C Practical File Complete

By: Prabhat Kumar
ASHOKA COLLEGE OF COMPUTER EDUCATION

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM -1: WAP in C++ to find the factorial of a number using functions.
INPUT: Enter any number.
EXPLAINATION: Here in this program we declare two variables n and fact. To find the factorial of
a number we use data type i.e, unsigned int .
SOURCE CODE:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main() //beginning of main f()
unsigned int n,fact; //variable declaration
unsigned int factorial(unsigned int); //function declaration
cout<<"PROGRAM TO FIND A FACTORIAL OF ANY NUMBER:\n";
cout<<"\nEnter any no.="; //standard output
cin>>n; //standard input
fact=factorial(n); //function call
cout<<"\nThe value of factorial no.="<<fact; //standard output
return 0; //return type
unsigned int factorial(unsigned int x) //function defination
unsigned int i,f=1; //variable declaration
for(i=x;i>=1;i--) //for loop
f=f*i; //operation
return f; //return type
} / /end of program

By: Prabhat Kumar
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-2: WAP in C++ to find the volume of cube using functions.
INPUT : Enter any number.
EXPLAINATION: Here in this program we declare two variables ‘a,b’ and one function i.e,cube . To find
the cube of a number we use formula i.e,cube=side*side*side .
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
int main() //begining of main f()
int a,b; //declaration of variables
int cube(int); //declaration of function
cout<<"PROGRAM TO FIND VOLUME OF CUBE :\n";
cout<<"\nEnter any number="; //standard output
cin>>a; //standard input
b=cube(a); //function call
cout<<"\nAfter cubing the result="; //standard output
cout<<b;
int cube(int x) //function defination
int y; //declaration
y=x*x*x; //operation
return y;
} //end of program

By: Prabhat Kumar
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-3: WAP in C++ to swap two numbers using call by value.
INPUT : Enter the value of a and b.
EXPLAINATION: Swap means to interchange the values In this program we declare two variables a and
b. To swap two numbers we take another temperory variable i.e, z in user defined function.
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
int a,b; //variable declaration
void swap(int,int); //function declaration
cout<<"PROGRAM TO SWAP TWO NO'S USING CALL BY VALUE :\n\n";
cout<<"Enter the value of a="; //standard output
cout<<"Enter the value of b="; //standard output
cin>>b; //standard input
cout<<"\n\nBefore swapping the values are\n\n\ta="<<a; //standard output
cout<<"\n\n\tb="<<b; //standard output
swap(a,b); //function call
void swap(int x,int y) //function defination
int z; //variable declaration
z=x;
x=y;

By: Prabhat Kumar
y=z;
cout<<"\n\nAfter swapping the values are\n\n\ta="<<x; //standard output
cout<<"\n\n\tb="<<y;
//end of program
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-4: WAP in C++ to swap two numbers using call by reference.
EXPLAINATION: Refenence means address(&) .In this program we declare two variables a and b. To
swap two numbers by call by reference we take another temperory variable i.e, z in user defined f().
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
int a,b; //variable declaration
void swap(int&,int&); //function declaration
cout<<"PROGRAM TO SWAP TWO NO'S USING CALL BY REFERENCE:\n\n";
cout<<"Enter the value of b="; //standard output
cout<<"\nBefore swapping the result=\n\n\ta="<<a;
cout<<"\n\n\tb="<<b;
swap(a,b); //function call
void swap(int&x,int&y) //function defination
int z; //variable declaration
z=x;
x=y;

By: Prabhat Kumar
y=z;
cout<<"\nAfter swapping the result are:\n\n\ta="<<x;
cout<<"\n\n\tb="<<y;
} //end of program
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-5: WAP in C++ to find the simple interest using the concept of default arguments.
EXPLAINATION: In this program we declare variable ‘n’and function ‘si’and apply the formula of simple
interest i.e,S.I=(p*r*t)/100 in user defined f().
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
float n; //variable declaration
float si(float, float, float t=5); //function declaration
cout<<"PROGRAM TO FIND SIMPLE INTEREST:";
n=si(2000,7); //f() call
cout<<"\n\nThe simple interest="; //standard output
cout<<n; //standard output
float si(float x,float y,float z) //formal parameter
float a; //variable declaration
a=x*y*z/100; //operation
return a;
} //end of program

By: Prabhat Kumar
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-6: Wap to enter the name ,age and percentage.
INPUT : Enter any name, age and percentage.
EXPLAINATION:Structure is a collection of dissimiliar type of data elements. In this program the

structure name is student .We declare three variable i.e, name, age and per .We have to enter
the name ,age and per of two students.
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
struct student //name of the structure
char name[20];
int age;
float per;
}s1,s2;
cout<<"PROGRAM TO ENTER THE NAME, AGE and PERCENTAGE USING STRUCTURE:\n\n";
cout<<"Enter the Name age and per of first person:"<<endl; //standard output
cout<<"Enter name="; //standard output
cin>>s1.name; //standard input
cout<<"\nEnter the age=";
cin>>s1.age;
cout<<"\nEnter the per=";
cin>>s1.per;
cout<<"\nEnter the Name age and per of second person:"<<endl;
cout<<"Enter name=";

By: Prabhat Kumar
cin>>s2.name;
cout<<"\nEnter the age=";
cin>>s2.age;
cout<<"\nEnter the per=";
cin>>s2.per;
cout<<"\nThe name,age and per of s1:";
cout<<"\nName="<<s1.name<<"\n Age="<<s1.age<<"\n Per="<<s1.per;
cout<<"\nThe name,age and per of s2:";
cout<<"\nName="<<s2.name<<"\n Age="<<s2.age<<"\n Per="<<s2.per;
} //end of program
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-7: Wap to demonstrate the concept of data abstraction.
EXPLAINATION: Data abstraction means to know about the essential features by by hiding the
background details. In this program the class name is ABC .We declare three variables a,b,c and
member functions read, process and show.We have to add two numbers. In main f() we create
one object i.e,‘o1’
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
class ABC //name of class
int a,b,c; //data member
public:
void read() //member function
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF DATA ABSTRACTION :\n";
cout<<"\nEnter the value of a="; //standard output
cout<<"\nEnter the value of b="; //standard output
void process() //member f()
c=a+b; //operation
void show() //member f()

By: Prabhat Kumar
cout<<"\nAfter adding the result=";
cout<<c;
};
ABC o1; //creation of object
o1.read(); //invoke member f()
o1.process();
o1.show();
} //end of program
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-8: Wap to demonstrate the concept of data encapsulation.
EXPLAINATION: Data encapsulation means the wrapping up of data and functions in a single unit(called
class). In this program the class name is ABC .We declare three data members a,b,c and member
functions read, process and show.We have to add two numbers. In main f() we create one object i.e,‘o1’
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
public:
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF DATA ENCAPSULATION :\n";
c=a+b; //operation

By: Prabhat Kumar
cout<<c;
};
o1.process();
o1.show();
} //end of program
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-9: Wap to demonstrate the concept of classes and objects.
EXPLAINATION: In this program the class name is ABC .We declare two data members a,b and member
functions read and process.We have to show greater between two numbers. In main f() we create one
object i.e,‘o1’
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
int a,b; //data member
public:
If(a>b) //if loop
cout<<"a is greater";
else

By: Prabhat Kumar
cout<<"\nb is greater"; //operation
};
ABC o1,o2; //creation of object
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF CLASSES AND OBJECTS:\n";
o1.show();
o2.read();
o2.show();
} //end of program

By: Prabhat Kumar
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-10: WAP in C++ to demonstrate the concept of creating objects.
EXPLAINATION: In this program the class name is ABC .We declare data member i.e, ‘n’ and member
functions read and process.We have to show whether the number is even or odd. In main f() we create
two objects i.e,‘o1 and o2’
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
int n; //data member
public: //access level
cout<<"\nEnter any number="; //standard output
cin>>n; //standard input
if(n%2==0) //if loop
cout<<"\nThe number is even\n";
else
cout<<"\nThe number is odd\n"; }

By: Prabhat Kumar
};
ABC o1,o2; //creation of object
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF CREATING OBJECTS:\n";
o1.show();
o2.read();
o2.show();
} //end of program
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-11: WAP in C++ to access the data member and member function.
INPUT : Enter any value of a.
EXPLAINATION:Here class name is ABC,data members are a&b, member functions are read, process and
show. We have to find the square of a number.
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
public:
cout<<"PROGRAM TO ACCESS THE DATA MEMBER AND MEMBER FUNCTION :\n";
b=a*a; //operation
cout<<"\nAfter squaring the result=";
cout<<b;

By: Prabhat Kumar
};
o1.process();
o1.show();
} //end of program
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-12: WAP in C++ to demonstrate the concept of array of object.
INPUT : Enter any value of five item no’s and price.
EXPLAINATION:Array is a collection of similar type of data elements.In this program the class name is
‘item’.We declare data member i.e,itemno &price and member function read&show .We have to show
item no.and price of five items. In main f() we take array of object o1[5].
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
class item //name of class
int itemno; //data members
float price;
public:
void read(int i,float p) //member f()
itemno=i;
price=p;
cout<<"item no="<<itemno<<"\t"; //standard output
cout<<"\tprice="<<price<<"\n"; //standard output
};

By: Prabhat Kumar
int itno;
float pri;
item o1[5]; //array of object
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF ARRAY OF OBJECT:\n";
cout<<"The item no and price of Five items are\n";
for(int i=0;i<5;i++) //for loop
cout<<i<<":"<<endl;
cout<<"itemno=";
cin>>itno;
cout<<"price=";
cin>>pri; //standard input
o1[i].read(itno,pri);
cout<<"\nAll the item no and price of Five items are\n\n";
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
o1[i].show();
} //end of program

By: Prabhat Kumar
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-13: WAP in C++ to add two diff. minutes and hours using object as f() argument.
INPUT : Enter any value of hours and minutes.
EXPLAINATION: Here the class name is time, data member are hours and minutes, member functions
are read &show. In this program we have to pass object as argument in place of values.
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
class time //name of the class
int hours; //variable declaration
int minutes;
public: //member function
void read(int h,int m) //temporary variable/argument
hours=h;
minutes=m;
void show() //member function
cout<<"\nHours="<<hours<<"\t\t"<<"Minutes="<<minutes; //standard output
void add(time, time); //f() declaration
};
void time::add(time t1, time t2)
int h1,m1;

By: Prabhat Kumar
hours=t1.hours+t2.hours;
minutes=t1.minutes+t2.minutes;
h1=minutes/60;
m1=minutes%60;
hours=hours+h1;
minutes=m1;
time t1,t2,t3; //creation of object
cout<<"PROGRAM TO ADD TWO diff. MINUTES & HOURS USING OBJECT AS F() ARGUMENT:";
cout<<"\nBefore adding hours and minutes are\n";
t1.read(5,40); //invoking read f()
t2.read(3,50);
t3.add(t1,t2);
t1.show(); //invoking show f()
t2.show();
cout<<"\n\nAfter adding hours and minutes are\n";
t3.show();
} //end of program

By: Prabhat Kumar
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-14: WAP in C++ to add two english distances using object as f() argument.
INPUT : Enter any value of hours and minutes.
EXPLAINATION: Here the class name is distance, data members are feet and inches, member functions
are read &show. In this program we have to pass object as argument in place of values.
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
class distance //name of the class
int feet; //variable declaration
int inches;
public: //member function
void read(int i,int j) //temporary variable/argument
feet=i;
inches=j;
cout<<"\nFeet="<<feet<<"\tInches="<<inches; //standard output
void add(distance,distance); //f() declaration
};
void distance::add(distance d1,distance d2)
int f1,inc1;

By: Prabhat Kumar
feet=d1.feet+d2.feet;
inches=d1.inches+d2.inches;
f1=inches/12;
inc1=feet%12;
feet=feet+f1;
inches=inc1;
distance d1,d2,d3; //creation of object
cout<<"PROGRAM TO ADD TWO DISTANCES USING OBJECT AS F() ARGUMENT:\n\n";
cout<<"Before adding feet and inches are\n";
d1.read(5,11); //invoking read f()
d2.read(3,9);
d3.add(d1,d2);
d1.show(); //invoking show f()
d2.show();
cout<<"\n\nAfter adding feet and inches are\n";
d3.show();
} //end of program

By: Prabhat Kumar
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-15: WAP in C++ to demonstrate the concept of inline function.
INPUT : Enter any value of a & b.
EXPLAINATION:Inline functions are used to remove the overheads by pasting the calculation
in every function.Here in this program we take abc as class name ,two access
levels private & public ,two member f()’s as read & show .
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
class abc //name of class
void read() //member f()
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF INLINE FUNCTION:\n\n";
cout<<"Enter a="; //standard output
cout<<"Enter b=";
cin>>b;
void show();
};
inline void abc::show() //inline f()
cout<<"After applying inline f()the values are";

By: Prabhat Kumar
cout<<"a="<<a<<" and "<<"b="<<b;
int main() //begining of main()
abc o1; //creation of object
o1.read(); //invoking read f()
o1.show();
} //end of program
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-16: WAP in C++ to demonstrate the defination of member f()'s of a class.
EXPLAINATION:Here in this program we have to add two numbers. Taking add as class name ,two
access levels private & public ,two member f()’s as read & show .
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
class add //name of class
int a,b,c; //variable declaration
public:
void input(); //member function declaration
void process();
void output();
};
void add::input() //member f() defination
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE THE DEFINATION OF MEMBER F()'S OF A CLASS:\n";
void add::process() //member f() defination
c=a+b; //operation

By: Prabhat Kumar
void add::output() //member f() defination
cout<<"\nAfter adding="; //standard output
cout<<c; //standard output
int main() //beginning of main()
add a1; //creation of object
a1.input(); //invoking M f()
a1.process();
a1.output();
} //end of program
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-17: WAP in C++ to demonstrate the concept of friend function.
EXPLAINATION: Friend function are used to access the data member.In this program the class name is
‘abc’.We declare data member i.e, a & b and member function read .We have to add two numbers. In
main f() we create one objects i.e,o1.
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
void read() //member funnction
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF FRIEND FUNCTION:\n";
friend int func(abc); //friend function
};
int func(abc o2) //function defination
return(o2.a+o2.b); //return object

By: Prabhat Kumar
int main() //beginning of main()
int c; //declaration
o1.read(); //invoke M F()
c=func(o1); //function call
cout<<c;
} //end of program
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-18: WAP in C++ to demonstrate the concept of returning object.
INPUT : Enter any two feet and inches.
EXPLAINATION: Here the class name is distance, data members are feet and inches, member functions
are read &show. In this program we have to pass object as argument in place of values and returning
object.
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
class distance //name of class
int feet; //data member
int inches;
public:
void read(int f, int i) //member f()
feet=f;
inches=i;
cout<<"Feet="<<feet<<"\t"<<"Inches="<<inches<<endl; //standard output
friend distance sum(distance,distance); //friend f()
};
distance sum(distance dd1,distance dd2)

By: Prabhat Kumar
distance dd3;
dd3.feet=dd1.feet+dd2.feet;
dd3.inches=dd1.inches+dd2.inches;
if(dd3.inches>=12)
dd3.feet++;
dd3.inches=dd3.inches-12;
return dd3; //returning object
distance d1,d2,d3; //creation of object
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF RETURNING OBJECT:\n";
cout<<"\nBefore Adding feet and inches are:\n\n";
d1.read(5,9); //invoking memberf()
d2.read(3,9);
d3=sum(d1,d2);
d1.show();
d2.show();
cout<<"\nAfter Adding feet and inches are:\n\n";
d3.show();
} //end of program

By: Prabhat Kumar
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-19: WAP in C++ to demonstrate the concept of default and parameterised constructor.
EXPLAINATION:Constructor are special type of member functions. Constructors are always public. Here
the class name is abc,one default constructor,one parameterised constructor we have just to show the
values.
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
abc() //default constructor
a=4;
b=3;
abc(int i,int j) //parameterised constructor
a=i;
b=j;
cout<<"\nThe value of a="<<a; //standard output
cout<<"\nThe value of b="<<b<<"\n\n"; //standard output

By: Prabhat Kumar
};
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMNSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF DEFAULT&PARAMETERISED CONSTRUCTOR:";
abc o2(5,15);
cout<<"\n\nThe values of Default constructor are:\n";
o1.show(); //invoking member f()
cout<<"\nThe values of Parameterised Constructor are:\n";
o2.show();
} //end of program
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-20: WAP in C++ to demonstrate the concept of destructors.
EXPLAINATION: Destructors are also special type of member functions. Here the class name is alpha,
Constructor nameis alpha() and destructor name is ~alpha().
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
int count=0;
class alpha //name of class
public:
alpha() //constructor
count++; //increment
cout<<"\nObject created:"<<"\n"<<count<<"\n"; //standard output
~alpha() //destructor
cout<<"\nObject destroyed:"<<"\n"<<count<<"\n"; //standard output
count--; //decrement
};
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF DESTRUCTOR:\n\n";
alpha a1; //creation of object

By: Prabhat Kumar
alpha a2;
//destructor invoke automatically
} //end of program
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-21: WAP to count the no. of object in a program by using static data member and static
member f().
EXPLAINATION: Static member functions are those functions which contain only static data members
and static member functions . Here in this program we have to count the no. of objects in a program.
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
class x //name of class
int itemno; //data member
float price;
static int count; //static data member
void read(int i,float f) //member function
itemno=i;
price=f;
count++;
cout<<"itemno="<<itemno<<"\t"; //standard output
cout<<"price="<<price<<"\n";
static void display() //static member function

By: Prabhat Kumar
cout<<count;
};
int x::count=0;
x o1,o2,o3; //creation of object
cout<<"PROGRAM TO COUNT NO. OF OBJECT IN A PROGRAM BY USING D.M.& S.M.F():\n";
cout<<"\nThe item no and price are\n\n";
o1.read(5,12.5); //invoking member function
o2.read(7,13.4);
o3.read(2,3.5);
o1.show();
o2.show();
o3.show();
cout<<"\n\nand COUNT=";
x::display();
} //end of program

By: Prabhat Kumar
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-22: WAP in c++ to demonstrate the concept of copy constructor.
EXPLAINATION: Copy constructor copies values from main function to member function.Here the class
name is abc.In this program we use three constructors one is default constructor,second is
parameterised constructor and third is copy constructor.
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
int i,j; //variable declaration
public: //member f()
abc() //default constructor
i=5;
j=4;
abc(int a, int b) //parameterised constructor
i=a;
j=b;
abc(abc&s) //copy constructor
i=s.i;
j=s.j;

By: Prabhat Kumar
void display() //member f()
cout<<"\ti="<<i<<"\tj="<<j<<endl; //standard output
};
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF COPY CONSTRUCTOR:\n";
abc o2(5,15);
abc o3(o2); //abc o3=o2;
cout<<"\nThe values of Default Constructor are:\n\n";
o1.display();
cout<<"\nThe values of Parameterised Constructor are:\n\n";
o2.display();
cout<<"\nThe values of Copy Constructor are:\n\n";
o3.display();
} //end of program

By: Prabhat Kumar
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-23: WAP in c++ to demonstrate the concept of single inheritance.
INPUT : Enter any two numbers.
EXPLAINATION: When a derived class inherits the features of base class,it is single inheritance. Here we
take two classes one is base and other is derived class.We have to add two numbers.
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
class base //name of class
private: //access level
int a; //data member
protected:
int b;
public:
void get()
cout<<"\nEnter the value of b=";
cin>>b;
void show()

By: Prabhat Kumar
cout<<a;
void put()
cout<<b;
};
class derive:public base //derive class
private:
int d,e;
public:
void scan()
cout<<"\nEnter the value of d=";
cin>>d;
void add()
e=d+b;
void display()
cout<<e;

By: Prabhat Kumar
};
cout<<"PROGRAM OF SINGLE INHERITANCE:\n\n";
derive d1; //creation of object
d1.get(); //invoking member f()
d1.scan();
d1.add();
d1.display();
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-24: WAP in c++ to demonstrate the concept of multiple inheritance.
INPUT : Enter the value of a & b.
EXPLAINATION: When a derived class inherits the features of more than one base class then it is
multiple inheritance. Here we take two base classes and one derived class. In this program we have to
add two numbers.
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
class base1 //name of class
protected: //access level
int a; //data member
public:
cout<<"\nEnter a="; //standard output
void show()
cout<<a;
};
class base2 //name of class2
protected:

By: Prabhat Kumar
int b;
public:
void get()
cout<<"\nEnter b=";
cin>>b;
void put()
cout<<b;
};
class derive:public base1,public base2
private:
int c;
public:
void add()
c=a+b;
void print()
cout<<"\n\nAfter adding=";
cout<<c;

By: Prabhat Kumar
};
cout<<"PROGRAM OF MULTIPLE INHERITANCE\n";
derive d1; //creation of object
d1.read(); //invoking member f()
d1.get();
d1.add();
d1.print();
} //end of program
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-25: WAP in C++ to demonstrate the concept of multilevel inheritance.
INPUT : Enter the value of a & b.
EXPLAINATION:The transitive nature of inheritance is reflected by this form of inheritance. When a

subclass inherits from a class that itself inherits from another class, it is known as multilevel inheritance.
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
class student //name of class
protected: //access level
int rollno; //data member
char name[20];
public:
cout<<"Roll no="; //standard output
cin>>rollno; //standard input
cout<<"Name=";
cin>>name;
void show()
cout<<"The roll no="<<rollno<<"\t";
cout<<"The name="<<name;
};

By: Prabhat Kumar
class student_details:public student
protected:
int marks[3];
public:
void read()
student::read();
cout<<"Marks[0]=";
cin>>marks[0];
cout<<"Marks[1]=";
cin>>marks[1];
cout<<"Marks[2]=";
cin>>marks[2];
void show()
student::show();
cout<<marks[0]<<marks[1]<<marks[2];
};
class student_total:public student_details
private:
int total;

By: Prabhat Kumar
public:
void read()
student_total::read();
void cal()
total=marks[0]+marks[1]+marks[2];
void show()
student_details::show();
cout<<"Total=";
cout<<total;
};
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF MULTILEVEL INHERITANCE:\n";
student_total t1; //creation of object
t1.read();
t1.cal();
t1.show();
} //end of program

By: Prabhat Kumar
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-26: WAP in C++ to demonstrate the concept of hierarchical inheritance.
INPUT : Enter any roll no., name and three subject’s marks.
EXPLAINATION: When many subclasses inherit from a single base class, it is known as hirarchical
inheritance.
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
class stud_basic //NAME OF CLASS
private: //ACCESS LEVEL
char name[20]; //DATA MEMBER
int rollno;
public:
void read() //MEMBER FUNCTION
cout<<"\nEnter rollno="; //STANDARD OUTPUT
cin>>rollno; //STANDARD INPUT
cout<<"Enter ur name=";
cin>>name;
void show()
cout<<"Roll no="<<rollno<<endl<<"Name="<<name;
};
class stud_marks:public stud_basic

By: Prabhat Kumar
private:
float marks[30],marks_obt;
float per;
public:
void input()
stud_basic::read();
cout<<"Enter three different marks:"<<endl;
cout<<"Marks[0]=";
cin>>marks[0];
cout<<"Marks[1]=";
cin>>marks[1];
cout<<"Marks[2]=";
cin>>marks[2];
void display()
stud_basic::show();
cout<<"\nDifferent marks are"<<endl;
cout<<"Marks1="<<marks[0]<<endl<<"Marks2="<<marks[1]<<endl<<"Marks3="<<marks[2];
cout<<"\nMarks_obt ="<<marks_obt<<endl;
cout<<"Percentage="<<per;
void cal()

By: Prabhat Kumar
marks_obt=marks[0]+marks[1]+marks[2];
per=float(marks_obt/300)*100;
};
class stud_fitness:public stud_basic
private:
float height,weight;
public:
void read()
stud_basic::read();
cout<<"Enter height and weight:"<<endl;
cout<<"Height=";
cin>>height;
cout<<"Weight=";
cin>>weight;
void show()
stud_basic::show();
cout<<"\nHeight and weight are:"<<endl;
cout<<"Height="<<height<<"\t"<<"Weight="<<weight;

By: Prabhat Kumar
};
void main() //BEGINNING OF MAIN F()
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF HIRERACHICAL INHERITANCE:";
stud_marks s1; //CREATION OF OBJECT
s1.input(); //INVOKING MEMBER FUNCTION
s1.cal();
s1.display();
stud_fitness f1;
f1.read();
f1.show();
} //RETURN TYPE
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-27: WAP in C++ to demonstrate the concept of hybrid inheritance.
EXPLAINATION: When a derived class inherits the features from multiple base classes which again
inherits the featurs of a single base class then it is known as hybrid inheritance.Here we take four classes
,in this program we have to find the percentage of all the marks obtained.
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
class stud_basic //name of class
private: //access level
char name[20]; //data member
int rollno;
public:
cout<<"Enter roll no="; //standard output
cin>>rollno; //standard input
cout<<"Enter name=";
cin>>name;
void show()
cout<<"The rollno="<<rollno<<"\t";
cout<<"The name="<<name;
};

By: Prabhat Kumar
class stud_acd_marks:public stud_basic
protected:
float marks[3];
public:
void read()
stud_basic::read(); //call read of base
cout<<"Marks1="<<endl;
cin>>marks[0];
cin>>marks[1];
cin>>marks[2];
void show()
stud_basic::show(); //call show of base
//cout<<marks[0]<<endl;
};
class sports

By: Prabhat Kumar
protected:
float score;
public:
void read()
cout<<"Score="<<endl;
cin>>score;
void show()
//cout<<score;
};
class stud_res:public stud_acd_marks,public sports
private:
float marks_obt;
float per;
public:
void cal()
marks_obt=marks[0]+marks[1]+marks[2]+score;
per=(marks_obt/400)*100;
void show()

By: Prabhat Kumar
stud_acd_marks::show();
sports::show();
cout<<endl<<"Marks_obt="<<marks_obt<<endl<<"Per="<<per<<endl;
};
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF HYBRID INHERITANCE\n\n";
stud_res s1; //creation of object
s1.stud_acd_marks::read();
s1.sports::read();
s1.cal();
s1.show();
} //end of program

By: Prabhat Kumar
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-28: WAP in c++ to demonstrate the concept of unary operator overloading.
EXPLAINATION: Let us consider the unary plus operator. A plus operator when used as a unary,takes
just one operand. The given program shows how the unary plus operator is overloaded.
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
int count; //declaration
abc()
count=0;
cout<<"\n\n\tThe count="; //standard output
cout<<count;
void operator++()
count=count+1;
};
int main()

By: Prabhat Kumar
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF UNARY OPERTATOR OVERLOADING:";
abc o1;
++o1; //unary overloading
o1.show(); //invoking member f()
} //end of program
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-29: WAP in C++ to demonstrate the concept of binary operator overloading.
INPUT : Enter any values of hours and minutes.
EXPLAINATION: Operator overloading means to do additional job to an operator a special function with
that operator called as operator overloading. The same mechanism of unary operator can be used to
overload a binary operator.The f() notation c=sum(a,b);can be replaced by a natural looking expression
c=a+b;
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
class time //name of class
int hours; //data member
int minutes;
cout<<"Enter hours="; //standard output
cin>>hours; //standard input
cout<<"Enter minutes=";
cin>>minutes;
cout<<"After adding hours and minutes :\nhours="<<hours; //standard output
cout<<"\tminutes="<<minutes;
time operator+(time tt2)

By: Prabhat Kumar
time tt3;
tt3.hours=hours+tt2.hours;
tt3.minutes=minutes+tt2.minutes;
if(tt3.minutes>=60)
tt3.hours++;
tt3.minutes=tt3.minutes-60;
return tt3;
};
int main()
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF BINARY OPERATOR OVERLOADING:\n\n";
time t1,t2,t3; //creation of object
t1.read(); //invoking member f()
t2.read();
t3=t1+t2; //operator overloading
t3.show();
} //end of program

By: Prabhat Kumar
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
Program-30: WAP in C++ to demonstrate the concept of function overloading.
INPUT : Enter any value of a,b,c,g,h.
Explaination: Overloading refers to the use of same thing for different purposes. C++ also permits
overloading of functions. This means that we can use the same function name to create functions that
perform a variety of different tasks, using the concept of function overloading. For e.g: In this program
an overloaded add() function handles different types of data as shown below:
Source Code:
#include<conio.h>
int main() //beginning of main
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMOSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF FUNCTION OVERLOADING:\n";
int add(int,int); //function declaration
int add(int);
float add(float,float);
int add(int,int,int);
int a,b,c,d,e,f; //variable declaration
float g,h,i;
cout<<"Enter the value of b=";
cin>>b;
cout<<"Enter the value of c=";
cin>>c;
cout<<"Enter the value of g=";
cin>>g;
cout<<"Enter the value of h=";

By: Prabhat Kumar
cin>>h;
d=add(a); //function call
e=add(a,b);
f=add(a,b,c);
i=add(g,h);
cout<<"After adding the results are:::::::\n"<<endl;
cout<<"Function with one argument"<<endl<<"Input"<<endl<<"a="<<a<<endl<<"Result="<<d<<endl;
cout<<"Function with two argument

result="<<endl<<"Input"<<endl<<"a="<<a<<",b="<<b<<endl<<"Result="<<e<<endl;
cout<<"Function with three argument

result="<<endl<<"Input"<<endl<<"a="<<a<<",b="<<b<<",c="<<c<<endl<<"Result="<<f<<endl;
cout<<"Function with two floating argument

result="<<endl<<"Input"<<endl<<"g="<<g<<",h="<<h<<endl<<"Result="<<i;
int add(int x) //function definition
int y;
y=x+x;
return y;
int add(int x,int y)
int z;
z=x+y;
return z;

By: Prabhat Kumar
int add(int p,int q,int r)
int s;
s=p+q+r;
return s;
float add(float m,float n)
float o;
o=m+n;
return o;
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-31: WAP in C++ to demonstrate the concept of virtual f()'s.
EXPLAINATION: How we do achieve polymorphism? It is achieved using what is known as virtual

functions. When we use the same f() name in both the base&derived classes, the f() in base class is
declared as virtual using the keyword virtual preceding its normal declaration.
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
class base //name of class
void display() //member function
cout<<"\nDisplay base"<<"\n\n"; //standard output
virtual void show() //virtual function
cout<<"Show base"<<"\n\n";
};
class derive:public base //derive class
void display()
cout<<"Display derive"<<"\n\n";
void show()

By: Prabhat Kumar
cout<<"Show derive";
};
int main() //beginning of main
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF VIRTUAL FUNCTION:\n";
base b; //creation of object
derive d;
base *bptr;
bptr=&b;
bptr->display();
bptr->show();
bptr=&d;
bptr->display();
bptr->show();
} //end of program

By: Prabhat Kumar
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-32: WAP in C++ to demonstrate the concept of templates.
EXPLAINATION: Templates is a new concept which enable us to define generic programming. Generic
programming is an approach where generic types are used as parameters in algorithms so that they
work for a variety of suitable data types and data structure.
SOURCE CODE:
template<class t1,class t2>
class test //name of class
t1 a;
t2 b;
test(t1 x,t2 y)
a=x;
b=y;
cout<<"\n\nThe values are="; //standard output
cout<<a<<"\t"<<b<<endl; //standard output
};

By: Prabhat Kumar
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF TEMPLATES:\n";
test<float,int>t1(1.95,7);
test<float,char>t2(3.14,'a');
test<int,float>t3(7,9.5);
t1.show();
t2.show();
t3.show();
} //end of program
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-33: WAP in c++ to demonstrate the concept of files and streams.
INPUT : Enter ur name and roll no.
EXPLAINATION: Files are used to store the output of program.
SOURCE CODE:
#include<fstream.h>
char name[20]; //variable declaration
int rollno;
cout<<"PROGRAM OF FILES and STREAMS\n";
cout<<"\nEnter ur name="; //standard output
cin>>name; //standard input
cout<<"\nEnter ur roll no=";
cin>>rollno;
ofstream out("student");
out<<name<<"\n";
out<<rollno;
out.close();
ifstream in("student");
in>>name;
in>>rollno;
in.close();
cout<<"\nName="<<name<<"\t"; //standard output
cout<<"and\t Roll no="<<rollno; //standard output

By: Prabhat Kumar
} //end of program
OUTPUT:

By: Prabhat Kumar
PROGRAM-34: WAP in C++ to demonstrate the concept of get and put.
INPUT : Enter ur name.
EXPLAINATION: The functions get() and put() are member functions of the file stream class fstream.get()
is used to read a single character from the file.put() is used to write a single character to the output file.
SOURCE CODE:
#include<conio.h>
int main() //beginning of main function
char a[20]; //variable declaration
cout<<"PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE THE CONCEPT OF GET AND PUT:\n";
cout<<"enter ur name="; //standard output
cin.get(a,20);
cout.write(a,20); //cout<<”The name=”<<a;
} //end of program

By: Prabhat Kumar
OUTPUT:

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By: Prabhat Kumar

ASHOKA COLLEGE OF COMPUTER EDUCATION

INPUT: Enter any number.

a number we use data type i.e, unsigned int .

int main() //beginning of main f()

unsigned int n,fact; //variable declaration

unsigned int factorial(unsigned int); //function declaration

cout<<"PROGRAM TO FIND A FACTORIAL OF ANY NUMBER:\n";

cout<<"\nEnter any no.="; //standard output

cin>>n; //standard input

fact=factorial(n); //function call

cout<<"\nThe value of factorial no.="<<fact; //standard output

return 0; //return type

unsigned int factorial(unsigned int x) //function defination

unsigned int i,f=1; //variable declaration

for(i=x;i>=1;i--) //for loop

return f; //return type

ASHOKA COLLEGE OF COMPUTER EDUCATION

ASHOKA COLLEGE OF COMPUTER EDUCATION

PROGRAM-2: WAP in C++ to find the volume of cube using functions.

INPUT : Enter any number.

int main() //begining of main f()

int a,b; //declaration of variables

int cube(int); //declaration of function

cout<<"PROGRAM TO FIND VOLUME OF CUBE :\n";

cout<<"\nEnter any number="; //standard output

cin>>a; //standard input

b=cube(a); //function call

cout<<"\nAfter cubing the result="; //standard output

return 0; //return type

int cube(int x) //function defination

ASHOKA COLLEGE OF COMPUTER EDUCATION

ASHOKA COLLEGE OF COMPUTER EDUCATION

PROGRAM-3: WAP in C++ to swap two numbers using call by value.

INPUT : Enter the value of a and b.

int main() //beginning of main f()

int a,b; //variable declaration

void swap(int,int); //function declaration

cout<<"PROGRAM TO SWAP TWO NO'S USING CALL BY VALUE :\n\n";

cout<<"Enter the value of a="; //standard output

cin>>a; //standard input

cout<<"Enter the value of b="; //standard output

cin>>b; //standard input

cout<<"\n\nBefore swapping the values are\n\n\ta="<<a; //standard output

cout<<"\n\n\tb="<<b; //standard output

swap(a,b); //function call

return 0; //return type

void swap(int x,int y) //function defination

int z; //variable declaration

ASHOKA COLLEGE OF COMPUTER EDUCATION

cout<<"\n\nAfter swapping the values are\n\n\ta="<<x; //standard output

ASHOKA COLLEGE OF COMPUTER EDUCATION

PROGRAM-4: WAP in C++ to swap two numbers using call by reference.

INPUT : Enter the value of a and b.

int main() //begining of main f()

int a,b; //variable declaration

void swap(int&,int&); //function declaration

cout<<"PROGRAM TO SWAP TWO NO'S USING CALL BY REFERENCE:\n\n";

cout<<"Enter the value of a="; //standard output

cin>>a; //standard input

cout<<"Enter the value of b="; //standard output

cin>>b; //standard input

cout<<"\nBefore swapping the result=\n\n\ta="<<a;