-36, 14-37
Bulking agents, 25-210 MBBRs, 13-45
Bus technology RBCs, 13-137
DeviceNet, 9-40 Carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio, composting,
fieldbus, 9-39 25-199
instrumentation and control systems, 9-39 Catalytic oxidation, odor control, 7-143
profibus, 9-39 Catalytic oxidizers, 7-157
Bypass screens, 11-10 Catenary screens, 11-14
Cathodic protection, 10-36, 10-94
galvanic anodes, 10-95
C impressed-current systems, 10-97
Cake Ceiling concentration, biosolids, 27-8
discharge, 24-28 Centrifugal pumps, 6-40, 10-50, 21-28, 21-29,
removal, 24-62 21-30
solids content, 24-5 Centrifuges, 10-53, 24-17
Calcium dewatering, conditioning, 22-39
carbonate equivalency, biosolids land odor containment, 7-82
application, 27-14 thickening, 23-41

Index I-5
abrasion areas, 23-55 Chemical oxygen demand

back-drive, 23-55 anaerobic digestion, 25-28
base, 23-54 removal efficiency, 12-12
bearings, 23-54 Chemical requirements, sidestream
bowl geometry, 23-43 treatment, 17-13
bowl, 23-54 Chemical selection, 9-72, 9-74
case, 23-54 Chemical solids, 22-5
chemical conditioning, 23-57 Chemical solids, production, 20-24
conditioning, 22-37 Chemical solution diffuser, 12-36
conveyor, 23-54 Chemical spills, 4-20
design example, 23-58 Chemical stabilization/fixation process, 25-241
differential speed adjustment, 23-47 Chemical storage
electrical controls, 23-55 conditioning, 22-41
evaluation and scale-up, 23-47 feeding equipment, alkaline stabilization,
feed pipe, 23-54 25-260
motor type and size, 23-53 Chemical systems, 9-71
operating principle, 23-42 application points, 9-75
performance-control systems, 23-56 bulk delivery and containers, 9-77
pond-depth adjustments, 23-57 codes, 9-75
process design, 23-50 construction materials, 9-80
pumps, 23-55 containment and diking, 9-77
scroll configuration, 23-46 costs, 9-72
scroll drive features, 23-47 dry chemical feed, 9-78, 9-79
scroll geometry, 23-46 equipment selection, 9-76
solids transportation, 23-56 gas–chemical–feed, 9-78
variable-speed bowl and scroll, liquid–chemical–feed, 9-78
23-57 mixing, 9-80
vibration, 23-55 retrofitting and upgrading, 9-80
Certified tests, pumps, 6-52 security, 9-80
Chain and flights, 12-43 solids management, 9-81
Chain-driven screens, 11-12 storage, handling, feed systems, and
Channel design, 11-44 mixing, 9-77
Characteristics odor control, 7-100, 7-131
design flow, 3-5 Chemical-feed and chemical-distribution
primary sludge, 12-46 facilities, material selection, 10-73
sidestreams, 17-10 Chemically enhanced primary treatment,
wastewater, 2-37 12-31, 12-46
Characterization, septage, 11-68 Chemicals/dose, alkaline stabilization, 25-248
Charge, organic polymers, 22-25 China, disinfection regulations, 19-21
Chemical coagulants, 12-34 Chloramination, 16-136, 19-23
Chemical conditioning Chloramines, disinfection, 19-52
dewatering, 24-11 Chlorination and dechlorination chemicals,
rotary presses, 24-92 19-56
screw presses, 24-109 chlorine dioxide, 19-59
Chemical feed systems, 6-39 elemental chlorine, 19-56
Chemical flocculants, 12-34 hypochlorites, 19-56
Chemical handling, safety, 8-18 sulfite salts, 19-58
Chemical oxidation, odor control, 7-102 sulfur dioxide, 19-57

Chlorination, 6-36, 16-16, 16-38, 16-131, 16-135, Coarse solids reduction, 11-49
16-136, 16-138, 16-155, 16-156, Codes
16-157, 16-158, 19-50 chemical systems, 9-75
breakpoint, 19-53 fire suppression, 9-82
chloramines, 19-52 heating, ventilating, and air conditioning,
chlorine/nitrogen reactions, 19-54 9-53, 9-69
inorganic reactions, 19-52 thermal oxidation, 26-61
organic reactions, 19-54 Co-digestion, 25-76
secondary effluent, 19-90 Co-disposal landfills, 27-23
Chlorinators, 19-75, 19-77 Cogeneration, digester gas use, 25-138
Chlorine compounds, odor control, 7-102 Colloidal fouling, 16-133, 16-134
Chlorine dioxide Color coding
chlorination and dechlorination, 19-59 paints used to identify type of service, 10-93
disinfection, 19-23 piping, 8-13
Chlorine Combined aerobic–anaerobic digestion, 25-177
byproduct toxicity, 19-64 Combined carbon oxidation and
disinfection, 19-26 Nitrification, trickling filters,
disinfection and dechlorination, 10-43 13-173
efficacy, disinfection, 19-90 Combined sewer overflow screen, 11-23
gas, disinfection, 19-22, 19-65 Combined solids, production, 20-23
residual, disinfection, 19-71 Combustion emissions, 26-69
Cipoletti weirs, 6-13 Combustion, 26-25
Circular clarifiers, 12-5, 14-249 odor control, 7-152
Clarifier depth, 12-14 waste gas, 25-132
Clarifiers, 12-5, 14-205 Commercial computation software, 6-54
secondary, integrated biological treatment, Commercial modeling software, 6-54
15-14 Communication, 9-93
suspended-growth biological treatment, Community effects, odor emissions, 7-55
14-35 Compact layout, 4-30
wet-weather considerations, 14-169 Compartments, biofilm reactors, 13-8
Class A biosolids, 20-6 Compensation options, 4-21
Class B biosolids, 20-9 Complete mix reactor, 14-13
Clean filter headloss, 6-38 Complex siting study, 4-7
Clean Water Act, 2-8 Compliance assurance monitoring, air
Cleaning system, screw presses, 24-103 emissions, 7-28
Cleaning Composition of primary sludge, 12-48
anaerobic digester equipment, 25-122 Composition of scum, 12-53
screening, 11-28 Composition, screening, 11-8
Climate change, infrastructure design, 5-22 Compost, 25-198
Climate, 4-38 biosolids product, 27-42
Climate, heating, ventilating and air Class A biosolids, 20-8
conditioning, 9-55 Class B biosolids, 20-9
Closure, landfills, 27-29 product quality, 27-46
Coagulant addition, 12-35 Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Coagulant dosage, 12-32 Compensation, and Liability Act,
Coagulation, materials of construction, 10-45 2-53
Coarse screens headloss, 11-34 Compressed-air systems, 9-92
Coarse screens, 11-6, 11-11 Compressible medium filtration, 16-51

Index I-7
Compressors Continuous self-cleaning screens, 11-14

digester gas, 25-129 Continuous-element screens, 11-16
dissolved air flotation, 23-37 Contract, project, 2-33
Computational fluid dynamics, 6-22, 6-55 Contractor safety prequalification, 8-24
disinfection, 19-49 Control panels, instrumentation and control
UV disinfection, 19-107, 19-142 systems, 9-40
Computer modeling, 6-53 Control point, 6-6
Concentration, scum, 12-55 Control systems
Concrete data systems, 9-52
properties and applications, 10-75 instrumentation, 9-52
structural systems, 10-65 monitoring versus control, 9-52
Condensate traps, 25-127 plant control systems, 9-44
Conditioning agents, 22-4 building blocks, 9-45
Conditioning, 22-3 distributed control systems, 9-44
screening, 11-24, 11-37 process controllers, 9-44
slurry carbonization, 26-6, 26-7 programmable logic controller, 9-44
thermal, 26-6 supervisory and data acquisition systems,
Conduction drying systems, 26-15 9-43
Conduit losses, 6-16 Control valve equation, 6-25
Conduit sizing, 6-10 Controlled discharge, facultative ponds,
Configuration 18-11
BAFs, 13-74 Controls and drives, belt presses, 24-37
equalization, 11-84 Controls
MBBRs, 13-44 aerobic digestion, 25-167
Confined spaces, odor containment, 7-94 centrifuges, 24-25
Confluence analysis, 6-27 screw presses, 24-108
Conical grit washers, 11-62 Convection dryers, 26-11, 26-17
Consent decree, 4-4 Conventional aerobic digestion, 25-169
Conservation planning, land application, Conventional sedimentation, 12-4
27-5 Conveyance, post-digestion solids, 25-72
Constant speed pumps, 6-45 Conveyance, solids, 10-51
Constant velocity channels, 6-34 Conveyors, screening, 11-28
Constructed wetlands, materials of Corrosion, 10-18
construction, 10-43 anaerobic digesters, 25-117
Constructed, wetlands, 18-42 carbonation of concrete, 10-21
Construction cavitation, 10-20
considerations, sustainability, 5-13 control, 10-1
instrumentation and control systems, 9-29 control, clarifiers, 12-29
materials (see Materials of construction), cracking, 10-21
10-1 crevice corrosion, 10-20
materials, chemical systems, 9-80 dealloying corrosion, 10-21
safety, 8-21 digester equipment, 25-128
Contact time embrittlement, 10-21
alkaline stabilization, 25-248 erosion–corrosion, 10-20
disinfection, 19-39, 19-40, 19-45 flexure, 10-21
Containment and diking, chemicals, 9-77 fretting, 10-20
Containment structure, trickling filters, galvanic corrosion, 10-20
13-148 heat, 10-22

microbiologically influenced corrosion, hypochlorites, 19-56

10-22 sulfite salts, 19-58
pitting corrosion, 10-20 sulfur dioxide, 19-57
plastic deformation, 10-22 materials of construction, 10-43
resistance, heating, ventilating and air chlorine, 10-43
conditioning, 9-60 miscellaneous electrotechnology
selective leaching, 10-20 processes, 10-45
uniform corrosion, 10-19 ozone, 10-44
UV deterioration of plastics and coating, sodium metabisulfite, 10-44
10-22 sulfur dioxide, 10-44
Cost-effectiveness, conditioning, 22-54 Dechlorination, 16-136, 16-138, 16-158, 19-93
Costs reactions and kinetics, 19-94
chemical systems, 9-72 shipment and handling safety, 19-95
estimating, 2-57 sulfur dioxide, 19-94
heating, ventilating and air conditioning, Dedicated land disposal, 27-32
9-61 Defining site evaluation criteria, 4-14
site selection, 4-27 Degritting
siting criteria, 4-10 materials of construction, 10-49
Cothickening of primary and secondary, 12-58 solids pretreatment, 20-39
Countercurrent adsorption, 16-75 Demand reduction, energy, 5-35
Covered beds, 24-80 Denitritation, sidestream treatment, 17-15
Covers Denitrification
anaerobic digesters, 25-97 BAFs, 13-97
RBCs, 13-140 MBBRs, 13-58
Covers/enclosures, odor containment, 7-69 Dense sludge process, 12-37, 12-41
Criteria analysis, 2-67 Depth filtration, 16-16, 16-17, 16-57, 16-58
Critical depth, 6-19 Depth of clarifier, 12-14
Crop selection, slow-rate systems, 18-24 Descriptors, odor character, 7-8
Cross collectors, primary sludge, 12-43 Design considerations
Cross-linkage, organic polymers, 22-27 anaerobic digestion, 25-80
Cryogenic refrigeration, 25-137 BAFs, 13-88
Cultural significance, site selection, 4-19 chemically enhance primary treatment,
Curing, composting, 25-223 2-33
Cut-throat flume, 6-24 heating, ventilating and air conditioning,
Cyclone systems, 11-60 9-60
Cylindrical digesters, 25-95 corrosion resistance, 9-60
costs, 9-61
hazard assessment, 9-60
D system redundancy, 9-61
Darcy-Weisbach equation, 6-16, 21-16, 21-24, MBBRs, 13-66
21-25, 21-26 preaeration, 12-30
Debris management, anaerobic digesters, primary treatment, 12-9
25-65, 25-114 sidestream treatment, 17-9
Decanters, drying beds, 24-78 stacked clarifiers, 12-29
Dechlorination and chlorination chemicals, trickling filters, 13-188
19-56 Design example, 15-39
chlorine dioxide, 19-59 aerobic digester, 25-194
elemental chlorine, 19-56 biosolids land application, 27-15

Index I-9
centrifuge, 23-58 miscellaneous electrotechnology

Class B lime stabilization, 25-287 processes, 10-45
composting, 25-227 ozone, 10-44
dissolved air flotation, 23-40 sodium metabisulfite, 10-44
gravity belt thickeners, 23-72 sulfur dioxide, 10-44
gravity thickeners, 23-17 effluent discharge, 10-60
hydraulic profile, 6-57, 6-63 building reuse systems, 10-64
incineration, 26-92 freshwater outfalls, 10-62
mass balance, 20-25 land sprinkling systems, 10-64
odor emissions, 7-63 marine outfalls, 10-62
overland flow systems, 18-34 piping, 10-61
pond systems, 18-17 pumps, 10-60
primary clarifier, 12-59 storage tanks, 10-63
rapid-infiltration systems, 18-40 gas collection, storage, and distribution, 10-56
rotary drum thickeners, 23-77 natural systems, 10-43
slow-rate systems, 18-29 constructed wetlands, 10-43
suspended-growth biological treatment, wastewater ponds, 10-43
14-294 preliminary treatment, 10-37
addressing nutrients, 14-309 flow equalization, 10-38
aeration basin volume, 14-297 grit removal, 10-38
aeration requirements, 14-301 screens, 10-37
secondary clarification, 14-307 primary treatment, 10-39
summary for the base case, 14-308 dissolved air flotation, 10-40
thermal drying, 26-85 settling tanks, 10-39
thermal processing, 26-85, 26-92 solids conveyance, 10-51
thermophilic digestion, 25-119 solids dewatering, 10-52
trickling filters, 13-198 belt filter presses, 10-52
upgrading a conventional activated sludge centrifuges, 10-53
plant, 15-51 plate and frame presses, 10-53
UV disinfection, 19-131 solids handling and treatment, 10-47
wetlands, 18-48 solids processing, 10-48
“Design for Safety”, 8-22 degritting, 10-49
Design models grinders, 10-48
FBBRs, 13-128 screening, 10-50
trickling filters, 13-160 solids pumping, 10-50
Design of unit processes, materials of centrifugal pumps, 10-50
construction, 10-37 piston pumps, 10-50
advanced treatment, 10-45 solids stabilization, 10-53
adsorption, 10-47 aerobic digesters, 10-53
air stripping, 10-47 anaerobic digesters, 10-54
coagulation, 10-45 digester tanks, 10-55
filtration, 10-46 gas-mixing systems, 10-55
sedimentation, 10-46 mesophillic digestion, 10-54
attached-growth biological treatment, 10-41 mixing systems, 10-55
rotating biological contactors, 10-42 thermophilic aerobic digesters, 10-54
trickling filters, 10-41 thermophilic digestion, 10-55
disinfection and dechlorination, 10-43 solids thickening, 10-51
chlorine, 10-43 flotation thickeners, 10-51

gravity belt thickeners, 10-51 Detention time, 12-14

gravity thickeners, 10-51 aerobic digestion, 25-159
storage, 10-48 composting, 25-214
suspended-growth biological treatment, Determining site area requirements, 4-7
10-40 Detritus tanks, 11-59
thermal destruction, 10-58 Developing site evaluation criteria, 4-10
multiple-hearth furnace, 10-59 Developing siting work plan, 4-3
fluid-bed furnace, 10-60 Development, biofilm, 13-12
rabble arms and teeth, 10-59 Dewatered cake/chemical mixing, alkaline
refractory and insulation, 10-60 stabilization, 25-264
thermal processing, 10-56 Dewatering, 24-4
thermal conditioning and wet-air alkaline stabilization, 25-274
oxidation, 10-56 materials of construction, 10-52
thermal drying, 10-57 belt filter presses, 10-52
Design centrifuges, 10-53
biofilm reactors, 13-15 plate and frame presses, 10-53
electrical systems, 9-27 post-digestion solids, 25-73
equalization, 11-79 sidestream treatment, 17-13
facultative ponds, 18-10 Diaphragm filter press, 24-51
fine screens, 11-36 Diaphragm pump, 21-34, 21-35
grit removal, 11-63 Diaphragms, 24-57
guidelines, thermal drying, 26-18 Digester gas, 25-123
heating, ventilating, and air conditioning, Digester gas, characteristics, 25-142
9-53, 9-57 Digester hydrogen sulfide control, 12-58
energy and sustainable initiatives, 9-62 Digestion
energy and sustainable opportunities, materials of construction, 10-53
9-69 aerobic digesters, 10-53
LEED, 9-69 anaerobic digesters, 10-54
materials of construction, 10-23 mesophillic, 10-54
plumbing, 9-88, 9-89 mixing systems, 10-55
projections, 2-37 tanks, 10-55
rapid-infiltration systems, 18-38 thermophilic, 10-55
requirements, 3-6 thermophilic aerobic digesters, 10-54
screening, 11-30 sand drying beds, 24-72
screw presses, 24-101 Dilute residuals, 21-16
soil absorption, 18-5 Dilution-to-threshold (D/T) limits, 7-11
standards, 2-20 Disadvantages, FBBRs, 13-112
standards, instrumentation and control Disc filtration, 16-57
systems, 9-29 Disc pump, 21-30
standards and review, materials of Disease, disinfection, 19-8, 19-10, 19-13, 19-17
construction, 10-98 Disinfection and dechlorination, materials of
thermal drying, 26-22 construction, 10-43
trends, 1-7 chlorine, 10-43
trickling filters, 13-180 miscellaneous electrotechnology processes,
Destabilization, post-digestion solids, 25-68 10-45
Detection threshold ozone, 10-44
odor concentration, 7-7 sodium metabisulfite, 10-44
odorant, 7-11 sulfur dioxide, 10-44

Index I-11
Disinfection systems, 6-36 manifolds and vacuum-regulator

Disinfection, 19-1 location, 19-80
advanced oxidation, 19-182 vaporizers, 19-81, 19-82
aftergrowths, 19-65 feed control strategies, 19-83
alternatives to chlorination, 19-23 ferrate, 19-179
analytical determination of chlorine free versus combined chlorine residual,
residuals, 19-71 19-71
breakpoint chlorination, 19-53 kinetic equations, 19-36
bromine, 19-178 kinetic models, 19-28
byproduct formation, 19-48 kinetics, 19-27
byproduct toxicity, 19-64 microbial inactivation, 19-26
chloramination, 19-23 chlorine, 19-26
chlorination, 19-50 UV radiation, 19-26
chloramines, 19-52 onsite generation of sodium hypochlorite,
chlorine/nitrogen reactions, 19-54 19-61
inorganic reactions, 19-52 ozone, 19-23, 19-166
organic reactions, 19-54 analytical methods for ozone
chlorination and dechlorination chemicals, measurement, 19-169
19-56 environmental effects, 19-175
chlorine dioxide, 19-59 modeling, 19-171
elemental chlorine, 19-56 process design, 19-172
hypochlorites, 19-56 ozone contactors, 19-173
sulfite salts, 19-58 ozone demand and absorption, 19-174
sulfur dioxide, 19-57 ozone exhaust destruction, 19-175
chlorination of reclaimed water, 19-90 process design, ozone generators, 19-172
chlorination of secondary effluent, 19-90 reaction kinetics, 19-169
chlorine dioxide, 19-23 safety and health, 19-175
chlorine efficacy, 19-90 shipment and handling safety, 19-176
combined processes, 19-182 pasteurization, 19-180
computational fluid dynamics, 19-49 pathogens, 19-8, 19-9, 19-10, 19-12, 19-13,
contact time, 19-39, 19-40, 19-45 19-15
dechlorination, 19-93 bacteria, 19-12, 19-15, 19-16
reactions and kinetics, 19-94 fungi, 19-13
shipment and handling safety, 19-95 protozoa, 19-13
sulfur dioxide, 19-94 survival, 19-16, 19-17
design example, 19-131 viruses, 19-13
design for chemical disinfectants, 19-37 waterborne disease outbreaks, 19-17,
disease, 19-8, 19-10, 19-13, 19-17 19-18
effects of wastewater type and recreational water, 19-17
characteristics, 19-31 shellfish, 19-19
electrolyer systems, 19-61 peracetic acid, 19-23, 19-177
electrolyer systems, separated (membrane pond treatment system die-off, 19-180
systems), 19-62 process design, 19-74
electron-beam irradiation, 19-179 closed conduits, 19-74
equipment, 19-75 contacting, 19-75
chemical feed for hypochlorite solutions, hydraulic devices, 19-74
19-79 mixing, 19-74
chlorinators, 19-75, 19-77 reactor design considerations, 19-34

reactor maintenance, 19-47 low-pressure, low-intensity systems,

reactor modeling, 19-49 19-150
reclaimed water, 19-33 medium-pressure, mercury-lamp
regrowth phenomena, 19-30 systems, 19-153
regulations, 19-8, 19-20 vertical systems, 19-152
Canada, 19-20 fouling and sleeve-cleaning systems, 19-143
China, 19-21 inactivation kinetics, 19-110
European, 19-21 intensity, 19-101, 19-102
residual toxicity, 19-31 mathematical models, 19-138
safety and health, 19-65 photoreactivation and dark repair, 19-119
chlorine gas, 19-65 point source-summation model, 19-107
cylinders, 19-67 reactor design and testing, 19-120
hypochlorites, 19-66 headloss, 19-123, 19-125
vaporizer facilities, 19-70 hydraulics, 19-120
solar, 19-179 inlet structure, 19-121
sustainability, 19-25 lamp output, 19-124, 19-125
technologies, 19-21 longitudinal dispersion, axial dispersion,
chlorine gas, 19-22 and turbulence, 19-120
sodium hypochlorite, 19-22 outlet structure, 19-122
tertiary filtration and membrane treatment, reactor validation and scale-up, 19-127
19-181 validation concerns, 19-136
UV, 19-23, 19-97 validation testing for reuse, 19-130
actinometers, 19-107 safety and health, 19-145
bench and pilot testing, 19-158, 19-159 electrical hazards, 19-146
bioassays, 19-108 exposure to UV light, 19-145
computational fluid dynamic modeling, system sizing and configuration, 19-159
19-107 design guidelines, 19-164
computational fluid dynamics, 19-142 disinfection of secondary effluent, 19-163
design, 19-146 disinfection of reclaimed water, 19-163
bypass channels and flooding, 19-147 emerging methods, 19-166
facility requirements, 19-147 final design, 19-160
module lifting, 19-148 flow and dose pacing, 19-166
power conditioning, 19-149 intensity monitoring, 19-165
power supply and harmonic distortion, retrofitting, 19-163
19-148, 19-149 transmittance monitoring, 19-164
reactors, 19-147 transmittance, 19-105
spare parts, 19-148 wet weather, 19-33
system redundancy, 19-147 Dispersion modeling, odors/air emissions,
design example, 19-131 7-57, 7-64
dose (fluence), 19-106, 19-107, 19-110 Disposal
effects of water quality and design, incinerator ash, 27-38
19-154 scum, 12-55
effects of upstream processes, 19-157 Dissolved air flotation, 23-18
effects of chemicals, 19-157 ancillary equipment and controls, 23-36
equipment, 19-149 pipes, valves, and instruments, 23-36
horizontal systems, 19-151 pumps and compressors, 23-37
low-pressure, high-intensity systems, cothickening primary and secondary
19-154 solids, 23-38

Index I-13
design example, 23-40 Drip application, 18-5

evaluation and scale-up, 23-19 Drip traps, 25-127
flotation systems, 23-30 Drivers, sidestream treatment, 17-8
location, 23-32 Drum screens, 11-19
materials of construction, 10-40, 23-30 Dry digestion, 25-77
overflow weir, 23-33 Dry lime stabilization, 25-239
pressurization system, 23-33, 23-34 Dry polymer feeders, organic polymers, 22-46
pressurization tanks, 23-35 Dry polymers, organic polymers, 22-27
process design, 23-21 Dry-adsorption systems, odor control, 7-145
air-to-solids ratio, 23-25 Dryers, digester gas, 25-128
feed-solids concentration, 23-24 Drying beds, 24-66
float-blanket depth, 23-26 Drying beds, conditioning, 22-40
floating solids concentration, 23-27, 23-28 Drying lagoons, 24-88
hydraulic loading rate, 23-22 Drying
mixed-liquor sludge volume index, 23-23 alkaline stabilization, 25-273
polymer addition, 23-26 composting, 25-203
solids capture, 23-28 thermal, 26-8
solids loading rate, 23-23 belt dryers, 26-17
solubilization efficiency, 23-29 conduction drying systems, 26-15
type of solids, 23-23 convection dryers, 26-11, 26-17
skimmers and rakes, 23-32 design guidelines, 26-18
thickening, conditioning, 22-37 selection, 26-20
Dissolved oxygen, suspended-growth labor requirements, 26-21
biological treatment, 14-45 processing train unit capacity, 26-20
Distributed logic controller systems, 9-44 product quality and use, 26-20
Distribution channels, 6-22 sizing parameters, 26-18
Distribution manifolds, 6-22 evaporative capacity, 26-18
Distribution of auction, 5-25 hours of operation, 26-19
Distribution system, 9-15 operating temperatures, 26-19
Distribution system, slow-rate systems, 18-25 solids retention time, 26-19
Distribution voltage, 9-13 storage, 26-20
Distribution utility requirements, 26-21
biosolids products, 27-42, 27-57 electrical, 26-21
overland flow systems, 18-34 emissions and odor control, 26-22
reuse, 2-19 sidestreams, 26-22
trickling filters, 13-142 thermal, 26-21
Doctor blade, 24-39 water, 26-22
Dome enclosures, odor containment, 7-76 design practice, 26-22
Dosage materials of construction, 26-23
organic polymers, 22-29 post-processing equipment, 26-23
rates, alkaline stabilization, 25-275 pre-processing equipment, 26-22
Dose optimization, conditioning, 22-54 safety, 26-23
Downe’s floating covers, 25-99 dryer equipment, 26-24
Downflow, BAFs, 13-77 dryer operations, 26-24
Downstream process considerations, 12-57 industry standards, 26-25
Downstream processes, septage, 11-75 flash dryer, 26-12
Drag conveyor, 21-74, 21-75, 21-76, 21-77 fluidized bed dryer, 26-13
Drawings, construction, 2-36 heat-transfer methods, 26-10

paddle and hollow-flight dryers, 26-15 material selection, 10-70

pressure filter/vacuum dryer, 26-16 conduits and enclosures, 10-70
rotary drum dryer, 26-12 signal cables, 10-71
solar dryers, 26-18 safety, 8-14
tray dryers, 26-16 seismic protection, 9-26
Dry-seal gas holders, 25-125 Electrical-current-driven membrane, 16-124
Dual digestion, 25-177 Electricity requirements, thermal oxidation,
Duckweed systems, 18-41 26-49
Ductwork, odor-control system, 7-95 Electrolyer systems
Durability, heat-dried biosolids, 27-50 disinfection, 19-61
Dust content, heat-dried biosolids, 27-50 disinfection, separated (membrane
Dust control, alkaline stabilization, 25-273 systems), 19-62
Dynamic loads, centrifuges, 24-27 Electron-beam irradiation, 19-179
Electronic distributors, 13-190
Electrostatic precipitators, thermal
E processing, 26-82
Eckenfelder formula, 13-168 Electrotechnology processes, disinfection
Ecology, biofilm, 13-13 and dechlorination, 10-45
Economic considerations Elevation, 4-21
alkaline stabilization, 25-268 Emergency access, 4-36
sustainability, 5-15 Emergency lighting systems, 9-21
Effects of viscosity, 6-44 Emergency Planning and Community Right-
Effluent discharge, materials of construction, To-Know Act, 2-53
10-60 Emergency planning, 4-35
building reuse systems, 10-64 Emerging biofilm reactors, 13-205
freshwater outfalls, 10-62 Emerging methods, UV disinfection,
land sprinkling systems, 10-64 19-166
marine outfalls, 10-62 Emerging technologies, thermal oxidation,
piping, 10-61 26-35
pumps, 10-60 Emission rates, odors, 7-62
storage tank, 10-63 Emission thresholds, air pollutant, 7-21
Effluent pumps, 6-6 Emission control
Effluent quality, integrated biological objectives, odors, 7-7
treatment, 15-15 odors, 7-56
Egg-shaped digesters, 25-91 thermal processing, 26-68
Electrical hazards, UV disinfection, 19-146 air pollution, 26-77
Electrical power consumption, 5-29 acid gases, including sulfur oxides,
Electrical requirements, thermal drying, 26-84
26-21 combustion modifications, 26-83
Electrical systems, 9-7 electrostatic precipitators, 26-82
“clean” power for computer systems, fabric filters, 26-82
9-27 flue gas treatment, 26-83
energy savings and design features, 9-27 mechanical collectors, 26-80
grounding systems, 9-25 mercury, 26-84
harmonics, 9-23 nitrogen oxides, 26-82
hazardous areas, 9-26 particulate and metals, 26-77
lightning and surge protection, 9-27 stack-gas reheat, 26-85
load transfer and power failure, 9-25 wet scrubbers, 26-81

Index I-15
combustion emissions, 26-69 modeling, heating, ventilating and air

carbon monoxide, 26-69 conditioning, 9-70
nitrogen oxides, 26-71 recovery, heating, ventilating and air
polycyclic organic matter, 26-71 conditioning, 9-71
volatile organic compounds, 26-70 requirements, alkaline stabilization, 25-256
odors, 26-68 centrifuges, 24-28
regulations, 26-71 rotary presses, 24-92
future, 26-74 screw presses, 24-110
local prohibitory rules, 26-74 sidestream treatment, 17-12
National Emission Standard for savings, electrical systems, 9-27
Hazardous Air Pollutants, 26-72 services contracting (ESC), 5-19
new source performance standards, Energy Star Program, 5-34
26-72 Energy-impacting requirements, 5-31
new source review, 26-73 Energy–Water Nexus report, 5-28
nonregulated emissions (greenhouse Enhanced biological phosphorous removal
gases), 26-76 (see also suspended-growth
prevention of significant deterioration, biological treatment), 12-57, 14-55
26-72 Enhanced sedimentation, 12-30
source-specific standards, 26-75 Envessel pasteurization, 25-243
Standards for the Use and Disposal of Environmental considerations in site
Sewage Sludge, 26-73 selection, 4-16
thermal drying, 26-22 Environmental constraints, 4-41
thermal oxidation, 26-47 Environmental effects, ozone disinfection,
Empirical models 19-176
biofilms, 13-20 Environmental justice, 4-26
RBCs, 13-138 Environmental management systems, 5-10
Emulsion polymers, organic polymers, Environmental management systems,
22-28 biosolids, 20-13
Endogenous decay, solids production, 20-19 Environmental site assessment, 4-17
Energy and mass balance, thermal oxidation, Environmental site criteria, 4-10
26-47, 26-48 Environmental siting issues, 4-41
Energy and sustainability, heating, Equalization, 11-76
ventilating, and air conditioning, requirements, sidestream treatment, 17-11
9-62, 9-69 septage, 11-75
Energy Equipment
balance, composting, 25-200 biosolids land application, 27-19
code compliance, heating, ventilating and dissolved air flotation, 23-36
air conditioning, 9-69 pipes, valves, and instruments, 23-36
conservation, sidestream treatment, 17-8 pumps and compressors, 23-37
costs, heating, ventilating and air enclosures, odor containment, 7-78
conditioning, 9-61 gravity belt thickeners, 23-68
efficiency, integrated fixed-film activated belt washwater supply, 23-71
sludge systems, 15-49 feed pumps and feed flow control,
integrated biological treatment, 15-15 23-69
management, 5-28 odor control, 23-72
management, U.S. EPA guidance, 5-10 polymer system and feed control, 23-70
manager, 5-41 thickened-solids pumps, 23-71
MBBRs, 13-72 gravity thickening, 23-17

identification, materials of construction, Federal requirements, land application, 27-4

10-101 Feed cake–chemical mixture, alkaline
membrane bioreactors, 14-147, 14-159 stabilization, 25-254
oxygen transfer, 14-198 Feed characteristics
rotary drum thickeners, 23-77 aerobic digestion, 25-155
safety, thermal drying, 26-24 alkaline stabilization, 25-246
secondary clarification, 14-293 anaerobic digestion, 25-20
selection Feed equipment
aerobic digestion, 25-168 alkaline stabilization, 25-260
chemical systems, 9-76 conditioning, 22-41
selection/layout, anaerobic digestion, 25-120 thermal oxidation, 26-50
thermal drying, 26-22, 26-23 Feed piping, belt presses, 24-38
thermal oxidation, 26-44, 26-50, 26-52, 26-55, Feed pumps, belt presses, 24-38
26-56 Feed solids concentration, sidestream
UV disinfection, 19-149 treatment, 17-12
horizontal systems, 19-151 Feed system
low-pressure, high-intensity systems, anaerobic digesters, 25-103
19-154 belt presses, 24-37
low-pressure, low-intensity systems, 19-150 centrifuges, 24-25
medium-pressure, mercury-lamp chemical, 9-77
systems, 19-153 dry chemical, 9-78, 9-79
vertical systems, 19-152 gas–chemical, 9-78
Europe, disinfection regulations, 19-21 liquid–chemical, 9-78
Evaluating sites, 4-15 recessed-plate filter presses, 24-46, 24-60
Evolution of municipal wastewater thermal oxidation, 26-50
treatment, 1-2 Fermentation, 14-115
Exceptional quality (EQ) biosolids, 27-8 Ferrate disinfection, 19-179
Excessive freefall, 6-9 Ferric chloride, inorganic chemicals, 22-42
Exclusionary areas, 4-12 Ferric salts, conditioning, 22-15
Exhaust system, composting, 25-218 Field sampling, odors, 7-31
Expanded bed biofilm reactors (EBBRs), 13-109 Field storage, biosolids land application, 27-19
Expansion, 4-31 Field testing, pumps, 6-53
Explosion and fire protection, thermal Fill-and-draw mode, 11-83
oxidation, 26-64 Filter media, trickling filters, 13-194
Extraneous flows, 2-47 Filter press plates, 24-55
Extreme flow conditions, 12-28 Filter-cloths, 24-57
Filtration, 6-38
Filtration, materials of construction, 10-46
F Fine screen headloss, 6-33, 11-35
Fabric filters, thermal processing, 26-82 Fine screens, 11-7, 11-16, 12-41
Facility design, BAFs, 13-105 Fire protection, 8-20, 9-81
Factory inspections, pumps, 6-52 building classifications, 9-82
Factory witnessed tests, 6-52 codes, thermal oxidation, 26-61
Facultative ponds, 18-8 fire-suppression codes, 9-82
Fans and blowers, thermal oxidation, 26-55 fire-suppression-systems overview, 9-83
Fans, odor-control system, 7-97 gaseous, foam, and other systems, 9-84
Fats, oil, and grease (FOG), anaerobic jurisdiction and agency review, 9-83
digestion, 25-78 practices, 8-7

Index I-17
regulations/toxic and hazardous Floating-cover digesters, 25-98

chemicals, materials of Flocculation system, screw presses, 24-104
construction, 10-28 Flocculation, 6-38, 12-36
sprinkler systems, 9-84 Flood protection, 4-21, 6-7
standpipe, fire-pump, and water-supply Floodplains, 4-23
systems, 9-85 Flotation thickeners, 10-51
thermal oxidation, 26-64 Flow automatic control systems, 6-51
First-regions, biofilm reactors, 13-25 Flow control valves, 6-25
Fixed biofilm media, integrated biological Flow distribution, 6-19
treatment design, 15-12 Flow equalization, 6-34, 11-77
Fixed biofilm reactor stage, integrated materials of construction, 10-38
biological treatment, 15-18 sidestreams, 17-4
Fixed-cover digesters, 25-97 Flow sheets, MBBRs, 13-44
Fixed-film activated sludge systems, 15-40 Flow spitting, 6-20
biofilm flux rates, 15-40 Flow transients, 6-56
biofilm rate model, 15-50 Flowrates, 6-8
design example, 15-51 Flue gas treatment, thermal processing,
design tools/procedures, 15-48 26-83
disadvantages, 15-49 Fluid level automatic control systems, 6-51
energy efficiency, 15-49 Fluid-bed furnace, materials of construction,
Nocardia foaming, 15-50 10-60
red worms, 15-50 Fluidized bed biofilm reactors (FBBRs),
storage of media, 15-50 13-109
empirical design methods, 15-48 Fluidized bed incinerator, 26-30, 26-31
heterotrophs and nitrifiers, 15-47 cold (warm) wind box, 26-33
mixed liquor suspended solids and hot wind box, 26-32
biofilm, 15-47 Flumes, 6-28
organics removal, 15-40 Foam control, anaerobic digesters, 25-114
process kinetics design methods (process Food wastes, anaerobic digestion, 25-79
models), 15-50 Food-to-microorganism ratio, integrated
flux rates based on location along biological treatment, 15-24
aerobic zone, 15-51 Form cycle, 24-43
quantify removal, 15-51 Forward osmosis, 16-127, 16-128
range of flux rates, 15-50 Frame, belt presses, 24-34
removals in biofilm per unit of tank Free flow conditions, 6-15
volume, 15-44 Free water surface, wetlands, 18-43
removals in mixed liquor suspended Freeboard, 6-9
solids, 15-46 Freefall launders, 6-24
upgrading a conventional activated sludge Freeze–thaw, post-digestion solids, 25-69
plant, 15-51 Froude number, 12-38
Fixed-volume press, 24-51 Fuel cells, 25-143
Flares, odor control, 7-155 Fuel storage, safety, 8-18
Flash dryer, 26-12 Fuel, 9-92
Flat covers, odor containment, 7-70 Fully submerged disc filters, 16-57, 16-65,
Flexible membrane covers, 25-125 16-66
Floatable solids management, 12-49 Function, biofilm, 13-8
Floating aquatic plant systems, 18-40 Funding, sustainability, 5-18
Floating digester covers, 25-126 Fungi, disinfection, 19-13

G flocculation tank and feed distribution,

23-67
Galler and Gotaas formula, 13-163 frame, 23-67
Gamma ray irradiation, Class A biosolids, gravity drainage area, 23-67
20-8 process design, 23-62
Gas process design, belt speed, 23-65
collection, storage, and distribution, discharge, 23-66
materials of construction, 10-56 flocculation, 23-64
handling, anaerobic digestion, 25-123 mixing, 23-64
management, landfills, 27-29 plow, 23-65
monitoring, safety, 8-18 unit sizing, 23-63
processing, anaerobic digestion, 25-127 solids polymer injection and mixer,
production, anaerobic digesters, 25-87 23-66
Gas-absorption scrubbers, odor control, 7-131 Gravity drainage zone, belt presses, 24-33
Gas-holder covers, 25-100 Gravity thickeners, 10-51, 23-4
Gasification, 26-67 ancillary equipment/controls, 23-17
General fate models, air emissions, 7-50 conditioning, 22-21
Generation of volatile fatty acids, 12-57 design example, 23-17
Generators, digester gas use, 25-139 evaluation and scale-up procedures, 23-5
Geographic information systems, 4-12, 4-14 operational considerations, 23-16
Geology, 4-23 feed solids source and characteristics,
Geosynthetics, properties and applications, 23-16
10-87 polymer, 23-17
Germain formula, 13-167 underflow withdrawal, 23-17
Glass process design, 23-12
aggregate, 27-44 drive mechanisms, 23-14
properties and applications, 10-87 inlet, 23-13
Goals, energy, 5-40 loading rate, 23-12
Granular media filtration, 16-17, 16-22, 16-71, overflow rate, 23-12
16-77, 16-90 pickets, 23-13
Graphical procedure, 13-17 rectangular thickeners, 23-16
Gravel layers, drying beds, 24-76 skimmers and scrapers, 23-14
Gravity belt thickeners, 10-51, 23-60, 23-61 underflow piping, 23-15
ancillary equipment/controls, 23-68 Grease removal, 11-66
belt washwater supply, 23-71 Green Globes, 5-8
feed pumps and feed flow control, Greenfields, 4-17
23-69 Greenhouse gases (GHGs)
odor control, 23-72 adaptation, 5-23
polymer system and feed control, 23-70 digester gas, 25-148
thickened-solids pumps, 23-71 estimating, 5-9
belt washing, 23-68 mitigation, 5-23
conditioning, 22-38 regulations, 5-25
design example, 23-72 thermal processing emissions, 26-76
discharge area, 23-67 Grinder pump, 21-30, 21-31
drive, tracking, and tensioning, 23-68 Grinding
evaluation and scale-up, 23-60 anaerobic digestion, 25-66
filtrate and wash Water Environment materials of construction, 10-48
Federation 23-68 solids pretreatment, 20-39

Index I-19
Grit Heat drying, Class A biosolids, 20-8

handling, 11-65 Heat exchangers, anaerobic digesters, 25-110
removal, 6-33, 11-50 Heat generation, alkaline stabilization, 25-238
anaerobic digestion, 25-65 Heat recovery and reuse, thermal oxidation,
materials of construction, 10-37 26-66
septage, 11-73 Heat recovery, digester gas, 25-146
slurry, 11-50 Heat treatment, Class A biosolids, 20-8
solids, 11-51 Heat-dried biosolids, 27-43, 27-49
Ground conditions, 4-32
Groundwater, 4-23 Heating
monitoring, monofills, 27-28 equipment, anaerobic digestion, 25-122
protection, dedicated land disposal, 27-34, systems, anaerobic digesters, 25-108
27-37 value, heat-dried biosolids, 27-53
Grout, structural systems, 10-66 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning,
Growth screening test, compost, 27-48 9-53
Guidelines, life-cycle cost evaluations, 2-63 acoustics, 9-63
Gujer and Boller model, 13-182 air distribution, 9-65
central, 9-66
climate, 9-55
H climatic data sources, 9-55
Handling of primary sludge, 12-49 codes, standards, and regulations, 9-53
Handling of scum, 12-54 cooling loads, 9-59
Harmonics, 9-23 design constraints and selection criteria,
Hazard and operability design, 9-60
instrumentation and control corrosion resistance, 9-60
systems, 9-49 costs, 9-61
Hazard and operability reviews, thermal hazard assessment, 9-60
oxidation, 26-65 system redundancy, 9-61
Hazard assessment, heating, ventilating and design criteria, 9-53
air conditioning, 9-60 design parameters, 9-57
Hazard communication, 8-21 design-temperature frequency levels, 9-56
Hazard index, biosolids, 27-8 energy and sustainable-design initiatives,
Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), 7-25 9-62
Hazardous and toxic chemicals/fire- energy and sustainable-design
protection regulations, materials opportunities, 9-69
of construction, 10-28 energy modeling, 9-70
Hazardous chemicals, 4-20 evaporative, 9-67
Hazardous materials, safety, 8-17 heating loads, 9-59
Hazardous substances, 2-48 hydronic, 9-64
Hazen-Williams equation, 6-16, 21-24, 21-27 indoor air quality, 9-69
Header pipe, 6-22 LEED, 9-69
Headloss, 6-10, 6-16, 6-22, 6-27, 6-31 material selection, 10-68
Headloss, UV disinfection, 19-123, 19-125 air-handling units, 10-68
Health considerations boilers, 10-69
alkaline stabilization, 25-270 duct work, 10-69
composting, 25-230 fans and blowers, 10-69
Health effects, air emissions, 7-30 piping, 10-69
Heat drying, 20-9 terminal heating equipment, 10-69

renewable energy and energy-recovery Hydraulic modeling, 6-53

systems, 9-71 Hydraulic profile design example, 6-57,
space environmental requirements, 9-56 6-63
space requirements, 9-62 Hydraulic profile, 6-2
temperature and building automation Hydraulic propelled distributors, 13-189
controls, 9-68 Hydraulic residence time
testing, balancing, and commissioning, anaerobic digestion, 25-20
9-69 integrated biological treatment, 15-24
unitary, 9-66 Hydraulic retention time, 16-111, 16-112
utilities, 9-58 Hydraulic washout, 6-8
Heat-recovery systems, anaerobic digesters, Hydraulics, trickling filters, 13-155
25-113 Hydrodynamics, 13-10
Heat-transfer equipment, anaerobic Hydrogen base, MBfRs, 13-207
digestion, 25-122 Hydrogen peroxide, odor control, 7-103
High-performance, aerated ponds, 18-14 Hydrogen sulfide, 12-58
High-pressure gas storage, 25-127 digester gas, 25-133
High-pressure homogenization, anaerobic materials of construction, 10-15
digestion, 25-62 odor emissions, 7-41
High-pressure membrane, 16-119, 16-121, Hydrogeology, 4-23
16-128 Hydrograph controlled release, facultative
High-purity oxygen aeration, aerobic ponds, 18-11
digestion, 25-177 Hydrolysis, anaerobic digestion, 25-18
High-rate anaerobic digestion, 25-31 Hygiene facilities, 8-19
High-rate clarification, 12-37 Hypochlorite solutions, disinfection, 19-79
High-strength wastes, anaerobic digestion, Hypochlorites
25-79 chlorination and dechlorination, 19-57
Historical significance, site selection, 4-19 disinfection, 19-66
Hollow-flight dryers, 26-15
Human–machine interface systems, 9-43
Hydration, conditioning, 22-7 I
Hydraulic application, NTFs, 13-187 Impeller mixer, 16-105, 16-106, 16-109
Hydraulic considerations, 6-2 Implementation times, project, 2-32
Hydraulic considerations, screening, 11-31 Incineration
Hydraulic controls, 6-7 40 CFR requirements, 20-12
Hydraulic detention time, 12-14 air emissions, 7-28
Hydraulic effect of out-of-service processes, design example, 26-92
6-8 materials of construction, 10-58
Hydraulic elements, 6-11, 6-19 fluid-bed furnace, 10-60
Hydraulic equations, 6-11 multiple-hearth furnace, 10-59
Hydraulic loading rate rabble arms and teeth, 10-59
belt presses, 24-31 refractory and insulation, 10-60
dissolved air flotation, 23-23 odor control, 7-153
rapid-infiltration systems, 18-38 safety, 8-16
rotary presses, 24-91 Inclined cylindrical screens, 11-21
screw presses, 24-106 Induced vortex, 11-57
slow-rate systems, 18-26 Infiltration basins, 4-28
Hydraulic loading, trickling filters, 13-150 Influent pumping, 6-5
Hydraulic losses, 6-12 Influent wastewater characteristics, 12-10

Index I-21
Inlet dissolved air flotation, 23-36

baffling devices, 12-16 equalization, 11-87
conditions, 12-15 material selection, 10-71
pipe header, 6-22 field instruments, 10-72
Inline flow equalization, 6-34 panel-mounted devices, 10-72
Inorganic chemicals, 22-42 panels/enclosures, 10-71
Inorganic chemicals, conditioning, 22-13 screening, 11-38
Input parameters, dewatering, 24-14 secondary clarification, 14-293
Installations, FBBRs, 13-115 Instruments, field, 9-31
Institution of Water and Environmental instrumentation data sheets, 9-33, 9-34, 9-35
Management formula, 13-169 mounting detail, 9-37
Instrument Society of America, 9-34, 9-35 networking considerations, 9-38
Instrumentation and control systems, 9-29 physical drawings, 9-36
bus technology, 9-39 Insurance programs, safety, 8-28
DeviceNet, 9-40 Insurance, thermal oxidation, 26-63
fieldbus, 9-39 Integrated biological treatment, 15-1
profibus, 9-39 activated biofilter, 15-7
construction, 9-29 biofilter activated sludge, 15-9
control panels, 9-40 design, 15-10
design standards, 9-29 distribution, 15-11
diagrams, 9-30 energy, 15-15
process and instrumentation, 9-31 existing treatment units, 15-16
process-flow, 9-30, 9-32 final effluent quality, 15-15
three-dimensional/four-dimensional fixed biofilm media, 15-12
modeling, 9-31 odor, 15-12
field instruments, 9-31 primary treatment, 15-10
instrumentation data sheets, 9-33, 9-34, secondary clarification, 15-14
9-35 site considerations, 15-15
mounting detail, 9-37 sloughing, 15-11
networking considerations, 9-38 snails, 15-14
physical drawings, 9-36 solids production, 15-10
hazard and operability design, 9-49 solids recycle, 15-11
plant control systems, 9-44 temperature, 15-14
precautions, 9-50 integrated fixed-film activated sludge,
process control strategies, 9-50 15-10
process/plantwide-control systems, 9-45 process design, 15-16
project scope development, 9-30 biochemical oxygen demand and total
redundancy, 9-51 suspended solids removal, 15-28
retrofitting, 9-29 criteria, 15-16
spare systems, 9-51 fixed biofilm reactor stage, 15-18
supervisory control and data acquisition food-to-microorganism ratio, 15-24
systems, 9-43 hydraulic residence time, 15-24
control systems, 9-43 mixing and aeration requirements,
human–machine interface systems, 9-43 15-25
independent data-acquisition systems, nitrogen removal, 15-29
9-43 phosphorus removal, 15-33
Instrumentation solids production and settleability, 15-26
aerobic digestion, 25-167 solids retention time, 15-21

suspended growth biological reactor J

stage, 15-20
Johannesburg process, 14-109
roughing filter activated sludge, 15-7
Joint ownership approach, energy
specific process design, 15-34
management, 5-21
design example, 15-39
Junctions, 6-27
roughing-filter activated sludge, 15-37
trickling filter activated sludge, 15-38
trickling filter/solids contact, 15-34 K
trickling filter activated sludge, 15-9
trickling filter/solids contact, 15-5 Kincannon and Stover model, 13-165
Integrated fixed-film activated sludge Kinetic pump, 21-7, 21-14, 21-15, 21-28
process, 15-10, 15-40 Kinetics
biofilm flux rates, 15-40 anaerobic digestion, 25-17
biofilm rate model, 15-50 secondary solids production, 20-18
design example, 15-51 trickling filters, 13-180
design tools/procedures, 15-48 Kirschmer’s equation, 11-35
disadvantages, 15-49 Kyoto Protocol, 5-9
energy efficiency, 15-49
Nocardia foaming, 15-50
red worms, 15-50 L
storage of media, 15-50 Labor requirements, thermal drying, 26-21
empirical design methods, 15-48 Laboratory safety, 8-16
heterotrophs and nitrifiers, 15-47 Laboratory facilities, 4-34
mixed liquor suspended solids and Lagoon digestion, 25-60
biofilm, 15-47 Lagoons, 24-66, 24-86
organics removal, 15-40 Lamella velocity, 12-38
process kinetics design methods (process Laminar flow, 21-16, 21-21, 21-23, 21-24, 21-26
models), 15-50 Land acquisition and ownership, 4-25
flux rates based on location along Land application, 27-4
aerobic zone, 15-51 Land area, biosolids land application, 27-19
quantify removal, 15-51 Land disposal, 27-32
range of flux rates , 15-50 Land reclamation, biosolids, 27-21
removals in biofilm per unit of tank Land requirements
volume, 15-40 overland flow systems, 18-33
removals in mixed liquor suspended slow-rate systems, 18-28
solids, 15-46 wetlands, 18-47
upgrading a conventional activated sludge Land treatment, 18-19
plant, 15-51 Land use, 4-17
Intensity, odor concentration, 7-8 Landfill gas, 27-29
Internal circulation reactor, 13-213 Landfilling, 27-22
International regulations, reuse, 2-18 Landscaping, 3-10, 4-39
International wastewater discharge, Launder spacing, 12-24
standards, 2-11 Launders, 6-24
Inversion, organic polymers, 22-51 Layout considerations, 4-35
In-vessel composting, 25-206 Layout, anaerobic digestion equipment, 25-120
Investigative results, interpretation, 3-18 Leachate
Iron salts, odor control, 7-108 composting, 25-218
Iron sponges, odor control, 7-151 monofills, 27-26

Index I-23
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Low-rate anaerobic digestion, 25-30

Design (LEED), 2-4, 4-25, 4-40, Ludzack–Ettinger process, 14-91
5-7, 9-69
Liability, hazardous substances, 2-55
Life-cycle product assessment, 5-9 M
Lighting systems, 9-19 Maintenance
emergency, 9-21 aeration systems, 14-204
indoor, 9-19, 9-20 considerations, 4-33
outdoor, 9-21 disinfection reactors, 19-47
Lightning and surge protection, electrical facilities, 4-33
systems, 9-27 heating, ventilating, and air conditioning
Lime, 25-248 costs, 9-61
alkaline stabilization, 25-277 materials of construction, 10-101
conditioning, 22-14 provisions, clarifiers, 12-27
feed system, inorganic chemicals, 22-44 shops, safety, 8-16
inorganic chemicals, 22-43 Management
loading rates, biosolids land application, biosolids practices, 20-10
27-14 dedicated land disposal, 27-34
silos, inorganic chemicals, 22-43 odor emissions, 7-52
stabilization, 25-231 Mandatory regulatory constraints, 4-13
stabilization, Class A biosolids, 20-8 Mannich polymers, organic polymers, 22-28
Linear flow-through velocity, 12-26 Manning equation, 6-16
Linear layout, 4-30 Manning roughness coefficient, 6-27
Liners, monofill, 27-26 Marketing, biosolids products, 27-42, 27-54
Liquid lime handling/mixing, alkaline Masonry, properties and applications,
stabilization, 25-262 10-77
Liquid lime stabilization, 25-238 Mass and energy balance, thermal oxidation,
Liquid polymer feeders, organic polymers, 26-47, 26-48
22-48 Mass balances, 3-29, 6-8, 20-24
Liquid stream, 24-5 Mass transfer, odorous compounds, 7-46
Liquid train treatment, 1-9 Material
Liquid wastes, anaerobic digestion, 25-79 balance, composting, 25-212
Liquid-phase treatment, odor control, certification, 5-10
7-100 delivery, 4-37
Loading cycles, rapid-infiltration systems, disposal, 4-37
18-39 handling, 4-37
Loading rate handling, composting, 25-216
anaerobic digesters, 25-86 handling/storage, safety, 8-16
dewatering, 24-16 selection
Loading variability, 3-22 chemical-feed and chemical-distribution
Local policies, 4-11 facilities, 10-73
Local regulations, air emissions, 7-26 electrical systems, 10-70
Location, screening, 11-31 conduits and enclosures, 10-70
Logan trickling filter model, 13-170 signal cables, 10-71
Low-pressure gas storage, 25-125 heating, ventilating, and air-
Low-pressure membrane, 16-119, 16-120, conditioning systems, 10-68
16-128, 16-129 air-handling units, 10-68
Low-profile scrubbers, odor control, 7-144 boilers, 10-69

ductwork, 10-69 natural systems, 10-43

fans and blowers, 10-69 constructed wetlands, 10-43
piping, 10-69 wastewater ponds, 10-43
terminal heating equipment, 10-69 preliminary treatment, 10-37
instrumentation, 10-71 flow equalization, 10-38
field instruments, 10-72 grit removal, 10-38
panel-mounted devices, 10-72 screens, 10-37
panels/enclosures, 10-71 primary treatment, 10-39
odor-control facilities, 10-72 dissolved air flotation, 10-40
structural systems, 10-65 settling tanks, 10-39
concrete, 10-65 solids conveyance, 10-51
fiber-reinforced concrete, 10-66 solids dewatering, 10-52
grout, 10-66 belt filter presses, 10-52
miscellaneous metal materials, 10-67 centrifuges, 10-53
reinforcing steel, 10-66 plate and frame presses, 10-53
Materials of construction, 10-1 solids handling and treatment, 10-47
anaerobic digestion, 25-121 solids processing, 10-48
cathodic protection, 10-36, 10-94 degritting, 10-49
galvanic anodes, 10-95 grinders, 10-48
impressed-current systems, 10-97 screening, 10-50
construction testing and equipment solids pumping, 10-50
identification, 10-101 centrifugal pumps, 10-50
design of unit processes, 10-37 piston pumps, 10-50
advanced treatment, 10-45 solids stabilization, 10-53
adsorption, 10-47 aerobic digesters, 10-53
air stripping, 10-47 anaerobic digesters, 10-54
coagulation, 10-45 digester tanks, 10-55
filtration, 10-46 gas-mixing systems, 10-55
sedimentation, 10-46 mesophillic digestion, 10-54
attached-growth biological treatment, mixing systems, 10-55
10-41 thermophilic aerobic digesters, 10-54
rotating biological contactors, 10-42 thermophilic digestion, 10-55
trickling filters, 10-41 solids thickening, 10-51
disinfection and dechlorination, 10-43 flotation thickeners, 10-51
chlorine, 10-43 gravity belt thickeners, 10-51
ozone, 10-44 gravity thickeners, 10-51
sodium metabisulfite, 10-44 storage, 10-48
sulfur dioxide, 10-44 suspended-growth biological treatment,
effluent discharge, 10-60 10-40
building-reuse systems, 10-64 thermal destruction, 10-58
freshwater outfalls, 10-62 fluid-bed furnace, 10-60
land sprinkling systems, 10-64 multiple-hearth furnace, 10-59
marine outfalls, 10-62 rabble arms and teeth, 10-59
piping, 10-61 refractory and insulation, 10-60
pumps, 10-60 thermal processing, 10-56
storage tanks, 10-63 thermal conditioning and wet-air
gas collection, storage, and distribution, oxidation, 10-56
10-56 thermal drying, 10-57

Index I-25
design standards and review, 10-98 Inconel 625 (Special Metals

design, 10-23 Corporation), 10-82
dissolved air flotation, 23-30 lead, 10-82
fire-protection regulations/toxic and nickel alloys, 10-81
hazardous chemicals, 10-28 Ni-Hard, 10-82
maintenance procedures, 10-101 platinum, 10-82
odor containment, 7-82 silver, 10-82
plant exposures, 10-7 stainless steel, 10-82
anaerobic conditions, 10-17 stellite, 10-84
anoxic conditions, 10-17 tantalum, 10-83
carbon dioxide, 10-16 titanium, 10-83
chemical environments, 10-11 tungsten carbide, 10-84
coastal conditions, 10-17 zinc, 10-84
hydrogen sulfide, 10-15 plastics, 10-84
interior dry atmosphere, 10-14 carbon black, 10-86
marine conditions, 10-16 chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, 10-85
moist atmosphere, 10-12 fiberglass-reinforced plastic, 10-86
outside atmosphere, 10-13 polyethylene, 10-85
soil, 10-17 polypropylene, 10-85
splash zone continuous or intermittent polytetrafluoroethylene, 10-85
submerged exposure, 10-11 polyurethane, 10-85
submerged and immersion conditions, polyvinyl chloride, 10-85
10-9 polyvinylidene fluoride, 10-86
submergence in aerated or chlorinated pre-stressed concrete, 10-77
wastewater, 10-11 rubbers and elastomers, 10-86
submergence in raw or unaerated Buna-N (nitrile butadiene), 10-86
wastewater, 10-10 ethylene propylene diene monomer,
properties and applications, 10-73 10-87
concrete, 10-75 Hypalon (chlorosulphonated
geosynthetics, 10-87 polyethylene), 10-87
glass, 10-87 natural rubber, 10-87
masonry, 10-77 neoprene (chloroprene), 10-87
brick masonry, 10-77 wood, 10-88
concrete unit masonry, 10-77 protective coatings, 10-36, 10-88, 10-90
metals, 10-77 selection, 10-89
aluminum, 10-78 surface preparation, 10-89, 10-91
aluminum oxide, 10-78 atmospheric conditions and
brass, 10-79 temperatures, 10-92
cadmium, 10-79 safety precautions, 10-92
carbon steel, 10-79 thermosetting coatings, 10-88
cast iron, 10-80 use of paint for identification, 10-92
chromium, 10-80 selection, 10-24
copper, 10-80 thermal drying, 26-23
copper–nickel alloys, 10-81 thermal oxidation, 26-59
ductile iron, 10-81 Materials/equipment selection,
gold, 10-81 sustainability, 5-11
Hastelloy C (Haynes International), Mathematical models, biofilm, 13-23
10-82 Maturation, composting, 25-202

Mechanical mixers, MBBRs, 13-44 Mixing and aeration requirements, integrated

Mechanical seals, 6-49 biological treatment, 15-25
Mechanical vortex, 11-55 Mixing, 6-38
Media retention sieves, 13-42 aerobic digestion, 25-157
Media alkaline stabilization, 25-264
BAFs, 13-87 chemicals, 9-77, 9-80
FBBRs, 13-120 composting, 25-216
RBCs, 13-139 conditioning, 22-10
Membrane biofilm reactors (MBfRs), 13-206 conditions, 4-33
Membrane bioreactors, 6-37, 16-128, 16-144 equalization, 11-85
Membrane bioreactors, suspended-growth equipment
biological treatment, 14-142 aerobic digestion, 25-164
Membrane disinfection, 19-181 anaerobic digestion, 25-121
Membrane gas-holder covers, 25-100 nutrient control, 14-122
Membrane separation, 16-120, 16-121, 16-124, oxygen transfer, 14-196
16-125, 16-144 requirements, alkaline stabilization, 25-278
Membrane systems, 13-7 systems
Membrane systems, disinfection, 19-62 anaerobic digesters, 25-103
Membranes, suspended-growth biological stabilization, 10-55
treatment, 14-36 Model calibration, 6-55
Mercury, thermal processing, 26-84 Modeling
Mesh, screening media, 11-10 air emissions, 7-50
Mesophillic aerobic digestion, 25-169 biofilm rate model, 15-50
Mesophillic digestion, 10-54, 25-32 disinfection, 19-28, 19-49, 19-107
Metals loading rates, biosolids land energy management, 5-33
application, 27-13 energy, heating, ventilating, and air
Metals conditioning, 9-70
biosolids concentration, 27-8 instrumentation and control systems
properties and applications, 10-77 diagrams, 9-31
Metering system, digester gas, 25-130 integrated design, 3-4
Meters, 6-28 integrated fixed-film activated sludge
Methanogenesis, anaerobic digestion, 25-18 systems, 15-50
Microbial ecology, anaerobic digestion, 25-19 flux rates based on location along
Microbiology aerobic zone, 15-51
anaerobic digestion, 25-16 quantify removal, 15-51
composting, 25-199 range of flux rates, 15-50
suspended-growth biological treatment, odor/air emission dispersion, 7-57, 7-64
14-127 ozone disinfection, 19-171
Microconstituents, 1-4 UV disinfection, 19-138
Microconstituents, reclaimed water, 2-19 Modular biofilters, odor control, 7-127
Microfiltration, 16-119, 16-120, 16-124, 16-126, Moisture content, compost, 27-48
16-128, 16-129, 16-130, 16-134, Moisture removal, digester gas, 25-127
16-135, 16-137, 16-144, 16-146 Molecular weight, organic polymers, 22-26
Microscreens, 11-23 Monitoring
Minimum freeboard requirements, 6-9 alkaline stabilization, 25-270
Minimum wet-well volume, 6-47 anaerobic digesters, 25-117
Minor loss, 6-18 biosolids, 20-11
Mitigation options, 4-21 digester gas pressure, 25-130

Index I-27
Monod curve, solids production, 20-19 Nitritation and denitritation, 14-99

Monod kinetic model, RBCs, 13-137 Nitritation, sidestream treatment, 17-15
Monofills, 27-22 Nitrogen compounds, odor emissions, 7-43
Moody Diagram, 6-17 Nitrogen loading rate, slow-rate systems, 18-27
MotorMaster+ tool, 5-34 Nitrogen oxides
Moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs), 13-36 emissions control, 7-161
Moving bed bioreactors, 6-37 removal, 14-76
Multiple-hearth furnace, 26-34 aerobic digestion, 25-187
Multiple-hearth furnace, materials of integrated biological treatment, 15-29
construction, 10-59 overland flow systems, 18-33
Multiple-rake screens, 11-16 rapid-infiltration systems, 18-36
Multiple-stage scrubbers, odor control, 7-144 removal rate, FBBRs, 13-133
Multirake screens, 11-12 thermal processing, 26-71, 26-82
Multitray vortex, 11-58 Nocardia foaming, integrated fixed-film
activated sludge systems, 15-50
Noise
N abatement, 4-41
Nanocomposite membrane, 16-126, 16-127 control, 8-20
Nanofiltration, 16-119, 16-121, 16-124, 16-125, effects, 4-20
16-129, 16-130, 16-131, 16-136 mitigation, 3-10, 4-20
National Ambient Air Quality Standards Nonagricultural uses, biosolids land
(NAAQS), 7-19 application, 27-21
National Biosolids Partnership (NBP), EMS, Non-attainment new source review, 7-25
5-11 Non-bioaugmentation, sidestream treatment,
National Emission Standards for Hazardous 17-21
Air Pollutants (NESHAP), 7-25 Nonresidential sources, septage, 11-70
National Fire Protection Association, 26-62 Non-settleable total suspended solids, 12-10
National Research Council formula, 13-161 NPDES, 2-9
Natural draft, trickling filters, 13-158 Nutrient content, heat-dried biosolids, 27-51
Natural resources, 4-18 Nutrient control (see also suspended-growth
Natural systems, 18-3 biological treatment), 14-55
Natural systems, materials of construction, 10-43 Nutrient loading rates, biosolids land
Net environmental benefit, 5-16 application, 27-13
Net liquid volume displacement, 13-38 Nutrient management
Net positive suction head, 6-48 land application, 27-5
Net specific surface area, 13-38 sidestreams, 17-3
Neutralization, 16-85, 16-97, 16-98, 16-99, Nutrient removal, 14-111
16-103, 16-104 Nutrient removal, sidestreams, 17-4
New source performance standards, 7-25 Nutrient trading, 2-11
Nitrate Nutrients, biosolids concentration, 27-9
addition, odor control, 7-105 N-Viro process, 25-243
contamination, surface disposal, 27-33
Nitrification, 14-36, 14-41
BAFs, 13-94, O
FBBRs, 13-128 Objectives
MBBRs, 13-49 design, 2-4
RBCs, 13-139 water quality, 2-8
Nitrifying trickling filters (NTFs), 13-178 Occupational Safety and Health Act, 8-5

Ocean discharge, 6-7 safety and thermal drying, 26-24

Ocean disposal, 20-12 sustainability, 5-12
Odor thermal oxidation schedule and
control, 4-30, 4-42, 21-11, 21-12, 21-13, 21-42, redundancy , 26-48
21-65, 21-82 Organic loading rate
alkaline stabilization, 25-271 anaerobic digestion, 25-21
clarifiers, 12-29 rapid-infiltration systems, 18-39
composting, 25-223 Organic matter content, compost, 27-48
dewatering, 24-12 Organic polymers, 22-24
facilities, material selection, 10-72 Organic-sulfur compounds, odor emissions,
gravity belt thickeners, 23-72 7-42
safety, 8-15 Orifice equation, 6-23, 6-30
thermal drying, 26-22 Orifice headloss equation, 11-36
heat-dried biosolids, 27-50 Orifice loss, 6-12
integrated biological treatment, 15-12 Outfalls, 6-29
intensity, 7-14 freshwater, 10-62
management, biosolids land application, marine, 10-62
27-19 Outlet conditions, 12-16
mitigation, 3-10 Overland flow systems, 18-29
reduction, alkaline stabilization, 25-274 Overtopping, 6-9
sampling plans, 7-38 Oxidation ditch reactors, 14-16
thermal processing, 26-68 Oxidation
Odorants odor control, 7-153
industrial sources, 7-45 thermal, 26-25
production, post-digestion solids, 25-68 Oxygen based, MBfRs, 13-209
wastewater sources, 7-41 Oxygen requirements
Offline flow equalization, 6-35 thermal oxidation, 26-27
One-dimensional biofilm, 13-25 trickling filters, 13-157
Online instrumentation, sidestream Oxygen transfer rate, 14-201
treatment, 17-14 aerobic digestion, 25-157
Open-channel flow, 6-16 suspended-growth biological treatment,
Open-source models, 6-55 14-169
Open-weave media, 24-58 Ozonation, 6-37
Operability, 3-11 Ozone disinfection, 19-23, 19-166
Operating costs, 4-27 analytical methods for ozone
Operating pressure, recessed-plate filter measurement, 19-169
presses, 24-46 disinfection and dechlorination, 10-44
Operational control, rotary presses, 24-92 environmental effects, 19-175
Operations modeling, 19-171
aerobic digestion, 25-184 process design, 19-172
gravity thickeners, 23-16 ozone contactors, 19-173
gravity thickeners ozone demand and absorption, 19-174
feed solids source and characteristics, ozone exhaust destruction, 19-175
23-16 ozone generators, 19-172
polymer, 23-17 reaction kinetics, 19-169
underflow withdrawal, 23-17 safety and health, 19-175
heating, ventilating, and air conditioning shipment and handling safety, 19-176
costs, 9-61 Ozone, odor control, 7-105

Index I-29
P Peristaltic hose pump, 21-36

Permit application, air emissions, 7-24
P Index, biosolids land application, 27-5 Permit requirements, 4-26
Packed-bed wet scrubbers, odor control, 7-132 Persistence, odor concentration, 7-8
Packing, 6-49 Personal protection equipment, 8-19
Paddle and hollow-flight dryers, 26-15 pH
Paints, identification of type of service, 10-93 adjustment, odor control, 7-111
Pancake digesters, 25-95 alkaline stabilization, 25-248
Parallel-flow type sedimentation tank, 12-8 anaerobic digestion, 25-26, 25-118
Parking, 4-38, 4-41 compost, 27-47
Parshall flume, 6-28 elevation, alkaline stabilization, 25-237
Part 503 Code of Federal Regulations, 20-4 suspended-growth biological treatment,
Partially submerged disc filter, 16-63, 16-64, 14-46
16-65 Phases of site evaluation, 4-12
Partial-mix, aerated ponds, 18-12 Phosphorus and nitrogen removal, 14-99
Particle size Phosphorus
biosolids, 27-7 index, biosolids land application, 27-14
compost, 27-48 limitations, MBBRs, 13-64
heat-dried biosolids, 27-49 precipitation, 16-85, 16-86, 16-90, 16-91,
Particle surface charge, conditioning, 22-7 16-92, 16-93, 16-96, 16-97, 16-114
Particulate removal, 7-159 reduction, aerobic digestion, 25-188
Partitions, drying beds, 24-77 removal, 16-86, 16-87, 16-88, 16-89, 16-90,
Pasteurization, 19-180, 25-241 16-92, 16-93, 16-95, 16-103, 16-150
Pasteurization, Class A biosolids, 20-8 BAFs, 13-104
Pathogens integrated biological treatment, 15-33
anaerobic digestion, 25-30 rapid-infiltration systems, 18-37
biosolids concentration, 27-7 sidestream treatment, 17-26
disinfection, 19-8, 19-9, 19-10, 19-12, 19-13, PhoStrip process, 14-59
19-15 PhoStripII™ process, 14-110
limits, biosolids, 20-6 Physical characteristics, biosolids, 27-7
reduction Physical models, 6-56
aerobic digestion, 25-186 Physical treatment, odor control, 7-131
composting, 25-201 Pilot testing
surface disposal, 27-34 alkaline stabilization, 25-258
treatment, biosolids, 20-9, equipment design, 3-21
Paved drying beds, 24-83 FBBRs, 13-126
Peaking factors, 3-24 Piping
Pelletizing processes, 20-9 aerobic digestion, 25-166
Peracetic acid disinfection, 19-23, 19-177 anaerobic digesters, 25-116, 25-121
Perforated plate, screening media, 11-9 digester gas, 25-123
Performance dissolved air flotation, 23-36
facultative ponds, 18-9 effluent discharge, 10-61
FBBRs, 13-133 safety, 8-13
grit removal, 11-66 Piston pumps, 10-50
odor control, 7-7 Pitched covers, odor containment, 7-71
screening, 11-38 Planning, dedicated land disposal, 27-34
specifications, 2-35 Plant arrangement, 4-29
Peripheral pumps, 6-40 Plant expansion, 4-31

Plant headloss guidelines, 6-10 Post-aeration, 6-37

Plant siting process, 4-4 Post-closure use, landfills, 27-31
Plastic carriers Post-digestion processing, solids, 25-68
biofilm, 13-38 Post-lime stabilization, 25-239
MBBRs, 13-66 Potassium permanganate, odor control, 7-104
Plastics, properties and applications, 10-84 Power
Plate and frame presses, 10-53 considerations, standby, 9-22
Plate and tube clarifiers, 12-9 failure and load transfer, 9-25
Plate pressurization, 24-62 output, 6-43
Plate settlers, 12-37 requirements, 6-43
Plate shifters, 24-59 source reliability, 9-7
Plug flow reactor, 14-15 supply capacity and redundancy, 9-12
anaerobic digestion, 25-67 supply, UV disinfection, 19-148, 19-149
composting, 25-206 ventilation, trickling filters, 13-159
Plumbing, 9-88 Preaeration, 12-30
design, 9-88, 9-89 Preapplication treatment, 18-21
sanitary systems, 9-90 Precoat system, 24-60
storm drainage, 9-91 Prefabricated biofilters, odor control, 7-127
water-supply systems, 9-89 Pre-lime stabilization, 25-238
Plunger pump, 21-15, 21-30, 21-31, 21-32 Preliminary treatment, 11-3
Pneumatic conveyor, 21-80, 21-81, 21-82 BAFs, 13-105
Pneumatic ejector, 21-36 materials of construction, 10-37
Pneumatic pumps, 6-40 flow equalization, 10-38
Point sources, odors/air emissions, 7-58 grit removal, 10-38
Pollutant limits screens, 10-37
biosolids, 20-5 MBBRs, 13-66
monofills, 27-25 Pre-pasteurization, anaerobic digestion,
surface disposal, 27-33 25-46
Pollutant loading Prescriptive, specifications, 2-35
air emissions, 7-6 Present value methodology, 2-63
trickling filters, 13-150 Preservation of available carbon, 12-58
Polycyclic organic matter, thermal Press enclosures, belt presses, 24-36
processing, 26-71 Pressate, screw presses, 24-110
Polymer addition manifold, 24-20 Pressure automatic control systems, 6-51
Polymer addition, dissolved air flotation, 23-16 Pressure boosters, digester gas, 25-128
Polymer feed rate, rotary drum thickeners, Pressure control valves, 6-25
23-75 Pressure filter/vacuum dryer, 26-16
Polymer system and feed control, gravity belt Pressure flow, 6-16
thickeners, 23-70 Pressure swing adsorption, 25-137
Polymer, gravity thickening, 23-17 Pressure zones, belt presses, 24-33
Polymer-assisted filter bed, 24-81 Pressure, digester gas, 25-124
Pond systems, 18-7 Prethickening, aerobic digestion, 25-178
Pond treatment system die-off, 19-180 Pretreatment
Ponds, materials of construction, 10-43 anaerobic digestion, 25-64
Pool depth, centrifuges, 24-23 dewatering, 24-10
Positive-displacement pump, 21-7, 21-8, 21-14, membrane bioreactors, 14-153
21-15, 21-17, 21-18, 21-29, 21-30, septage, 11-68
21-43, 21-51 solids, 20-39

Index I-31
Prevention of significant deterioration (PSD), Programmable logic controller systems, 9-44

7-25 Progressing cavity pump, 21-8, 21-32, 21-33,
Primary sedimentation, 6-35 21-34, 21-36, 21-41, 21-43, 21-48,
Primary sludge 21-49, 21-52, 21-53
collection and removal, 12-42 Propeller mixer, 16-105, 16-106, 16-108, 16-109,
degritting, 11-59 16-112, 16-113
production, 12-45 Properties, septage, 11-71
Primary solids Proportional weirs, 6-13
characteristics, 20-37 Protection of beneficial uses, 2-4
production, 20-15 Protective coatings, 10-88, 10-90
Primary treatment selection, 10-89
BAFs, 13-105 surface preparation, 10-89, 10-91
equalization, 11-78 atmospheric conditions and
integrated biological treatment, 15-10 temperatures, 10-92
materials of construction, 10-39 safety precautions, 10-92
dissolved air flotation, 10-40 thermosetting coatings, 10-88
settling tanks, 10-39 use of paint for identification and safety,
MBBRs, 13-66 10-82
Primary–secondary digestion, 25-34 Protozoa, disinfection, 19-13
Privatization, energy management, 5-21 Public acceptance, biosolids land application,
Procedures, plant design, 2-28 27-12, 27-21
Process aeration, BAFs, 13-106 Public access, 4-40
Process and instrumentation diagrams, Public communication, air emissions, 7-28
9-31 Public education, 4-27
Process comparisons, composting, 25-207 Public education, sustainability, 5-45
Process control Public involvement, 4-16, 4-26
alkaline stabilization, 25-270 Public opposition to site selection, 4-16
data, 3-17 Pulsed electric field, anaerobic digestion,
instrumentation and control systems, 25-62
9-50 Pumping, 6-39
thermal oxidation, 26-60 actuation, 6-50
Process design, 4-32 anaerobic digestion, 25-117, 25-121
energy management, 5-35 applications, 6-45
FBBRs, 13-116 centrifugal pumps, 10-50
Process equipment, safety, 8-12 centrifuges, 23-55
Process flow, trickling filters, 13-151 conditioning, 22-10
Process rates, anaerobic digestion, 25-17 construction, 6-48
Process stability, anaerobic digestion, 25-22 control systems, 6-50
Processes that significantly reduce curve, 6-41
pathogens, 20-9 cycle time, 6-47
Processes to further reduce pathogens, dissolved air flotation, 23-37
20-8 effluent discharge, 10-60
Processes, biofilm, 13-8 gravity belt thickeners, 23-69, 23-71
Processing, grit slurry, 11-60 materials of construction, 6-48, 10-50
Procurement, 2-33 operation, 6-41
alkaline stabilization, 25-275 piston pumps, 10-50
sustainability plan, 5-42 seals, 6-49
Product use, alkaline stabilization, 25-291 types, 6-45

Pumping stations Rectangular weirs, 6-13

configuration, 6-45 Recuperative thermal oxidizers, 7-156
trickling filters, 13-149 Recuperative thickening, 25-35
Pumping System Assessment Tool (PSAT), Recycle streams, 24-12
5-34 Redevelopment, 4-18
Pump-monitoring guidelines, 6-52 Reduced voltage starters, 6-51
Redundancy
heating, ventilating, and air conditioning,
Q 9-61
Qualitative site selection, 4-16 instrumentation and control systems, 9-51
Quality, biosolids-derived products, 27-46 power supply , 9-12
Quantitative site selection, 4-16 secondary clarifiers, 14-227
Quantities of primary sludge, 12-46 thermal oxidation operations, 26-48
Quantity, screening, 11-5 treatment unit, 3-13
UV disinfection systems, 19-147
Reed beds, 24-84
R Refractory and insulation, materials of
Rabble arms and teeth, materials of construction, 10-60
construction, 10-59 Regenerative thermal oxidizers, 7-155
Railroad spur, 4-24 Regulations
Rakes and skimmers, dissolved air flotation, air emissions, 7-25
23-32 biosolids-derived products, 27-45
Rapid fill, 24-61 disinfection, 19-8, 19-11, 19-20
Rapid mixing, 12-34, 16-105, 16-108, 16-109, Canada, 19-20
16-110, 16-111, 16-112 China, 19-21
Rapid-infiltration systems, 18-35 European, 19-21
Rate-limiting substrate, 13-29 hazardous air pollutant, 7-18
Reagents, alkaline, 25-248 heating, ventilating, and air conditioning,
Receiving station design, 11-72 9-53
Recessed plat filter press, conditioning, 22-22 incinerator ash, 27-38
Recessed-impeller pump, 21-14, 21-29, 21-38 land application, 27-4
Recessed-plate filter presses, 24-41 landfill liners, 27-25
Reciprocating piston pump, 21-8, 21-37, 21-43, landfills, 27-22
21-48, 21-49, 21-52, 21-53, 21-54, odor control, 7-9
21-55, 21-56, 21-57 safety, 8-5
Reciprocating rake screen, 11-13 solids management, 20-4
Recirculation, FBBRs, 13-117 state biosolids, 20-12
Reclaimed water surface disposal, 27-33
chlorination, 19-90 sustainability, 5-24
disinfection, 19-33 thermal oxidation, 26-61
UV disinfection, 19-163 thermal processing emissions, 26-71
Recognition threshold future, 26-74
odor concentration, 7-7 local prohibitory rules, 26-74
odorant, 7-11 National Emission Standard for
Recordkeeping, biosolids, 20-11 Hazardous Air Pollutants , 26-72
Recreational water, waterborne disease new source performance standards,
outbreaks, 19-17 26-72
Rectangular clarifiers, 12-5, 14-231 new source review, 26-73

Index I-33
nonregulated emissions (greenhouse Rollers, belt presses, 24-35

gases), 26-76 Rose equation, 6-38
prevention of significant deterioration, Rotary drum dryer, 26-12
26-72 Rotary drum thickening, 23-73, 23-74
source-specific standards, 26-75 ancillary equipment and controls, 23-77
Standards for the Use and Disposal of conditioning, 22-38
Sewage Sludge, 26-73 design example, 23-77
Regulations/fire protection, materials of evaluation and scale-up, 23-74
construction, 10-28 mechanical features, 23-77
Regulatory processes, 4-11 process design, 23-74
Relative sustainability, 5-6 drum speed, 23-76
Reliability polymer feed rate, 23-75
criteria, 9-6 pool depth, 23-76
power source, 9-7 solids feed rate, 23-75
Removal efficiencies, 12-10 Rotary lobe pump, 21-34, 21-36
Renewable energy systems, 5-46 Rotary press dewatering, conditioning, 22-40
Renewable energy, heating, ventilating and Rotary presses, 24-89
air conditioning, 9-71 Rotary pumps, 6-40
Reoxygenation, 16-158, 16-159, 16-160, 16-161 Rotating biological contactors (RBCs), 13-136
Reporting requirements, biosolids, 20-12 Rotating biological contactors, materials of
Residential sources, septage, 11-70 construction, 10-42
Residuals, 4-38 Rotation speed, screw presses, 24-108
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Roughing filter activated sludge process, 15-7
2-52 Roughing-filter activated sludge process,
Retrofitting integrated biological treatment,
chemical systems, 9-80 15-37
instrumentation and control systems, 9-29 Rubbers and elastomers, properties and
UV disinfection, 19-163 applications, 10-86
Return activated sludge requirements,
suspended-growth biological
treatment, 14-54 S
Reuse, 2-13 Sack screens, 11-15
sustainability, 5-47 Safety and health
UV disinfection, 19-130 aerobic digestion, 25-168
Reverse osmosis, 16-119, 16-120, 16-121, alkaline stabilization, 25-270
16-122, 16-123, 16-124, 16-125, anaerobic digestion equipment, 25-122
16-126, 16-127, 16-129, 16-130, belt presses, 24-36
16-131, 16-132, 16-133, 16-134, centrifuges, 24-24
16-135, 16-136, 16-137, 16-138, composting, 25-230
16-139, 16-141, 16-144, 16-146, conditioning, 22-53
16-147, 16-148, 16-150 dechlorination, 19-95
Reynolds number, 6-17, 6-24, 12-38, 16-31, disinfection, 19-65
16-109, 16-111 chlorine gas, 19-65
Rheology, 22-8 containers, 19-67
Risk analysis, sustainability, 5-44 hypochlorites, 19-66
Road access, 4-35 vaporizer facilities, 19-70
Road gradient, 4-36 dryer equipment, 26-24
Roadways, 4-35 dryer operations, 26-24

equipment, 8-19 Screw press dewatering, conditioning, 22-39

equipment, digester gas, 25-132 Screw presses, 24-97, 24-102
ozone disinfection, 19-176 Screw pumps, 6-40, 21-37, 21-38, 21-39
program responsibilities, 8-7 Scroll tip linings, 24-26
recessed-plate filter presses, 24-59 Scum
sidestream treatment, 17-14 characteristics, 12-51
surface preparation of protective coatings, collection, 12-49
10-92 quantities, 12-51
thermal drying, 26-23 Secondary clarification, 14-205
thermal drying, industry standards, 26-25 design example, 14-307
thermal oxidation, 26-61 integrated biological treatment, 15-14
use of paint for identification of type of wet-weather considerations, 14-169
service, 10-93 Secondary sedimentation, 6-36
UV disinfection, 19-145 Secondary solids
electrical hazards, 19-146 characteristics, 20-37
exposure to UV light, 19-145 production, 20-17
Salt Index Secondary treatment equivalency, 2-9
compost, 27-47 Secondary treatment, 1-2
heat-dried biosolids, 27-53 BAFs, 13-90
Sampling equalization, 11-78
anaerobic digesters, 25-117 Second-order model, RBCs, 13-138
odors, 7-30 Security, 4-37
protocols, 3-15 camera surveillance, 9-87
results, interpretation, 3-14 chemical systems, 9-80
Sand drying beds, 24-67 fence detection, 9-87
Sand layer, drying beds, 24-77 site, 9-86
Sanitary systems, plumbing, 9-90 vulnerability assessment, 9-86
Scale control, 16-131, 16-133 Sediment traps, 25-127
Scaling, anaerobic digesters, 25-115 Sedimentation, 12-4
Schulze formula, 13-166 Sedimentation, materials of construction,
Scour velocity, 12-26 10-46
Screen retention value, 11-39 Seismic activity, 4-23
Screening, 6-31, 11-4 Seismic protection, electrical systems, 9-26
anaerobic digestion, 25-65 Semi-empirical models, biofilm, 13-20
composting, 25-223 Septage, 4-38, 11-68
materials of construction, 10-37, 10-50 Sequence, project, 2-25
media, 11-8 Sequencing batch reactors, 14-31, 14-32
screw presses, 24-103 Series-flow type sedimentation tank, 12-7
solids pretreatment, 20-42 Setbacks, 4-19, 4-41
types, 11-10 Settling characteristics, 12-11
Screenings Settling tanks, materials of construction,
capture, 11-47 10-39
organics test, 11-39 Shared savings approach, energy
processing, 11-24 management, 5-22
Screw augers, screening, 11-29 SHARON® process, 17-22
Screw conveyor, 21-43, 21-57, 21-62, 21-63, Sharp-crested weir, 6-14
21-64, 21-65, 21-70, 21-71, 21-73, Shellfish, waterborne disease outbreaks,
21-74, 21-76 19-19

Index I-35
Shipment and handling safety Sloping beach scum collector, 12-52

dechlorination, 19-95 Sloughing, integrated biological treatment,
disinfection, 19-67 15-11
ozone disinfection, 19-176 Slow-rate systems, 18-23
Shock treatment, 16-136, 16-138 Sludge
Short-circuit capacity, 9-14 disposal, 12-59
Side overflow formula, 6-24 drying beds, 4-9
Sidestream treatment, 17-4, recirculation, 12-40
Sidestreams Sludge volume index, dissolved air flotation,
aerobic digestion, 25-191 23-23
alkaline stabilization, 25-273 Sluice channels, screening, 11-29
thermal drying, 26-22 Slurry carbonization, 26-6, 26-7
Sidewalls, drying beds, 24-75 Snails, integrated biological treatment,
Sieves, 12-41 15-14
Silo digesters, 25-94 Snow, 4-39
Siloxanes, digester gas, 25-134 Social equity, 4-26
Silviculture, biosolids, 27-21 Sodium hypochlorite
Single-rake screens, 11-13 disinfection, 19-22
Single-train operation, pond systems, 18-18 onsite generation and disinfection, 19-61
Site access, 4-24 Sodium metabisulfite, Disinfection and
Site dechlorination, 10-44
considerations Software types, 6-53
biosolids land application, 27-10 Soil absorption, 18-3
integrated biological treatment, 15-15 Soils, 4-23
sustainability, 5-12 Solar disinfection, 19-179
constraints, 4-32 Solar drying, 24-82, 26-18
drainage, 4-37 Solid bowl centrifuges, 24-17
evaluation phases, 4-12 Solid destruction, anaerobic digesters, 25-87
land use, 4-17 Solids
layout types, 4-29 blending, anaerobic digesters, 25-87
layout, composting, 25-215 capture rate, 24-6
permits, land application, 27-5 capture, dissolved air flotation, 23-28
requirements, land treatment, 18-22 characteristics, 20-36, 24-7
safety, 4-40, 8-10 composition, thermal oxidation, 26-44
selection, 4-3 concentration
Siting alkaline stabilization, 25-254
dedicated land disposal, 27-35 conditioning, 22-10
monofills, 27-23 contact, 12-40
Size guide number, fertilizer, 27-49 content, composting, 25-198
Sizing criteria, anaerobic digesters, 25-82 conveyance, materials of construction,
Sizing parameters 10-51
secondary clarifiers, 14-215 disintegration processes, 25-62
thermal dryers, 26-18 distribution channel, drying beds, 24-78
thermal oxidation furnace, 26-39 drying, digester gas, 25-142
thermal oxidation systems, 26-42 generation/production rates, 20-13
Skimmers and rakes, dissolved air flotation, handling and treatment, materials of
23-32 construction, 10-47
Slide gate control, 11-45 handling, alkaline stabilization, 25-260

loading rate Sprinkler systems

belt presses, 24-31 effluent discharge, 10-64
dissolved air flotation, 23-23 fire protection, 9-84
rotary presses, 24-92 Stability, compost, 27-48
screw presses, 24-106 Stabilization processes, comparison, 25-13
management, chemical systems, 9-81 Stabilization, materials of construction, 10-53
processing aerobic digesters, 10-53
materials of construction, 10-48 anaerobic digesters, 10-54
reliability standards, 3-20 digester tanks, 10-55
production and settleability, integrated gas-mixing systems, 10-55
biological treatment, 15-26 mesophillic digestion, 10-54
production variability, 3-28 mixing systems, 10-55
production, integrated biological treatment, thermophilic aerobic digesters, 10-54
15-10 thermophilic digestion, 10-55
pumping Stabilized solids, conditioning, 22-11
centrifugal pumps, 10-50 Stacked sedimentation tanks, 12-6
materials of construction, 10-50 Stack-gas reheat, thermal processing, 26-85
piston pumps, 10-50 Staff facilities, 4-33
recycle, integrated biological treatment, 15-11 Staffing, thermal drying, 26-21
reduction, aerobic digestion, 25-186 Staged digestion, 25-36
separation, MBBRs, 13-72 Staged operation, aerobic digestion, 25-184
settling, alkaline stabilization, 25-274 Stair screens, 11-17
thickening, anaerobic digestion, 25-64 Stakeholders, 4-26
treatment, 1-9 Standards
Solids residence time, anaerobic digestion, heating, ventilating, and air conditioning,
25-20 9-53
Solids retention time instrumentation and control systems, 9-29
aerobic digestion, 25-187 ISO, 5-10
anaerobic digesters, 25-82 materials of construction, 10-98
integrated biological treatment, 15-21 olfactometry, 7-37
thermal drying, 26-19 safety and thermal drying, 26-25
Solids–amendment mixture, composting, safety, 8-7
25-210 sustainable design, 5-7
Soluble salts thermal oxidation, 26-61, 26-63
compost, 27-47 Standby power considerations, 9-22
heat-dried biosolids, 27-53 Startup considerations, alkaline stabilization,
Space requirements, alkaline stabilization, 25-269
25-267 State operating permit, air emissions, 7-27
Specialty models, 6-55 State regulations
Specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR), aerobic air emissions, 7-26
digestion, 25-185 biosolids-derived products, 27-45
Specification Requirements for Testing and land application, 27-5
Acceptance Static screens, 11-22
Specifications, field instruments, 9-31 Station configuration, 6-45
Spill prevention, 21-11 Stay-bosses, 24-55
Spiral blade clarifier, 12-44 Steam heating systems, anaerobic digesters,
Splitting structures, 6-20 25-113
Spreadsheet-based models, 6-54 Step screens, 11-17

Index I-37
Stirling cycle engines, 25-145 Supply-side management, energy, 5-36

Storage Support facilities, 4-33
alkaline stabilization, 25-257 Support systems, 9-1
biosolids, 27-20 Surface geometry, 12-26
biosolids land disposal, 27-36 Surface overflow rate, 12-10
chemicals, 9-77 Surface water control, monofills, 27-28
composting, 25-223 Surge protection and lightning, electrical
conditioning, 22-9 systems, 9-27
digester gas, 25-125 Surrounding land use, 4-18
facilities, 4-33 Survivability, pathogens and disinfection,
lagoons, 21-12, 24-87 19-16, 19-17
materials of construction, 10-48 Suspended growth biological reactor stage,
post-digestion solids, 25-69 integrated biological treatment,
requirements, 21-8, 21-42 15-20
reuse, 2-19 Suspended growth, sidestream treatment,
septage, 11-75 17-22
slow-rate systems, 18-29 Suspended solids loading, overland flow
tanks, effluent discharge, 10-63 systems, 18-33
thermal drying, 26-20 Suspended-biofilm reactors, 13-210
Storm drainage, plumbing, 9-91 Suspended-growth biological treatment, 14-1
Stormwater activated carbon addition, 14-34
flow screens, 11-23 aerated lagoons, 14-49
handling, 4-37 anaerobic treatment, 14-125
management, sustainability, 5-13 microbiology, 14-127
Structural design, 4-32 process configurations, 14-128
Structure, biofilm, 13-8 upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, 14-128
Structured polymers, organic polymers, 22-27 clarifiers, 14-35
Struvite contact stabilization, 14-25
anaerobic digesters, 25-115 conventional, 14-25
precipitation, 17-28 design considerations, 14-45
Submerged aerated filter, 13-84 design example, 14-294
Submerged fixed covers, 25-102 addressing nutrients, 14-309
Submerged flow conditions, 6-15 aeration basin volume, 14-297
Submerged launders, 6-25, 12-20 aeration requirements, 14-301
Subsurface flow, wetlands, 18-44 secondary clarification, 14-307
Sulfatreat, odor control, 7-152 summary for the base case, 14-308
Sulfite salts, chlorination and dechlorination, design parameters, 14-23
19-58 dissolved oxygen, 14-45
Sulfur dioxide feeding and aeration patterns, 14-24
chlorination and dechlorination, 19-57 flotation, 14-36
dechlorination, 19-94 influent characteristics, 14-46
disinfection and dechlorination, 10-44 integrated systems, 14-35
Sulfur oxides, thermal processing, 26-84 loading rates, 14-21
Supernatant, aerobic digestion, 25-191 materials of construction, 10-40
Supervisory control and data acquisition membrane bioreactors, 14-142
systems, 9-43 components and configurations, 14-142
human–machine interface systems, 9-43 design, 14-154
independent data-acquisition systems, 9-43 pretreatment, 14-153

process and equipment and design, 14-147 inlet geometry, 14-253

system equipment, 14-159 interior baffles, 14-269
membranes, 14-36 scum removal, 14-271
nutrient control, 14-55 side wall depth, 14-252
adding external carbon to nutrient sludge withdrawal, 14-277
removal, 14-111 outlets, 14-274
baffles, 14-120 control strategy and facilities design,
enhanced biological phosphorus 14-286
removal, 14-55 concentration and density
fermentation, 14-115 measurement, 14-289
mixing, 14-122 equipment and instrumentation, 14-293
nitritation and denitritation, 14-99 key parameters, 14-287
nitrogen removal, 14-76 return and waste activated sludge,
phosphorus and nitrogen removal, 14-99 14-287
nutrients, 14-46 sludge blanket depth measurement,
operational characteristics, 14-22 14-290
oxygen demand, 14-52 rectangular design, 14-231
oxygen transfer, 14-169 dimensions, 14-234
aeration system maintenance, 14-204 flow patterns, 14-231
aerator design and testing, 14-197 suspension characteristics and
air supply system, 14-187 settleability, 14-205
air filtration, 14-188 sizing approaches, 14-215
air piping design, 14-193 batch and other clarification, 14-230
blowers, 14-190 effect of flow variations, 14-228
pure-oxygen generation, 14-194 overflow rate, 14-215
clean water testing, 14-200 shapes, 14-230
diffused aeration, 14-172 sidewater depth, 14-227
equipment, 14-198 solids loading rate, 14-217
mechanical surface aerators, 14-180 weir loading, 14-227
mixing requirements, 14-196 selectors, 14-27
oxygen transfer rate, 14-201 sequencing batch reactors , 14-31, 14-32
pH, 14-46 solids separation, 14-35
process configurations and types, 14-12 solids/liquid separation, 14-54
aerated lagoon, 14-18 step feed, 14-26
complete mix, 14-13 submerged turbine aerators, 14-185
deep shaft, 14-20 tapered aeration, 14-26, 14-27
oxidation ditch, 14-15 temperature, 14-45
plug flow, 14-14, 14-15 toxic and inhibitory wastes, 14-46
process design for carbon oxidation and volume of aerobic reactor basins, 14-47
nitrification, 14-36 waste sludge generation, 14-51
process water testing, 14-203 wet-weather considerations, 14-165
pure oxygen, 14-29 aeration tanks, 14-166
return activated sludge requirements, 14-54 flow reduction, 14-166
secondary clarification, 14-205 secondary clarifiers, 14-169
circular and other radial flow designs, Sustainability, 3-3, 4-25
14-249 disinfection, 19-25
diameter, 14-251 heating, ventilating and air conditioning,
flow patterns, 14-250 9-62, 9-69

Index I-39
Sustainable Water Infrastructure initiative, Thermal conditioning and wet-air oxidation,

5-6 10-56
Suttro weirs, 6-13 Thermal conditioning, 26-6
Swirl and vortex separators, 12-41 Thermal conditioning, slurry carbonization,
Symmetrical flow distribution layout, 6-21 26-6, 26-7
System curve, 6-41 Thermal destruction, materials of
Systems dynamic modeling, 4-16 construction, 10-58
fluid-bed furnace, 10-60
multiple-hearth furnace, 10-59
T rabble arms and teeth, 10-59
Tanks refractory and insulation, 10-60
anaerobic digestion, 25-91, 25-121 Thermal drying, 26-8
digestion, 10-55 belt dryers, 26-17
geometry, 4-32 conduction drying systems, 26-15
Technologies convection dryers, 26-11
dewatering, 24-7 convection dryers, 26-17
disinfection, 19-21 design example, 26-85
FBBRs, 13-115 design guidelines, 26-18
Telescoping valves, 6-30 selection, 26-20
Temperature and building automation labor requirements, 26-21
controls, heating, ventilating and processing train unit capacity, 26-20
air conditioning systems, 9-68 product quality and use, 26-20
Temperature sizing parameters, 26-18
aerobic digestion, 25-155 evaporative capacity, 26-18
alkaline stabilization, 25-248 hours of operation, 26-19
anaerobic digestion, 25-23 operating temperatures, 26-19
composting, 25-199 solids retention time, 26-19
composting, 25-212 storage, 26-20
effects, NTFs, 13-186 utility requirements, 26-21
integrated biological treatment, 15-14 electrical, 26-21
suspended-growth biological treatment, emissions and odor control, 26-22
14-45 sidestreams, 26-22
swing adsorption, 25-137 thermal, 26-21
thermal drying operation, 26-19 water, 26-22
thermal oxidation, 26-28 design practice, 26-22
thermal oxidation furnace sizing, 26-39 materials of construction, 26-23
Temperature-phased anaerobic digestion, 25-38 post-processing equipment, 26-23
Tensioning, belt presses, 24-39 pre-processing equipment, 26-22
Tertiary denitrification safety, 26-23
BAFs, 13-99 dryer equipment, 26-24
FBBRs, 13-129 dryer operations, 26-24
Tertiary processes, 6-38 industry standards, 26-25
Testing flash dryer, 26-12
conditioning, 22-56 fluidized bed dryer, 26-13
dewatering, 24-12 heat-transfer methods, 26-10
heating, ventilating and air conditioning materials of construction, 10-57
systems, 9-69 paddle and hollow-flight dryers, 26-15
materials of construction, 10-101 pressure filter/vacuum dryer, 26-16

rotary drum dryer, 26-12 inorganic sludge conditioning, 26-45

solar dryers, 26-18 mass and energy balance, 26-47, 26-48
tray dryers, 26-16 operating schedule and redundancy,
Thermal energy requirements, drying, 26-21 26-48
Thermal hydrolysis, 25-50 solids composition, 26-44
Thermal oxidation, 26-25 solids calorific values, 26-26
design practice, 26-50 Thermal processing, 26-1
auxiliary equipment, 26-56 biogasification, 26-67
fans and blower equipment, 26-55 design example, 26-85, 26-92
feed equipment and systems, 26-50 incineration, 26-92
hazard and operability reviews, 26-65 thermal drying, 26-85
insurance and other industry standards, emissions control, 26-68
26-63 air pollution control, 26-77
materials of construction, 26-59 acid gases, including sulfur oxides,
process control, 26-60 26-84
process train equipment, 26-52 combustion modifications, 26-83
regulations, codes, and standards, 26-61 electrostatic precipitators, 26-82
safety, 26-61 fabric filters, 26-82
emerging technologies, 26-35 flue gas treatment, 26-83
fluidized bed incinerator, 26-30, 26-31 mechanical collectors, 26-80
cold (warm) wind box, 26-33 cury, 26-84
hot wind box, 26-32 nitrogen oxides, 26-82
heat and temperature, 26-28 particulate and metals, 26-77
heat recovery and reuse, 26-66 stack-gas reheat, 26-85
multiple-hearth furnace, 26-34 wet scrubbers, 26-81
odor control, 7-152 combustion emissions, 26-69
oxygen requirements, 26-27 carbon monoxide, 26-69
oxygen content, 26-28 nitrogen oxides, 26-71
stoichiometric air, 26-28 polycyclic organic matter, 26-71
process design guidelines, 26-39 volatile organic compounds, 26-70
electricity requirements, 26-49 odors, 26-68
furnace sizing parameters, 26-39 regulations, 26-71
evaporation/heat release limitations, future, 26-74
26-40 local prohibitory rules, 26-74
space velocity, 26-40 National Emission Standards for
temperature, 26-39 Hazardous Air Pollutants, 26-72
time, 26-39 new source performance standards,
turbulence, 26-40 26-72
sufficient air, 26-41 new source review, 26-73
selection and sizing, 26-42 nonregulated emissions (greenhouse
air emission objectives, 26-47 gases), 26-76
ash handling, 26-49 prevention of significant deterioration,
effect of dewatered solids 26-72
characteristics, 26-44 source-specific standards, 26-75
equipment, 26-44 Standards for the Use and Disposal of
fuel optimization, 26-45 Sewage Sludge, 26-73
furnace, 26-42 materials of construction, 10-56

Index I-41
thermal conditioning and wet-air location, 23-32

oxidation, 10-56 materials of construction, 23-30
thermal drying, 10-57 overflow weir, 23-33
vitrification, 26-67 pressurization system, 23-33, 23-34
Thermophilic aerobic digestion, Class A pressurization tanks, 23-35
biosolids, 20-8 process design, 23-21
Thermophilic digestion, 10-54, 10-55, 25-33 air-to-solids ratio, 23-25
Thickened residuals, 21-5, 21-16, 21-18, 21-21, feed-solids concentration, 23-24
21-34 float-blanket depth, 23-26
Thickening, 23-1 floating solids concentration, 23-27,
aerobic digestion, 25-178 23-28
centrifuge, 23-41 hydraulic loading rate, 23-23
abrasion areas, 23-55 mixed-liquor sludge volume index,
back-drive, 23-55 23-23
base, 23-54 polymer addition, 23-26
bearings, 23-54 solids capture, 23-28
bowl, 23-54 solids loading rate, 23-23
bowl geometry, 23-43 solubilization efficiency, 23-29
case, 23-54 type of solids, 23-23
chemical conditioning, 23-57 skimmers and rakes, 23-32
conveyor, 23-54 flotation thickeners, 10-51
design example, 23-58 gravity belt thickeners, 10-51, 23-60, 23-61
differential speed adjustment, 23-47 ancillary equipment/controls, 23-68
electrical controls, 23-55 belt washwater supply, 23-71
evaluation and scale-up, 23-47 feed pumps and feed flow control,
feed pipe, 23-54 23-69
motor type and size, 23-53 odor control, 23-72
operating principle, 23-42 polymer system and feed control, 23-70
performance-control systems, 23-56 thickened-solids pumps, 23-71
pond-depth adjustments, 23-57 belt washing, 23-68
process design, 23-50 design example, 23-72
pumps, 23-55 discharge area, 23-67
scroll configuration, 23-46 drive, tracking, and tensioning, 23-68
scroll drive features, 23-47 evaluation and scale-up, 23-60
scroll geometry, 23-46 filtrate and wash water, 23-68
solids transportation, 23-56 flocculation tank and feed distribution,
variable-speed bowl and scroll, 23-57 23-67
vibration, 23-55 frame, 23-67
dissolved air flotation, 23-18 gravity drainage area, 23-67
ancillary equipment and controls, 23-36 process design, 23-62,
pipes, valves, and instruments, 23-36 belt speed, 23-65,
pumps and compressors, 23-37 discharge, 23-66,
cothickening primary and secondary flocculation, 23-64,
solids, 23-38 mixing, 23-64,
design example, 23-40 plow, 23-65,
evaluation and scale-up, 23-19 unit sizing, 23-63,
flotation systems, 23-30 solids polymer injection and mixer, 23-66

gravity thickeners, 10-51, 23-4 Tracer testing, 6-56

ancillary equipment/controls, 23-17 Traffic mitigation, 3-10,
design example, 23-17 Training, EMS, 2-6
evaluation and scale-up procedures, 23-5 Transport of primary sludge, 12-49
operational considerations, 23-16 Transport of scum, 12-54
feed solids source and characteristics, Transportation, 4-24
23-16 Transportation, biosolids land application,
polymer, 23-17 27-21
underflow withdrawal, 23-17 Trapezoidal weirs, 6-13
process design, 23-12 Trash racks, 11-10
drive mechanisms, 23-14 Traveling bridge, 12-43
inlet, 23-13 Tray dryers, 26-16
loading rate, 23-12 Treatability effect, 2-55
overflow rate, 23-12 Treatability studies, 3-18
pickets, 23-13 Treatment process arrangement, 4-29
rectangular thickeners, 23-16 Treatment processes, 4-29
skimmers and scrapers, 23-14 Trickling filter activated sludge process, 15-9
underflow piping, 23-15 Trickling filter activated sludge process,
materials of construction, 10-51 integrated biological treatment,
primary sludge, 12-47 15-38
rotary drum thickeners, 23-73, 23-74 Trickling filter/solids contact process, 15-5
ancillary equipment and controls, 23-77 Trickling filter/solids contact process,
design example, 23-77 integrated biological treatment,
evaluation and scale-up, 23-74 15-34
mechanical features, 23-77 Trickling filters, 6-36, 13-141
process design, 23-74 Trickling filters, materials of construction, 10-41
drum speed, 23-76 Triple-bottom-line accounting, 5-5
polymer feed rate, 23-75 Troughs, 6-24
pool depth, 23-76 Tube settlers, 12-8, 12-37
solids feed rate, 23-75 Tunnels, 4-36
Tilting trough, 12-51 Turbine mixer, 16-106, 16-109, 16-112, 16-113
Time automatic control systems, 6-51 Turbines, digester gas use, 25-139
Time–temperature, Class A biosolids, 20-7 Turbulent flow, 21-16, 21-21, 21-24, 21-26
Title V permit, air emissions, 7-27 Two-phase anaerobic digestion, 25-44
Topography, 4-21 Two-train operation, pond systems, 18-17
Total life-cycle costs, 4-27, 4-29
Total suspended solids and biochemical
oxygen demand removal, U
integrated biological treatment, U.S. criteria, reuse, 2-14
15-28 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Total suspended solids removal efficiency, four pillars, 5-6
12-11 Method 9095B, 11-28
Toxic and hazardous chemicals/fire- U.S. regulations, reuse, 2-13
protection regulations, materials Ultimate disposal, biosolids, 22-12
of construction, 10-28 Ultrafiltration, 16-119, 16-120, 16-124, 16-128,
Toxic Substances Control Act, 2-54 16-129, 16-130, 16-134, 16-135,
Toxicity, 12-59 16-137, 16-138, 16-144
Toxicity, digesters, 25-26 Ultrasonics, anaerobic digestion, 25-62

Index I-43
Underdrain system, trickling filters, 13-148 equipment, 19-149

Underdrains, drying beds, 24-76 horizontal systems, 19-151
Uniformity index, fertilizer, 27-49 low-pressure, high-intensity systems,
Unit electricity requirements, 5-31 19-154
Unit process low-pressure, low-intensity systems,
hydraulics, 6-30 19-150
liquid levels, 6-9 medium-pressure, mercury-lamp
loading variability, 3-27 systems, 19-153
redundancy, 6-8 vertical systems, 19-152
Unit redundancy, screw presses, 24-108 fouling and sleeve-cleaning systems, 19-143
University of Cape Town process, 14-106, inactivation kinetics, 19-110
14-108 intensity, 19-101, 19-102
Unstabilized solids, conditioning, 22-11 mathematical models, 19-138
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, 14-128 photoreactivation and dark repair, 19-119
Upflow, BAFs, 13-79 point source-summation model, 19-107
Upgrading reactor design and testing, 19-120
chemical systems, 9-80 headloss, 19-123, 19-125
conventional activated sludge plant, hydraulics, 19-120
design example, 15-51 inlet structure, 19-121
Urban water systems, sustainability, 5-16 lamp output, 19-124, 19-125
Utilities longitudinal dispersion, axial dispersion,
facilities, 4-35 and turbulence, 19-120
heating, ventilating, and air conditioning, outlet structure, 19-122
9-58 reactor validation and scale-up, 19-127
requirements, thermal drying, 26-21 validation concerns, 19-136
safety, 8-14 validation testing for reuse, 19-130
services, 4-24 safety and health, 19-145
UV disinfection, 19-23, 19-26, 19-97 electrical hazards, 19-146
actinometers, 19-107 exposure to UV light, 19-145
bench and pilot testing, 19-158, 19-159 system sizing and configuration, 19-159
bioassays, 19-108 design guidelines, 19-164
computational fluid dynamic modeling, disinfection of secondary effluent,
19-107 19-163
computational fluid dynamics, 19-142 disinfection of reclaimed water, 19-163
design, 19-146 emerging methods, 19-166
bypass channels and flooding, 19-147 final design, 19-160
facility requirements, 19-147 flow and dose pacing, 19-166
module lifting, 19-148 intensity monitoring, 19-165
power conditioning, 19-149 retrofitting, 19-163
power supply and harmonic distortion, transmittance monitoring, 19-164
19-148, 19-149 transmittance, 19-105
reactors, 19-147 UV irradiation, 6-37
spare parts, 19-148
system redundancy, 19-147
dose (fluence), 19-106, 19-107, 19-110 V
effects of water quality and design, 19-154 Vacuum/pressure filter dryer, 26-16
effects of upstream processes, 19-157 Vacuum-assisted drying beds, 24-83
effects of chemicals, 19-157 Value engineering, 2-31

Value of water, 5-15 Volatile solids, anaerobic digestion, 25-28

Value-added products, biosolids, 27-42 Voltage
Valves, 6-25 distribution, 9-13
Valves, dissolved air flotation, 23-36 supply and distribution system, 9-12
Vaporizers, disinfection, 19-81, 19-82 Volume sources, odors/air emissions, 7-61
Variable-speed operation, pumps, 6-52 Volume, aerobic digester, 25-159
Variable-speed pumps, 6-45 Volumetric flowrate, 6-12
Variable-speed drives, 9-16 Vortex grit removal, 6-34, 11-55
direct-current, 9-18 Vortex separators, 12-41
permanent-magnet, 9-18 Vulnerability assessment, 9-86
variable-frequency, 9-16
Variable-volume press, 24-51
Vector-attraction reduction, biosolids, 20-10 W
Vectors Walkways, 4-35
biosolids concentration, 27-7 Washwater requirements
surface disposal, 27-34 centrifuges, 24-29
Vegetation, overland flow systems, 18-34 rotary presses, 24-93
Vehicle storage, 4-38 Washing system, recessed-plate filter presses,
Velocity control tanks, 11-59 24-63
Velocity gradient, 12-35 Washwater, screw presses, 24-110
Velocity guidelines, 6-10 Waste load allocation, 2-9
Velocity head, 6-18 Waste materials, 4-38
Velz equation, 13-165 Wastewater cations, 22-8
Ventilation rates, odor containment, 7-89 Water conservation, 1-4
Ventilation Water hammer, 4-29, 6-56
composting, 25-223 Water hyacinths, 18-41
trickling filters, 13-148 Water quality, UV disinfection, 19-154
Vermiculture, 27-44 effects of chemicals, 19-157
Vertical drum screens, 11-21 effects of upstream processes, 19-157
Vertical pumps, reciprocating pumps, 6-40 Water requirements, thermal drying, 26-22
Vertical velocity, 6-20 Water reuse, 1-3
Vertical-flow, wetlands, 18-45 Water-holding capacity, compost, 27-47
Virginia Initiative Plant, 14-108 Weather conditions, 12-27
Viruses, disinfection, 19-13 Wedge wire, screening media, 11-9
Viscosity, 6-44 Wedge-wire drying beds, 24-83
Vitrification, 26-67 Weir loading rate, 12-26
V-notch weirs, 6-13 Weir loss, 6-13
Volatile fatty acids, 12-57 Wet digestion, 25-77
Volatile fatty acids, anaerobic digestion, Wet screenings, 11-6
25-25 Wet scrubbers, thermal processing, 26-81
Volatile organic compounds, 4-42 Wet weather
Volatile organic compounds, thermal considerations, 12-28
processing, 26-70 disinfection, 19-33
Volatile solids loading, anaerobic digestion, flow screens, 11-23
25-21 suspended-growth biological treatment,
Volatile solids reduction, aerobic digestion, 14-165
25-154, 25-186 treatment, equalization, 11-79

Index I-45
Wet-air oxidation and thermal conditioning, Worm castings, 27-44

10-56 Wuhrmann process, 14-90
Wetland filling, 4-26
Wetlands, 18-42
Wet-well sizing, 6-45 Y
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, 4-18 Yield, solids production, 20-18
Wind effects, 4-32
Windrow composting, 25-205
Wood, properties and applications, 10-88 Z
Workplace injuries, 8-2 Zero-regions, biofilm reactors, 13-25


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Index

A Advanced treatment, 1-3

mechanical surface aerators, 14-180 Ammonia recovery, sidestream treatment,

Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation

Autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion, Bioaugmentation, sidestream treatment, 17-16

Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation

BOD loadings loading rates, biosolids land application,

Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation

abrasion areas, 23-55 Chemical oxygen demand

Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation

Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation

Compressors Continuous self-cleaning screens, 11-14

Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation

microbiologically influenced corrosion, hypochlorites, 19-56

Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation

centrifuge, 23-58 miscellaneous electrotechnology

Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation

gravity belt thickeners, 10-51 Detention time, 12-14

Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation

Disinfection systems, 6-36 manifolds and vacuum-regulator

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reactor maintenance, 19-47 low-pressure, low-intensity systems,

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design example, 23-40 Drip application, 18-5

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paddle and hollow-flight dryers, 26-15 material selection, 10-70

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combustion emissions, 26-69 modeling, heating, ventilating and air

Copyright © 2010 by the Water Environment Federation

identification, materials of construction, Federal requirements, land application, 27-4

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regulations/toxic and hazardous Floating-cover digesters, 25-98

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G flocculation tank and feed distribution,

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Grit Heat drying, Class A biosolids, 20-8

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renewable energy and energy-recovery Hydraulic modeling, 6-53

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Inlet dissolved air flotation, 23-36

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suspended growth biological reactor J

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Leadership in Energy and Environmental Low-rate anaerobic digestion, 25-30

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ductwork, 10-69 natural systems, 10-43

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design standards and review, 10-98 Inconel 625 (Special Metals

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Mechanical mixers, MBBRs, 13-44 Mixing and aeration requirements, integrated

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Monod curve, solids production, 20-19 Nitritation and denitritation, 14-99

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Ocean discharge, 6-7 safety and thermal drying, 26-24

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P Peristaltic hose pump, 21-36

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Plant headloss guidelines, 6-10 Post-aeration, 6-37

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Prevention of significant deterioration (PSD), Programmable logic controller systems, 9-44

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Pumping stations Rectangular weirs, 6-13

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nonregulated emissions (greenhouse Rollers, belt presses, 24-35