Urban Planning

Study online at quizlet.com/_32gc9q

1. 5th and 14th Amendments and Takings: • The 5th and 14th Amendments
• 5th Amendment - "No person shall be...nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private
property be taken for public use, without just compensation."
• 14th - "nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within
its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."
• "Takings" can happen but are subject to tests of "justice and fairness"
2. Arnstein's Ladder of Citizen Participation: - citizen control: guarantees that participants or residents can govern a program or
institution, be in full charge of policy and managerial aspects, and be able to negotiate the conditions under which "outsiders" may
change them
- delegated power: power is shared but often relegated to particular bodies
- partnership: power is negotiated (often claimed) and redistributed
-placation: citizens' views are taken into account but much be validated and/or legitimated by higher
authorities
-consultation: inviting citizens' views but providing no assurance or method to take them into account
-informing: one-way flow of information from power to "have-nots"
-therapy: framing political and economic powerlessness as pathology
-manipulation: "engineered support" through rubberstamped advisory committees
3. Berman v. Parker (1954): • Blight in Washington, DC in the late 1940s and 50s inspired the creation of a redevelopment authority
charged with creating a plan for SW DC
• The plan called for the use of eminent domain to clear large tracts of blighted housing, including a department store that was not
itself blighted but a part of the area to be razed.
• At issue was the "taking" of a private business that would in turn be sold/ given to another private business in the newly developed
area.
Judgement: The DC planning commission and redevelopment authority had the right and ability to engage in the "taking" as not being
to do so would inhibit future redevelopment plans that required the acquisition of the entire area, of which the department store was a
part.
4. Better Regionalism: • Tax Revenue Sharing (sharing burdens of infrastructure development and maintenance across jurisdictions)
• Fair Share Housing Schemes (not excluding zoning multi-family/dense housing types)
• Coordination of Regional Transportation Planning (supporting regional transit)
• Land Use Controls for Growth and Sprawl (greenbelts, growth limits, point systems)
5. The Capabilities Approach: - A liberal approach to solving the contradictions of democracy, diversity and equity
- Some capabilities (life, health, bodily integrity, etc) are necessary and have a threshold level for human functioning
- Urban institutions and decision-makers should strive to keep everyone above a threshold level of Capabilities
- very subjective
6. Cap and Trade: "Cap-and-trade is a market based regulation that is designed to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) from multiple
sources. Cap-and-trade sets a firm limit or "cap" on GHGs and minimize the compliance costs of achieving AB 32 goals. The cap will
decline approximately 3 percent each year beginning in 2013. Trading creates incentives to reduce GHGs below allowable levels
through investments in clean technologies. With a carbon market, a price on carbon is established for GHGs. Market forces spur
technological innovation and investments in clean energy. Cap-and-trade is an environmentally effective and economically efficient
response to climate change."
7. Central Issues/Problems: ´ Urban Sprawl - overdevelopment of metropolitan areas and regions expands environmental problems
´ High Performance Buildings and Planning
´ Buildings that are LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certified or "green" minimize their impact on the
environment through their design (low energy use, vegetation, alternative energy)
´ Also BREEAM and CalGreen Standards
´ Energy Efficient Water and Utilities - minimizing water/energy loss through crumbling water systems and consumer use
´ Land Re-Use - brownfield redevelopment, how to convert already used land (particularly industrial land) into attractive residential or
commercial land
8. Charles Lindblom: • "The Science of Muddling Through" (1959)
• Root and Branch
• Rational-comprehensive approach (root)
• Incremental approach (branch)
• Planning in the post-war effort was a public enterprise. Civil workers and offices often lacked the resources or political heft to
consider all variables
• Can we consider all of the factors that go into "rational" decision making?
9. Childe's Definition of Urban: 1. Larger, densely populated
2. Accommodated surplus classes--full-time specialist,
craftsmen, transport workers, merchants, officials and priests
3. Primary producers paid tributes to deities (or their proxies) or royalty who concentrated the surplus
4. Monumental public buildings that symbolized the social
surplus
5. Division of labor
6. Systems of recording/writing
7. Writing systems that facilitated knowledge of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and agricultural cycles
8. Artistic expression and full-time craftsmen
9. Foreign trade for raw materials
10. Government—symbiotic relationship between the non-
producers and the "rulers" of the social surplus
10. Clean Air Act 1970: 1970 CAA
´ Authorized the establishment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards
´ Established requirements for State Implementation Plans to achieve the National Ambient Air Quality Standards
´ Authorized the establishment of New Source Performance Standards for new and modified stationary sources
´ Authorized the establishment of National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
´ Established enforcement authority ´ Authorized requirements for control of motor vehicle emissions
1977 and 1990 amendments
11. Clean Water Act 1972: Federal Water Pollution Act of 1948 became the CWA of 1972 through amendments, which did the following:
´ Established the basic structure for regulating pollutants
discharges into the waters of the United States.
´ Gave EPA the authority to implement pollution control programs such as setting wastewater standards for industry.
´ Maintained existing requirements to set water quality standards for all contaminants in surface waters.
´ Made it unlawful for any person to discharge any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters, unless a permit was obtained
under its provisions.
´ Funded the construction of sewage treatment plants under the construction grants program. Recognized the need for planning to
address the critical problems posed by nonpoint source pollution.
12. Components of the Plan: • Legal Authority and Mandate
• Vision
• Existing Conditions and Characteristics
• Trends and Forces
• Opportunities, Problems, Advantages, and
Disadvantages
• Citizen/Public Participation
• Interventions/Proposals
• Implementation
- Scale and Frame
- Environ. Review
13. The Comprehensive Plan: • A plan is an adopted statement of policy, in the form of text, maps, graphics, used to guide public and
private actions that affect the future.
• The comprehensive plan is a tangible representation of what a community wants to be in the future.
The document should:
• Take the "longer view" and see things at a fairly high-level • Help coordinate local decision making
• Provide guidance to landowners and developers
• Establish a sound basis in fact for decision making
• Reflect a broad array of interests and stakeholders
• Create an informed constituency
14. Comprehensive Planning: Establishes framework for long-term goals, growth, urban form
15. Consistency: • Internal Consistency - are the plan's various elements consistent with one another?
- Does your plan suggest the need for new transit where the population is and will continue to decline?
• External Consistency
- Does your plan contradict the goals and priorities of a regional/state plan under which your jurisdiction falls? - Does your plan
violate state and local laws?
16. Counter-urbanization: movement of urban populations to rural communities often due to disorderly and chaotic urban places
17. Creation of suburbs/Regional Growth: • Rapid urbanization and industrialization created chaos and disorder that required regulation
and "zones"
• Streetcars and commuter trains (and later highways) allowed workers to commute into central business districts
and factory zones for work
• Public policy and government investment facilitated the development of massive tracts of suburban housing
• Annexation and consolidation allowed central cities to grow and create efficiencies in services and governance
18. Data and Analysis Needs: - Maps and Images
• Natural Environment
• Existing Land Uses
• Housing
• Transportation
• Public Utilities
• Community Services
- Population and Employment
• Local Economy
• Special Topics - historic sites and buildings, urban design features, existing zoning
19. Deindustrialization: loss of employment as a proportion of the total employment of an area
20. Detroit Future City (2012): not an actual plan, no legal authority or mandate, a catalog of archetypes of what could happen, displace
communities, no implementation/schedule
21. De-urbanization: abandonment of cities and places through economic decline or social change
22. Document Should Be:: • Readable and relatively free of professional jargon, writing errors and analytical inaccuracies
• Graphically attractive and professional
• Inspiring to readers and help them imagine the fulfillment of the vision they helped create
• Gratuitous and comprehensive in its detailing of who supported and participated in the process that helped create the document
• Readily and easily accessible in print, online, libraries, community meetings and government offices
23. Economic Analysis in Environmental Policy: • "The cost of any environmental measure can be expressed in terms of forgone
alternatives." (288) (opportunity cost)
• Cost-oblivious laws - often 'unfunded mandates'
• Cost-benefit analysis - way of assessing values to perceived costs and benefits of a particular policy (i.e. do the costs outweigh the
benefits?)
• Externalities - a form of market failure that occurs when one the negative external effects of one economic agents activity is not
included in the costs of that activity
24. Economic Interests: 1. Pollution Charges, Fees and Taxes: User fees (water, congestion, grazing); Product fees (oil/tire disposal, plastic
bags, fertilizers, etc.); Development fees (wetland, stormwater runoff)
2. Deposit-refund systems: combination of a product charge (deposit) and a subsidy for the recycling and/or proper disposal (refund)
- pop cans
3. Trading programs: limit the overall allowable emissions and enable market mechanisms to incentivize sources to reduce their
emissions faster and trade or bank remaining allowable units - scope, cap, commodity, ratio, banking, monitoring, environ benefit
4. Subsidies for pollution control: Grants, loans, tax incentives to prevent or reduce pollution
5. Liability approaches: Mechanisms to hold polluters responsible for damage and compensate victims - CERCLA
6. Information disclosure: Frameworks for mandatory and voluntary reporting - NEPA, TRI
7. Voluntary programs: Programs through which firms/industry sectors commit to voluntary emissions and pollution reduction
standards
25. Edge Cities: Exist outside the city but on its own, has all components of life, techno-burb, close to city
26. Environmental Impact Statement: 1. Environmental impact of the proposed action (typically entitled the 'Environmental Impact
Statement')
2. Account of unavoidable adverse impacts of the
proposed action
3. Alternatives (usually five or more) to the proposed
action and their potential impacts
4. Relationship between short-term use and long-term
impact
5. Permanent losses or investments to the project Goal: FONSI (finding of no significant impact)
- public input is necessary but must have standing
27. Environmental Justice: ´ Inequitable distributions of negative environmental
conditions to particular groups
´ Poor and Ultra-Poor living among or near waste, toxic
land uses and/or conditions
´ Specific countries or economic groups more adversely affected by sea level rise, increasingly hot or dry conditions; polluting
sources
´ Specific groups more adversely affected by diminishing resources and goods
´ Poverty alleviation is critical to sustainable development
28. Environmental Review: • help governments assess the potential impacts of planning proposals before they are implemented and
constructed.
• Many states (not all) require outlines of environmental review processes to be included in comprehensive plans; others require that
potential impacts be included.
• Environmental Impact Reviews (EIRs) or Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) are often project specific and are required by
particular agencies depending on what is being proposed
29. Epistemological Approach: ● The epistemological approach is about "how knowledge is communicated and to an acceptance of a
variety of ways of conveying an argument, including especially the construction of a narrative that may include logical argumentation,
anecdotes, and emotional responses as well as quantitative measures"
● In simpler terms, this approach uses both quantitative measures (like money), but also takes into account the personal anecdotes of
the people that will be most affected.
● Communicative model: this is a just process, including the people with discussions, but this appraoch may not lead to just outcomes
30. Equity: "distribution of both material and nonmaterial benefits derived from public policy that does not favor those who are already
better off at the beginning" and "does not require that each person be treated the same but rather that treatment be appropriate"
● Pro-equity programs focus on:
○ Who benefits? To what extent?
● Liberal Theory - Utilitarianism - benefits the majority
○ Issue of distribution
○ How do you benefit the minority?
■ Shift policies to benefit the less well-off
Equality: Individuals hold more or less the same amount of power and privileges relative to one another.
Equity: Treat individuals appropriately based on their status, preventing privileged groups to benefit disproportionately. Not all parties
are treated equally.
- environment a complicating factor
31. Euclidian Zoning Pyramid: separation of land uses from least restrictive to most
32. Evolved Federalism: bottom up, disseminate expertises into seperate organizations/agencies, more commonly used today, better
communication
33. exurbs: Are more about residential, not employment, not really a city, leasable space, larger than suburbs
34. Federalism: Fed ---> State ---> Local
35. Golden v. Ramapo: • After the construction of the Palisades Parkway and Tappan Zee Bridge (Hudson Riv.), Ramapo, NY become a
bedroom community for NYC and experienced rapid growth.
• Town adopted plan amendments in 1969 which would have only granted building permits for subdivisions if there were adequate
public facilities, or infrastructure in place to provide: water, drainage, schools, roads and fire protection.
• Developers are allowed to build the needed public amenities themselves but at their own expense.
• Developers sued on the grounds that this was unconstitutional and equated to a takings (Golden v. Ramapo)
Judgement: Court found that the town's ordinance 1) did not represent an inappropriate use of delegated police power; 2) was not
unconstitutional or exclusionary; and, 3) did not represent a unconstitutional "takings" under the 5th or 14th amendments
36. Gunbelt/frostbelt/rustbelt (legacy cities): previously booming industrial cities, manufacturing, experienced deindustrialization -
shrinking cities
Gunbelt: the role of military/gov played after WWII to allocate money for development, isolated away from major metro areas - nasa
in texas
37. Haussman Key Design Elements: ● Unified building code, strictly enforced
● City architects drew up most building facades
● Specific room dimensions to control space
● Uniform frontage to look clean, cohesive
○ Controlled balcony sizing
● First floor retail, greenery, aesthetic
● Wealthy would live on lower floors
38. Haussman's Paris: Financed by Haussmann and Napoleon III
Deficit financing
Municipal Bonds
Private Investment
Taxes
Estimated 1.5 billion Francs in renovations, demolitions
New construction was mostly private investment
Very strong government control on design elements
Most construction was done by hand labor, no steam engines or heavy machinery
Installed water/sewage/utility infrastructure under new construction
Later would support telegraph, phone, electricity, and eventually internet
Widened, Re-paved key streets, added curbs and sewer access, drains, trees, visual aesthetic
Demolished entire blocks and built new boulevard arterials
39. Historic Paris: Was the seat of power in France since 12th c.
Built along the Seine river (both sides)
Historically a farming village that grew over time
Came into power in Europe during medieval period
Fit most large cities of the time
Densely populated
~200,000 people by 1500
Streets built for carts, horses, narrow
Unsanitary (no sewers), fostered disease/illness
Dark (no electricity)
40. Housing Discrimination: • Maps created by insurers and the
federal government to identify "high-risk" areas
• Determinations were often made on the racial composition of the neighborhoods and not on actual conditions
• Real estate agents would use such data to convince owners to sell low and then profit on marked up sales to minority buyers
41. Implementation Schedule: • Tie specific goals and objectives to programs and policies • Create a schedule for achieving goals and
objectives (i.e. benchmarks for progress)
• Short term goals (1-3 years)
• Medium term (4-10 years)
• Long-term (11-20+ years)
• Identify all relevant agencies, institutions and actors needed and responsible for the implementation of that segment of the plan
• Analyze local/state/federal ordinances and laws to better understand how they can be used to help (or might inhibit) progress
• Include some costs associated with capital projects and funding/financing sources and opportunities
42. Incrementalism: Step-be-step process, finding way from point A to B (may change along the way), public participation, bottom-up
43. Inherent problems in democracy: ○ Distorted Communication
○ Citizens, especially the elite, can be misguided - NIMBYism
○ Democracy is thought of as economic quality, rather than equity
○ State power mobilized for elite interests, not the disadvantaged/marginalized
44. Interventions and Proposals: • Any and all proposals must be based on a rigorous and accurate assessment of trends, challenges,
opportunities, and the citizen participation process
• Interventions/proposals should help provide recommendations on how to go from existing conditions to a fulfillment of the stated
vision
• Proposals are often not and should not be overly detailed
45. Kelo v. New London (2005): • New London, Conn. was declared a blighted community ten years before adopting an economic
development plan.
• Their plan centered around the development of Fort Trumbull (public land) and surrounding parcels by the New London Dev. Corp.
Pfizer Co. announced it would build a new facility adjacent to the new development.
• Not all property owners were willing to sell and the city exercised its right of eminent domain to acquire the needed parcels.
Judgement: Municipalities have the right to use eminent domain even if it constitutes the taking of property from a private owner to
another who might make it more profitable.
46. Land Use: Classifies land types (Residential, Industrial, Recreational, Open Space)
47. Legal Authority or Mandate: • Who has "adopted" this plan? City or Town Council? When? Why?
• Was this required by law or developed as a response to a challenge? opportunity?
• What is their commitment to its implementation? monitoring and evaluation?
• How does this reflect the priorities of the jurisdiction's leadership?
• How is this document connected to previous planning efforts?
• Is this the first one of its kind? OR,
• Is this an enhancement of past efforts? OR?
• Is this a departure from past efforts?
48. L'Hote v. New Orleans (1900): • The Louisiana approved a city charter for New Orleans in 1896 which included a provision for
regulating prostitution and restrict it to a particular district.
• Before the law took effect the Common Council decided the district's boundaries were too narrow and revised them to include
George L'Hote's family home thus depriving him of due process and equal protection.
Judgement: In favor of the City of New Orleans, "the ordinance is an attempt to protect a part of the citizens from the unpleasant
consequences of such neighbors."
49. Liberal Theory: Emphasizes the contract theory of the government: the government guarantees the rights of the individual
Utilitarianism - most good for the greatest # of people
Critiques: difficult to measure net satisfaction, what about the minority? Individualistic, assimilation
50. Limits of Environmental Policy: • The impacts of pollution/environmental degradation might not be what we initially think they are
(misguided policy)
• Policy is only as good as our ability to police and enforce it.
• Legal and social challenges to the environmental science impedes the development and adoption of sound policy.
• An overreliance on fiscal incentives for compliance is expensive and often has limited effectiveness.
51. local interest groups and control: • NIMBYism - Not In My Backyard
• Conflict between private property rights and centralized control of land use & development
1. Elected officials and politicos (NIMTOO)
2. Government Agencies (Federal, State, Local)
3. Developers & Trade Associations
4. Large Employers and Institutions
5. Geographically Oriented Interests (downtown vs. neighborhoods; suburbs vs. each
other vs. central city vs. other regions)
6. Policy Groups & Foundations (economic, environmental, social)
7. Constituent Groups (racial, ethnic, immigrant)
52. Long-term Sprawl Consequences: • Debt of underused infrastructure in suburbs/exurbs; overused and failing infrastructure in central
cities
• Inefficient energy use—longer commuting times, loss of radiant heat in denser housing patterns, increased "mileage on consumer
goods"
• Reinforcing schisms between municipalities; sabotaging efforts to reconcile the lack of metropolitan coordination
53. Louis Wirth: - Chicago School of Sociology
- Positivist oriented model for the study or urban life and
social problems - Chicago as a living lab
- Much of social science at the turn of 20th century were
dedicated to using social science to solve problems, and contain poverty
54. Love Canal, New York + Superfund Legislation: • CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
of 1980) aimed at preventing similar catastrophes, as the Love Canal incident from reoccurring
• Aimed at protecting the public when the parties responsible for toxic dumping and waste are unable or unavailable to undertake the
cleanup themselves
55. Major Air Pollutants: Major pollutants
´ Carbon monoxide (CO)
´ Ozone (O3) - Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) ´ Particulate matter
´ Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
´ Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
´ Lead (Pb)
´ Jurisdictions found to have significant concentrations of one ore more of these elements in their atmosphere are determined to be in
"non-attainment" of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
56. Market Problems: • Distorted by democracy - vocal minority threatening politicians to maintain status quo
• Lack of full range of institutions to arrive at better outcomes ("patient capital"); investors uninterested in local reinvestment and
growth
• Inability (by speculators and owners) to see residential communities as much more than agglomerations of commodities to be bought
and sold
• Market Uncertainties (e.g. market cycles, government regulation of capital, "casino capitalism")
57. Marxism: - Focuses on the relations of production as the root of inequality. Need to restructure to favor the working class
- Critiques: Problems can be solved within the framework of the capitalist system through state intervention. Fails to address identities
other than class and other forms of oppression.
58. Miami Beach Flooding: • Recent study evaluated flooding frequency between 1998-2013 and found significant changes
• After 2006, 33% increase in rain-induced events and 400% increase in tide-induced events
59. Models of Participation: • Meetings - Most traditional form of planning meeting where plans are presented by public officials and/or
developers for public comment
• Surveys - Planning commissions/departments or their contractors may poll residents by mail/online surveys to identify public needs
and priority issues
• Needs Assessment - Planning departments or their contractors may conduct independent empirical research to determine and
understand community needs (e.g. schools, retail amenities, crime reduction, market demand for new housing, etc.)
60. Modes of Participation: • Community Organizing - fostering political awareness and activism among community residents
• Consensus Building- Way of bringing neighbors/communities together to resolve disputes and/or ideological differences that might
inhibit effective planning
- Requires planners to act as mediator/facilitator
• Capacity Building -How will we find the resources to execute the plan?
- Exercises designed to bring groups together for neighborhood planning and management of the plan's execution
- These events/programs are largely based on social events designed to build connections
61. Mumford on the City: - he struggled to figure out what the ideal city would be
- Quality human interaction and relationships
- Ideal city size would be tied to density and form where
social institutions could be supported
- Differentiation between modes of transportation could
facilitate social interaction by either calming traffic or moving it away from residences
- Technological advances and leaps in urban thought could
improve the urban condition
- Good city form had to be deliberate; legal covenants and the market cannot create the ideal city alone
62. Municipalities: Municipalities: a city or town that has corporate status and local government.

County: Primary subdivisions of states; many co-exist (e.g. Miami-Dade), a geographical region of a country used for administrative or
other purposes

Townships: typically (incorporated or unincorporated) vs. incorporated Subdivision of a county vs. an incorporated area that is related
to a population center. a division of a county with some corporate powers

School Districts: Have taxing powers; school districts only have jurisdiction funding and decisions over primary and secondary public
school education.

Special Districts: Can be related to boards, commissions, authorities, etc. (e.g. regional transit, economic development, redevelopment,
tax-free zones for innovation, neighborhood improvement,
public safety, etc.)
63. Nectow v. City of Cambridge (1928): - City of Cambridge created its districts it did so in an arbitrary manner that cut through Nectow's
property. On one side industrial and commercial uses, on another residential.
• Nectow's property was under contract for sale for $65K; the new restrictions caused the buyer who did not wish to confirm to the
new restrictions to back out representing a substantial loss of value.
• Nectow filed an injunction to prevent the ordinance from being enforced.
Judgement: SCOTUS found in favor of the property owner citing that the city's zoning district lines were not created to promote the
health and welfare of the public and were thus capricious and arbitrary.
64. Neoliberalism and Government: • Devolution of federal authority and programs to state and local government; privatization of
government functions, market will regulate itself
• How much coordination do we need?
• Transaction costs vs. Conformity costs
• Need to mediate exchange values against use values on a grand scale
65. NEPA/National Environmental Protection Act of 1970: ´ Important in that it created the largest federal regulatory agencies ($8.1 bn for
FY 2016)
´ Aspires to assure that all Americans have "safe, healthful, productive, and, aesthetically, and culturally pleasing surroundings."
´ Instead of simply creating regulations for private firms to follow, NEPA focuses most of its regulatory power on regulating the
potential impacts of projects funded by the federal government itself.
66. New York Zoning Act 1916: - Largely generated by controversy over construction of Equitable Life Building in Lower Manhattan
• Rose to 538 feet with no setbacks and cast a seven-acre shadow on surrounding buildings
• Simple and short document that established guidelines for setbacks, bulk, designation of residential areas and incompatible uses
67. Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City (1978): • The New York City Landmarks Law prohibited the demolition of culturally
significant structures in the city.
• When declining ridership forced the Penn Railroad and New York Central companies to merge, they devised proposals to build a
tower
above or within the façade of the existing station.
• The NYCLL prevented that which led to the claim in lower courts that the company was due compensation due to the taking the lost
revenue represented.
• At the SCOTUS, it argued that regulation denied them use of their air rights above the station.
Judgement: The city's regulations did not prevent the railroads from profiting from the station as it was designed and being used.
68. Planning Responsibilities: policy, advise, implementation, appeals
69. Poletown Neighborhood Council v. Detroit (1981): • After the city demolished the then vacant Dodge Main Plant in the Poletown
section of Detroit, GM announced plans to build a new Cadillac assembly plant
~4500 residents, 1200 homes, schools, churches would have to be acquired and demolished to facilitate this
• With the support of Detroit Mayor Coleman Young, the city used eminent domain to raze the neighborhood
Judgement: Michigan SC ruled that the public purpose of economic development justified the use of eminent domain—"The benefit to
private interest is merely incidental."
Economic growth but is it worth displacement of people/cultural centers???
70. Policy and De-urbanization in the post WWII Era: - FHA/VA Home Loans
• Federal/state support of highway construction
• Housing discrimination and Redlining/segregation & desegregation
• The Cold War and the American Southwest
71. Portland, Oregon: Urban Growth Boundary: • Urban growth boundary supplies land for 22 years of growth and development
• Intended to coordinate activity within the UGB and protect farmland, forest and natural areas beyond the urban area
• Directly elected government and home rule charter
72. Post-structuralist Theory: - Places importance on identities that are independent of economic conditions such as race, ethnicity,
gender, religion, and culture.
● Incorporates context and group difference into meaning of justice
● economic inequality is not the only form of subordination
● different cultural groups have a right to exist without oppression rather than having to assimilate into a single culture
- Critiques:
● Can lead to...
○ Essentialism
○ Unproductive conflict
○ New forms of oppression
● Subordinated cultures can still be internally repressive
73. Practical issues: • Seating - architecture and geography of seating must be considered to facilitate the full and most equitable
engagement of the entire meeting
• On-Site Logistics -- Refreshments and other material resources are needed to ensure that participants are comfortable and able to
remain within the meeting (child care, climate, location)
• Publicity - Advance notice and publicity should be given participants have ample notice and opportunity to attend and participate
• Timing - meetings held during work hours or in direct conflict of other important community events may self-select participant group
• Language - Meetings should be held in the predominant language of area residents; or, a translator should be available
74. Practice Orientation: ● In planning, practice orientation is a call to action for planners to "work for the benefit of disadvantaged
groups"
● Practice orientation came onto the scene in the 1960-70s after social movements and protests about top-down urban planning
policies, which were not reflective of the reality that citizens were living in.
● BUT, this form of thinking does not address the private ownership and control of resources
75. Principles of Smart Growth: 1. Mix land uses
2. Compact building design
3. Range of housing opportunities and choices
4. Walkable neighborhoods
5. Distinctive, attractive with a strong sense of place
6. Preserve open space, farmland and critical environmental areas
7. Strengthen existing communities
8. Transportation infrastructure
9. Make development decisions, predictable, fair, and cost effective
10. Encourage public feedback
76. Progressive Era: • Ascendance of the Comprehensive Plan
• Emergence of activist government—interested in coordinating planning activity and protecting the interests of marginalized and the
poor (planning on behalf of the "common good")
• City Beautiful vs. City Efficient
• Development of local planning offices in municipal and county government
• Custodian of ideas
• Interpreter of plans
• Amender (manager) of the actual plan
77. Public Meetings: • Informational Meetings - typically controlled and used to only provide information with little opportunity for
feedback; seating may be auditorium style
• Advisory Meetings - mix between informational and problem-solving meeting; where attendees have more access to respond to
information being provided; not a workshop or problem-solving session
• Problem-solving Meetings - attendees might be organized around tables or small groups in an attempt to maximize feedback from
participants.
78. Purpose of Zoning: lessen congestion, secure safety, promote health and general welfare, light and air, prevent overcrowding, avoid
concentrating population, facilitate public services
79. Rational Approach: scientific thinking, technician, by the expert, data used to draw relationships, create plans, implement, top-down
80. Rawlsian Liberal Theory: - Works within liberal tradition but discards utilitarian view
- "Prevent excessive concentration of property and wealth" - Policy should be designed to benefit the least well-off
through a fair distribution of benefits. Material, only class
81. Reasons for Modernization of Paris 1852-1870: France was losing power in Europe Post-Napoleon Bonaparte, weak military
Many revolutions and revolts
Reclaim glory of France Reconstruct French identity through Paris
Emperor Napoleon III wanted a crowning civic achievement Virtues of control, empire, order, glory of France
Population surges
Exacerbated issues of density, crowding, disease
82. Reform Era - Foundations of Modern Planning: • Highlighted plight and condition of poor
• Immigration, urban overcrowding and public health concerns created a need for standards
• Settlement House movement and emergence of social science and practitioner oriented fields
• Corruption of the Gilded Age provided moral suasion for reform of government and urban life
• Taylorism grows in popularity for designing orderly and efficient systems of urban management
83. Regional Plan Association: Radburn, NJ: • RPA was founded in 1923
• Radburn Plan was influenced by ideas of Ebenezer Howard and Patrick Geddes set to American context (governance); built by City
Housing Corp. involved in Sunnyside Gardens, NY
• Project wasn't built due to bankruptcy of CHC in Great Depression
• Influenced many future projects and
trends of suburbanization (and Disney World)
84. Region/City/Town Description and History: • Define the boundaries of the area to be discussed in the plan
• Present a timeline of previous plans, significant periods of growth
and/or decline
• Describe the existing character of the region/city/town
• Provide context for understanding current challenges and
opportunities
• Offer readers (and planning process participants) with a reference guide about their home
85. Re-urbanization: the reclamation of previously abandoned urban places
86. Role of Environmental Planners: ´ Create and amend land use maps, plans
´ Help create and manage parks, nature preserves, environmentally-friendly housing and development
´ Author and/or review environmental impact reports/assessments
´ Create ordinances, codes or policy that will help foster environmentally sound development; encourage the use of green building
codes
´ Consult with governments, non-profit agencies and for-profit developers about the environmental impacts of their projects
87. Scale and Frame: • 5-10 years, ~20 - 30 years is common
• Geographic focus may vary and is often not limited to the jurisdictional boundaries
• City limits
• City's sphere of influence
• City's planning area boundary
• ^these may be the same or all different
88. School Districts and Planning: • Catchments Areas - generally the "pull" area from which children are assigned to local, community
public schools; students within a given boundary are assigned to different
catchments; catchments are school specific and shift by level.
• Perceptions of school quality can radically shift home values and vice versa. Catchments area boundary definitions are often drawn
apart from city planning agencies but affected by new developments throughout school districts and regions.
89. Shrinking cities: deindustrialization, natural disasters, need urban refill and redevelopment
90. Sources of Sprawl: • Fragmented and overlapping governments, authorities and special districts
• Lack of community, country and regional vision
• Lack of sense of place or identity
• Infusion of newcomers, social conflicts and rapid growth
• Spread of scattered new development
• Few planning resources (regulations, professionals, offices) • Outdated planning and zoning techniques
• Home Rule - independent and competing interests among free standing municipalities (from zoning)
• Interest in generating more tax revenue without increasing costs and obligations
• Poor Reinvestment Policy that privileges new construction over reinvestment
• Increased Mobility - cars
• Racism - desire for residential homogeneity fuels
- "leapfrog" expansion of metro areas
• Schools - Homebuyers often purchase homes based on school quality; newer schools are often smaller and have higher scores and
achievement metrics
91. Sprawl: - "low-density, scattered urban development without systematic large-scale or regional public land use planning"
• Sprawl is a symptom of market functions and democracy in action; consequences are multiple including environmental degradation,
inefficient land and energy consumption, social isolation
92. Steps in a planning process: 1. Identify issues and options
2. State goals, objectives and priorities
3. Collect and interpret data
4. Prepare Plans
5. Draft programs for implementing the plan
6. Evaluate potential impacts of plans and implementing programs
7. Review and adopt plans
8. Review and adopt plan-implementing programs
9. Administer implementing programs; monitor their impacts
93. Strategy for Long-term Monitoring and Evaluation: • Who will be responsible for:
• Keeping the document "alive"?
• Revisiting the plan?
• Monitoring successes or failures?
• Acquiring, analyzing and interpreting new data, trends, and
opportunities?
• Amending the adopted plan?
• Determining the time frame for revisiting and amending the plan?
94. Taking or Regulation?: • A taking is the physical acquisition of land by government
• In various cases, many private property owners have argued that zoning ordinances (e.g. regulations) that prohibited particular uses
of land/property diminished their value and thus represented "takings"
95. Trash for Cash: - NYC ships over 105K tons of trash to upstate NY and four surrounding states (NJ, PA, VA, OH) each day.
• Many rural communities have turned waste management into their economic development policy.
• Has created an environmental justice issue in rural communities and an incentive for more trash.
96. Urbanization: movement of people into cities from rural communities
97. Urban populism: Popular majority holds power.
- Economic democracy/elite theory
- take power from elite class
- Culturalist
- focuses on traditional needs of 'ordinary people'
Critiques: disregards minorities, individual rights
98. Urban Renewal: • Originally set forth by the Housing Act of 1937 which called for the demolition of neighborhoods through slum
clearance for the construction of public housing.
• Expanded in the Housing Act of 1949 for broader slum clearance and incentives for developers to build new housing
• Expanded again in Housing Act of 1954 to allow for additional public housing construction and the acquisition of land for institutional
purposes (colleges, universities, hospitals) - very detrimental
• Federal Highway Act of 1956 allowed for the creation of the national interstate system but also facilitated the clearance of many
vibrant communities in central cities for highway construction.
- Golden Triangle, Pittsburgh
- Society Hill, Philadelphia
99. Urban Revolution: V. Gordon Childe's - carrying capacity, tech advances, cities come from surplus
100. Value of Participation: • Opening the process to stakeholders
• Diversity of viewpoints
• Meaningful participation
• Integrating stakeholder concerns
• Information exchange
• Saving time and avoiding costs
• Enhanced project acceptability
• Mutual learning and respect
101. Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas (1974): • Belle Terre, New York maintained a zoning ordinance that restricted land use to single-family
dwellings only.
• By extension, this prevented two more more individuals who were not related by blood, marriage or adoption from living and
cooking (yes cooking) together in one unit.
• Six college students (SUNY Stony Brook) and a house's owner (Boraas) sued for being prohibited from living together as it violated
their rights to move about the country as they pleased and their right to privacy and association.
Judgement: SCOTUS ruled in favor of Belle Terre saying that creating "quiet neighborhoods" was a permissible state goal and use of
police power.
102. Village of Euclid v. Amber Realty Co. (1926): • Village of Euclid, Ohio adopted a zoning ordinance in 1922 that divided its 12 sq. mi
divided into six districts - to prevent industry from Cleveland from spilling over into its town.
• Ambler Realty Co. owned 68 acres of land that it could not develop due to the village's rejection of their proposal
• Ambler argued that the exclusion of certain land uses depreciated their land and inhibited the natural growth of industry
Judgment: SCOTUS ruled with lower courts that Euclid's decision wasn't arbitrary and not an unreasonable use of state power. Ambler
Co. had not proven that the denial of a particular use diminished the value of the land
103. Washington DC Layout: POWER
• 3 branches of the federal gov linked by the National Mall
• Big avenues converge toward the National Mall to emphasize the strategic political rise of the city.
• Beaux-Arts style gives image of a strong country to other nations
UNITY
• Located between northern and southern states
• Major streets named after U.S. states
HISTORY
• Specified locations to highlight memorials, public squares with American heroes, and federal buildings
HUMANISM
• Seat of the Smithsonian Institution
• Other related cultural zoos, botanical gardens, galleries, museums and libraries incorporated to enlighten people
104. What is a city: hard to define, Legal definitions are tied to charters granted by larger governments (state, national)
105. What is planning: "Organization of hope"
• Current and future land use (Baum, 1997)
• Economic development planning, social planning, transportation planning, housing and community development, law
• A form of policymaking—interventions to change expected outcomes
• "...a process of formulating goals and agreeing the manner in which these are to be met. It is a continuous process by which
agreement is reached on the ways in which problems are to be debated and resolved." (Cullingworth and Caves, 9)
106. Wirth - How cities can be studied: - Need for a rational and scientific study of urban life
- Cities can be studied:
- Quantitatively as a physical structure through its relationship to its larger natural setting
- Qualitatively as a system of relationships and institutions
- Or more abstractly as a set of ideas and personalities engaged in collective behavior
107. Wirth's Ideas of Urbanism: - Cities have great attributes but destroy kinship ties and
neighborliness—physical proximity and social distance
- They provide great distractions but those are needed to
counter the mundaneness and monotony of urban life
- The larger the city, the greater the heterogeneity. Those
differences are needed to make the city function.
108. Zoning: Creates regulations to manage how property is actually developed
109. Zoning probs: • Zoning is often used more to exclude land uses (and people) that are determined undesirable rather than to include a
variety of building types, uses, lifestyles and choices
• Decisions like Euclid have led to the exclusion of apartments/ coops and more affordable forms of housing tenure
• zoning can also be exclusionary to low-income, LGBT persons and households, college students, and immigrants
• A blunt instrument - even with recent innovations--it essentializes critical and complex social, economic and political relationships
• Vulnerable to highly subjective and political judgements about health, safety, morals and the general welfare
• Can slow down the innovation or organic process of change in cities
110. Zoning Roots in Racism: • Many early zoning codes were based on the racial classifications of residents
• The earliest formal race-based zoning code was in Baltimore (1910) Baltimore Mayor Barry Mahool: "Blacks should be quarantined in
isolated slums in order to reduce the incidents of civil disturbance, to prevent the spread of communicable disease into the nearby
White neighborhoods, and to protect property values among the White majority."
• Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886) - City of San Francisco made it illegal to operate a laundry in a wooden structure and then systematically
policed Chinese owned laundromats in specific sections of the city