JACK in Foundation PIles

One Day Seminar on
JACK-IN FOUNDATION PILES –

GOOD PRACTICES AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Organized by Geotechnical Society of Singapore (GEOSS)
DESIGN AND EXECUTION OF

JACK-IN PILES IN MALAYSIA
Ir. Chow Chee Meng
G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd (Malaysia)
31st August 2015
G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd
Bored Pile Contractors/Engineers
working with Bored Pile
Contractors?
PLEASE RAISE YOUR HAND!!!

Jack-in Pile Contractors/Engineers
working with Jack-in Pile
Contractors?

Engineering consultants /
Government engineers?

SCENARIO A SCENARIO B
PROCEED WITH
PRESENTATION!
Are we a victim of confirmation bias
on selection of foundation system?
In psychology and cognitive science,

confirmation bias (or confirmatory
bias) is a tendency to search for or
interpret information in a way that
confirms one's preconceptions, leading
to statistical errors.
Good girl?
Good
academic
results?
Good wife
material?
What is our
immediate
opinion?
We like this
picture
more!!!
INTRODUCTION
Jack-in pile has been adopted in Malaysia

since early 1990s
Currently, 600mm diameter spun pile with

working load up to 3000kN adopted for high-
rise developments up to 45-storeys

HIGH CAPACITY
JACK-IN PILE MACHINE

HIGH CAPACITY JACK-IN MACHINE
•Maximum jack-in force up to 7000kN
•Width of machine up to 13.5m
•Required clearance for piling works:

5.5m to 6.9m (centre jacking)
•Clearance can be reduced to 1.5m to 2.0m for side

jacking but maximum jack-in force reduced to
approx. 3500kN
Typical schematic of high capacity jack-in pile machine

SMALLER CAPACITY
JACK-IN PILE MACHINE

Maximum Jack-in Force = 700kN
Size = 4.8m x 3.6m
Maximum Jack-in Force = 1500kN
Size = 6.6m x 5.0m
PROS & CONS
PROS:
Low noise and vibration
Faster construction rates (vs. bored piles)
Cleaner sites (vs. bored piles)

Relatively clean
site compared to
bored piles!
PROS & CONS
CONS
Strong and flat piling platform required
Larger working area required (vs. driven

piles/bored piles)
Limited pile size (vs. bored piles)
Unable to go through intermittent hard

layers/boulders (vs. bored piles)
Comparisons
JACK-IN PILE DRIVEN PILE BORED
PILE
Cyclic load Less cycles Number of cycles N.A.
during pile compared to more especially
driven pile for long piles
installation
Termination Static (pseudo) Dynamic load Based on SI
criteria load imposed onto imposed onto pile information
pile head head
Variables 1. Hydraulic 1. Efficiency of N.A.
affecting system of hammer,
jacks helmet, etc.
efficiency of
2. Calibration of 2. Hammer
load transfer pressure drop height
during pile gauge 3. Cushion
installation properties
4. Eccentricity
of
pile/hammer
Verification of Relatively Indirect N.A.
geotechnical straightforward verification based
as loading rate is on dynamic
capacity during
slow analysis. Often
installation unreliable.
Probability of Low High Depends on
pile damage workmanship
during
installation
GEOTECHNICAL CAPACITY OF PILES

Ultimate shaft resistance,

fsu = Ksu x SPT-N (in kPa)
Ultimate base resistance,

fbu = Kbu x SPT-N (in kPa)
Typically,
Ksu = 2.5 to 3.0
Kbu = 200 to 400 (clay to sand)
Design based on driven piles experience
Valid for jack-in pile design?

BEHAVIOUR OF
JACK-IN PILES

BEHAVIOUR OF JACK-IN PILES
Rankine Lecture by Prof. Mark Randolph
(2003):
•Bored piles – zero residual pressures
•End-bearing can only be mobilised at

relatively large displacement

Driven and jacked in piles - significant

residual pressures are locked in at the pile
base during installation
Higher end-bearing can be mobilised at

working load

White & Lehane (2004):
Greater number of cycles during pile

installation
larger reduction in shaft friction

White & Lehane, 2004
Reduction in
shaft
resistance!!!

Deeks, White & Bolton (2005):
The measured jacking force during

installation indicates plunging capacity
of the pile

Jacked piles have a high base stiffness
Stiffness of jacked piles

> 2 times stiffness of driven piles
> 10 times stiffness of bored piles

CASE HISTORIES

1st Site
• Starting of Jack-In Pile system using large

size pile in Malaysia (Year 1999)
• Installed through municipal dumping site with
mine tailings overlying Karstic Kuala Lumpur
Limestone bedrock.
• Adopted 450mm Spun Pile with Working
Load of 1500kN

1st Site

1st Site

1st Site

CASE HISTORIES
GRANITE FORMATION
Case Histories
Four sites in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor,

Malaysia :
•Site A: 31-storey apartment

•Site B: 45-storey apartment
•Site C: 40 to 43-storey apartment
•Site D: 15-storey apartment

Case Histories (Sites A to D)
• Pile size: 400mm to 600mm
• Pile working load: 1520kN to 3000kN
• All piles generally jacked to 2.0 times

working load with holding time of 30-
seconds (2 cycles)

Case Histories (Sites A to D)
• Silty SAND / sandy SILT overlying Granite

Formation (weathered granite)
• Boulders encountered
- Some piles installed after preboring

Site A

Site A
Granite Formation

Site C
Target Completion Mid 2011

Site D

Site B

Site B

Site B
Pile toe at hard weathered
granite layer

Static Load Tests
Total of 22 static load tests carried out for the
4 sites
All piles selected for testing achieved

minimum 2 times working load!!!
(No pile failed!)
•No signs of plunging failure of pile
•Settlement at working load: 3.04 – 9.88mm
•Settlement at 2*WL: 6.96 – 22.22mm

Static Load Tests
• Pile as short as 6.5m tested with settlement

at working load and 2*WL of 8.32mm and
19.73mm respectively
• Pile performance are satisfactory for piles

where preboring have been carried out
• Termination criterion adopted adequate

Preboring through boulders
Boulders
exposed after
preboring

Static Load Tests
4600
4400 500mm Spun Pile, Pile length = 6.5m Site B
4200
4000
3800
3600
APPLIED LOAD (kN) 3400
3200
3000
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
PILE TOP SETTLEMENT (mm)
Static Load Tests
Site B

Static Load Tests

Termination Criteria
Termination criterion for jack-in piles in

weathered granite:
“Jack the pile to 2.0 times of the

design load for a minimum of two cycles.
The corresponding pressure has to be held
for minimum 30 seconds with settlement
not exceeding 2mm”

Mobilised Resistance
Instrumented test piles

Site C (3 Nos.)
Site D (2 Nos.)
Piles instrumented using the Global Strain

Extensometer method

Mobilised (Shaft) Resistance
150
140 600mm Spun Pile, Pile length = 21.4m
(Nearest borehole, BH-20)
MOBILISED SKIN FRICTION (kN/m2)
130
0.5m to 10.7m
120
10.7m to 20.9m
110
100
90
80
70 fsu = 5 x SPT-N (in kPa)
60
50
- conservative!!!
40
30
20
10
Site C
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
DISPLACEMENT (mm)

Mobilised (Base) Resistance
MOBILISED END-BEARING RESISTANCE (kN/m2 ) 9000
8500
8000 600mm Spu n Pile, Pile length = 21.4m
(Nearest boreho le, BH-20)
7500
7000
6500 End-bearing not fully
6000
5500 mobilised
5000
4500
4000
3500
Stiff end bearing
3000 response observed –
2500
2000
end-bearing mobilized
1500 with small toe
1000
500
displacement
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DISPLACEMENT (mm)

300
500mm Spun Pile, Pile length = 24.7m
275 (Nearest borehole, BH-18)
250
225 0.5m to 5.75m

5.75m to 14.75m
200
14.75m to 20.75m
175 20.75m to 23.0m
150
fsu = 5 x SPT-N (in kPa)
125
- conservative!!!
100
75
50
25
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
DISPLACEMENT (mm)
MOBILISED END-BEARING RESISTANCE (kN/m2)
8000
7500
7000
6500
6000
5000
mobilised
4500
4000
3500
Stiff end bearing
3000
2000 end-bearing mobilized
1500
with small toe
1000
500
displacement
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DISPLACEMENT (mm)

300
600mm Spun Pile, Pile length = 34.8m
250
0.82m to 6.53m
225 6.53m to 17.43m
17.43m to 26.43m
200 26.43m to 31.43m
31.43m to 33.93m
175
150
125
100
75 fsu = 5 x SPT-N (in kPa)

50 - conservative!!!
25
Site D
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
DISPLACEMENT (mm)
MOBILISED END-BEARING RESISTANCE (kN/m2)
400
380 600mm Spun Pile, Pile length = 34.8m
340
320
300
260
240
mobilised
220
200
180 Stiff end bearing
160
120
100
80 with small toe
60
40 displacement
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DISPLACEMENT (mm)
CASE HISTORIES
LIMESTONE FORMATION
Static Load Tests
Load-Settlement Curve for Pile Static Load Test
7000
500mm Spun Pile, Pile length = 31.5m
3*WL
6500
6000
Legends:
1st Cycle
500mm diameter
5500 2nd Cycle spun pile
3rd Cycle
5000
2*WL Pile working load =
4500
2,300kN
4000
3500
3000
2500
1*WL
2000
1500
1000
500
8mm 16.5mm 28.5mm
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PILE TOP SETTLEMENT (mm)

Mobilised Shaft Friction (Sunway)
200
190 500mm Spun Pile, Pile length = 31.5m
180 (Nearest borehole, ABH-4)
170
160 Legends:
150 1.0m to 9.0m
MOBILISED SHAFT FRICTION (kN/m 2)
140 9.0m to 19.5m

19.5m to 27.5m
130
27.5m to 31.0m
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
- conservative!!!
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
DISPLACEMENT (mm)

Mobilised End-Bearing Resistance (Sunway)
7000
6500
500mm Spun Pile, Pile length = 31.5m
6000 (Nearest borehole, ABH-4)
5500
5000
4500
End-bearing not fully
4000 mobilised
3500
3000
2500
Stiff end bearing
2000
response observed –
1500 end-bearing mobilized
1000 with small toe
500 displacement
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DISPLACEMENT (mm)

CASE HISTORIES
ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS
Static Load Tests
3*WL
500mm diameter
spun pile
2*WL Pile working load =

2,300kN
APPLIED LOAD, kN
1*WL Sudden structural

failure of pile head!
23mm
11mm 44mm

MOBILISED SHAFT FRICTION (kN/m2)
- conservative!!!

Mobilised End-Bearing Resistance (GEMA)
2000
1900
1800 500mm Spun Pile, Pile length = 46.0m
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
End-bearing not fully
1100
1000
mobilised
900
800 Stiff end bearing
700
500
400
300 with small toe
200
100 displacement
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DISPLACEMENT (mm)

SUMMARY

SUMMARY
• Termination criterion of jack to 2 times

pile working load and holding time of 30-
seconds (two to three cycles) with
settlement not exceeding 2mm is
satisfactory
• Ultimate pile capacity is a function of jack-

in force during pile installation (consistent
with other findings, e.g. Deeks et al., 2005)

SUMMARY
• Traditional correlations of skin friction

based on driven piles (e.g. fs = 2.5*SPT-N)
is too conservative for jack-in piles
• Conservative estimate based on

instrumented test results:
- Ultimate skin friction, fs ~ 5*SPT-N
(expected to be even higher – to be
verified with more test results)
SUMMARY
•Jack-in piles demonstrates higher skin

friction possibly due to:
- Less disturbance during installation -
friction fatigue phenomenon
(e.g. White & Lehane, 2004)
- Locked-in pressure (residual pressure)

effect (e.g. Randolph, 2003)

SUMMARY
•Jack-in piles demonstrates stiffer end

bearing response
- Consistent with Deeks, White & Bolton

(2005):
Stiffness of jacked piles

> 2 times stiffness of driven piles
> 10 times stiffness of bored piles

CASE HISTORIES
METASEDIMENTARY
FORMATION
Nusajaya
PROPOSED 4 BLOCKS OF 12 & 24 – STOREY RESIDENTIAL
APARTMENTS (488 UNITS) AT PHASE C1B, EAST LEDANG,
JOHOR

Static Load Tests
600mm diameter spun

pile
Pile working load =

3,000kN
Prebored depth = 9.0m

Pile length = 9.5m
Mobilisation of
end-bearing?

fsu  2 x SPT-N (in kPa) of

original subsoil

End-bearing less stiff compared

to behavior observed in granite
formation, etc. Possibly due to
behavior of weathered
sandstone/siltsone.
End-bearing mobilized still
relatively high compared to
bored piles/driven piles!

Puteri Harbour
PROPOSED MIXED DEVELOPMENT @ PUTERI HARBOUR ON
LOT CS2, COMMERCIAL SOUTH, NUSAJAYA, JOHOR
3 blocks up to 35-storey high

Puteri Harbour
Traders Hotel
CS1 – Driven Piles
CS2 – Jack-in Piles

CS-2
Jack-in Piles

Static Load Tests
Maximum test load
achieved  8,000kN
(2.7*WL)
2*WL
1*WL
600mm diameter
15mm
spun pile
5.5mm
Pile working load =
3,000kN

Prebored length = 13.0m

Installed pile length = 15.0m
Significant shaft resistance mobilised even after

preboring
fsu = 5 x SPT-N (in kPa)????


sandstone/siltsone.
bored piles/driven piles!

CS-1
Driven Piles

Static Load Tests
Maximum test load

(2.3*WL)
2*WL
1*WL
400mm x 400mm RC
square pile
8.5mm 20mm
Pile working load =
2,000kN


Shaft resistance still influenced by original subsoil

but magnitude less compared to jack-in piles


sandstone/siltsone.
bored piles!

Static Load Tests
Maximum test load

(1.2*WL)
1*WL
450mm x 450mm RC
square pile
12mm
Pile working load =
2,500kN


Shaft resistance influenced by original subsoil

but significant less compared to jack-in piles

sandstone/siltsone.
End-bearing affected by softer
layer beneath toe?
Re-testing carried out on
another pile with deeper
preboring length of 15m (pile
length 18m) but still failed at
1.3*WL

SUMMARY

SUMMARY
• Noticeable differences in jack-in pile behavior

between granite/sandy soil vs. metasedimentary
formation (sandstone/siltsone) with preboring
• End-bearing response stiffer in granite/sandy

soil without preboring
• End-bearing response for jack-in piles in

metasedimentary formation still stiffer compared
to bored piles and driven piles

MOBILISED END-BEARING RESISTANCE (kN/m2) 8000
7500
7000
6500
6000
5500
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DISPLACEMENT (mm)
Granite formation Metasedimentary formation

(without preboring) (with preboring)

SUMMARY
• Due to heterogeneous characteristics of

metasedimentary formation and effect of
preboring, end-bearing resistance highly
variable. Conservative assumptions of ultimate
end-bearing resistance of 10,000kPa for pile
design in metasedimentary formation with
preboring
– As opposed to granite formation where pile
capacity is a function of jack-in force during
pile installation

SUMMARY
• Any difference between jack-in pile and driven

pile?
• Results indicate shaft friction for jack-in pile

higher than driven pile (approximately 2 times
higher)
• Possibly affected by bigger prebored zone in

driven square piles

Jack-in Pile

Significant shaft resistance mobilised even after

preboring

Driven Pile

Shaft resistance influenced by original subsoil

but significant less compared to jack-in piles

SUMMARY
• Shaft friction after preboring very low or

negligible?
– Shaft friction is a function of original subsoil even

after preboring
– For jack-in pile, mobilized shaft friction still

significant and fs ranges from 2*SPT-N to 5*SPT-N!

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
• Jack-in pile can be an economical foundation

system for high-rise buildings
• Behaviour of jack-in piles and driven piles

different
– Pile length for driven piles would have to be longer to
mobilize similar geotechnical capacity due to lower
shaft friction and lower base stiffness
– Shaft friction mobilized in granite formation/sandy
subsoil for jack-in pile can be conservatively
assumed to be 5*SPT-N (likely to be higher subject to
further test results)
CONCLUSION
• For granite formation/sandy subsoil:

– Termination criterion of jack to 2 times pile
working load and holding time of 30-seconds
(two to three cycles) with settlement not
exceeding 2mm is satisfactory
– Ultimate pile capacity is a function of jack-in

force during pile installation (consistent with
other findings, e.g. Deeks et al., 2005)

CONCLUSION
• For metasedimentary formation:

– Due to heterogeneous characteristics of
metasedimentary formation and effect of preboring,
end-bearing resistance highly variable. Geotechnical
capacity checks should be carried out with ultimate
end-bearing resistance of 10,000kPa
• Significant shaft resistance is still

mobilized after preboring for jack-in pile
and it is still a function of original subsoil

QUESTIONS TO PONDER
• Jack-in Piles not suitable in soft ground?
• Jack-in Piles not suitable in limestone?
• Jack-in Piles not suitable for high-rise?
• Jack-in Piles less reliable compared to

bored piles?

THANK YOU

JACK in Foundation PIles

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One Day Seminar on

JACK-IN FOUNDATION PILES –

DESIGN AND EXECUTION OF

PLEASE RAISE YOUR HAND!!!

PLEASE RAISE YOUR HAND!!!

PLEASE RAISE YOUR HAND!!!

In psychology and cognitive science,

Jack-in pile has been adopted in Malaysia

Currently, 600mm diameter spun pile with

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

•Maximum jack-in force up to 7000kN

•Width of machine up to 13.5m

•Required clearance for piling works:

•Clearance can be reduced to 1.5m to 2.0m for side

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

Low noise and vibration

Faster construction rates (vs. bored piles)

Cleaner sites (vs. bored piles)

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

Strong and flat piling platform required

Larger working area required (vs. driven

Limited pile size (vs. bored piles)

Unable to go through intermittent hard

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

Ultimate shaft resistance,

Ultimate base resistance,

Design based on driven piles experience

Valid for jack-in pile design?

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

•Bored piles – zero residual pressures

•End-bearing can only be mobilised at

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

Driven and jacked in piles - significant

Higher end-bearing can be mobilised at

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

White & Lehane (2004):

Greater number of cycles during pile

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

Deeks, White & Bolton (2005):

The measured jacking force during

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

Jacked piles have a high base stiffness

Stiffness of jacked piles

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

• Starting of Jack-In Pile system using large

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

Four sites in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor,

•Site A: 31-storey apartment

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

• Pile working load: 1520kN to 3000kN

• All piles generally jacked to 2.0 times

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

• Silty SAND / sandy SILT overlying Granite

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd