DOI 10.4010/2016.

895
ISSN 2321 3361 © 2016 IJESC

Research Article Volume 6 Issue No. 4

Cybercrimes: An Indian perspective

Mayank R. kothawade1, Prof. Dr. Preeti Agarwal2

Abstract:
Every crime has its impact specifically on society, nation and the world to the great extent. By the surveillance of cybercrime and
its phenomenon it is exposed that similar to former crimes it has badly affected social life of humans. To understand the influence
of cybercrime, it is necessary to look into the impact of two things computer technology and internet on people as cybercrime is
no doubt originating out of these. There are inherent challenges to the field of IT security and services through individuals and
critical infrastructure. Socially, people are now more open to communicate and interrelate with others compared to past which
widen the objectives from the personal relations to the professional ones. Today, there is no single reason for the people to
interact through internet but thousands. The advantage behind this mediator is its collaborating and speedy communication which
is lacked in other medium of communications. Technological innovation is an evolutionary process. Personally the researchers
also finds IT to be interesting, intriguing and powerful, at a same time challenging, confusing and risky. This paper focus on
critical infrastructure scenario in India, facts around usage of internet and exploration of cybercrimes under diverse heads across
India.

Keywords: IT act, IPC, Cybercrimes, Cybercrime analysis, Cybercrime Cases, Internet users, Critical infrastructure, IT and
Physical infrastructure, Social infrastructure, India

I. INTRODUCTION Cybercrime is evolving as a serious threat. Worldwide

Speedy advancements in information and communication
technology have shaped a suitable channel to large
resources of information for people. Nevertheless, with such
advantages, there would definitely be cases of misuse for
the wrong drive. Cyber-terrorism is, and will undoubtedly
continue to be a constant issue for governments that must be
handled attentively for national security. Terrorism has taken
on a new structure and it is no longer limited to an attempt
to just create mass demolition with the use of violence.
Cyberspace is the new horizon which is controlled by
machine for information and communication amongst
human beings across the world. Therefore, crimes
committed in cyberspace are to be considered as
cybercrimes. In broader sense, cybercrime is a crime on the
internet which includes cyber stalking, gambling, hacking,
terrorism, fraud, cyber theft, pornography, flowing of
viruses etc. Cybercrime means unlawful act wherein the
computer is used as a tool or a target or else both1. Any use
of a computer as an instrument to further illegal ends, like
doing fraud, child pornography and intellectual property,
stealing identities or privacy violation2. Cybercrime is
defined as a crime in which a computer is the object of the
crime (hacking, phishing, spamming etc.) or is used as a
tool to commit an offense. Cybercrime is also known as
crime against an individual or an organization where the
committer of the crime use a computer or any computer
aided technology for entirely or little amount of time3.
Federal Bureau of Investigation’s 2010 statistics
demonstrate that the increase of cybercrime in the world.
This report on “Cyber Investigations” highlights four
categories towards cybercrime as given below; 4, 5
 Cybercrimes against children
 Theft of intellectual property
 Publication and intentional dissemination
malware
 National and international Internet fraud
regulatory authorities have started to react. Initiatives to
control cross border cyber threats are taking shape. Indian
police has initiated separate cyber cells at all major locations
in the country as well as started educating the personnel6.
Introducing the cyber law in India supports to lessen the
cybercrimes to some amount, through cyber law many
people get arrested and they are now behind the bars but the
rate of occurrences leaves significant impact on the society.
Cybercrime security system requirements are continuously
increasing everyday as crimes rate is swelling7.
II. OBJECTIVES
1. To take the overview of critical infrastructure in Indian
scenario.
2. Knowing the status of internet users in India.
3. Examining cybercrime classification cybercrime scenario
in India.
III. METHODOLOGY
Secondary data about internet usage, active and claimed
users and various types of cybercrimes with different heads
has been collected, complied and analyzed from the various
sources. These sources include statistics on internet users in
India - census 2011, IAMAI report on Internet in India (I-
Cube) - 2011 and National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB).
Cybercrime analysis has been made for the period of twelve
years (2002 to 2013).
IV. OVERVIEW OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
(IT, PHYSICAL, SOCIAL) IN
INDIA
Service providers have more recently, moved into e-mail
managing and hosting, websites as well as corporate IT and
physical infrastructures which increases the scope for the
of cyber-attacks. Present scenario highlights that online crimes
at large are committed through critical infrastructure instead
of individuals which enforce researchers to cognize IT,

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Physical and social infrastructure for better understanding of
e-crimes or cybercrimes.
The worst feasible outcome of risks created by information
and communication technologies revealed themselves in the
possible failure of so-called critical infrastructures those are
systems and assets whose incapability would have
unbearable impact on the national security and the economic
and social well-being of a state. Motivated by an increasing
fear for the potential weakness of connected societies
composed with a magnified distractions in the cyber-
domain, several countries have taken the initiative to better
understand the vulnerabilities and threats to their
infrastructures, and have introduced measures for the safety
of these assets8.
IT & Physical Infrastructure
The Indian economy is highly dependent on IT
infrastructure. India is putting more stress on the IT
infrastructure in recent years. Indian IT industry is growing
at a tremendous pace. Output of India's software industry
has reached $16 billion. In connection to this scenario,
millions jobs for professionals mainly at the support level
have been produced with the rise of software industry9. Core
proficiencies and strengths of IT services in India have exert
valued investments from key countries. IT infrastructure is
not only essential in businesses and organizations straight
associated to economic movement but also playing an
increasingly significant role in households as well as in
government crucial sectors like healthcare and education.
The IT industry has also formed considerable demand in the
Indian education segment, specifically for engineering and
computer science. The Indian IT and IT enabled services
industry is divided into four major sectors - Software
products and engineering services, business process
management, IT services and hardware10.
The Indians are known to be tech savvy, using a large
number of devices with different types of advanced
technologies. Though, infrastructural support for its tech
savvy citizens is not pervasive. It is awkward that today
home users have access to more secure encryption standards
compared to government. The speed of India's development
has rendered its IT infrastructure olden and inefficient.
Towards successful prevention of cyber terrorism acts, India
has to first look at its outdated hardware and IT policies to
healthier place itself in protection against progressively
increased sophisticated attacks.11
Department of Electronics and Information Technology
(DeitY), Ministry of communications and IT, Government
of India has also initiates various activities towards
improvement of e-Infrastructure. These activities involve; 1.
National Policy on Universal Electronic Accessibility - The
policy recognizes the need to eliminate discrimination on
the basis of disabilities and to facilitate equal access to
Electronics & ICTs., 2. Information Technology Investment
Region (ITIR) - The major investment for creation of
infrastructure will be from Public-Private Partnerships.
Government of India has accepted base for formation or
advancement of exterior linkage infrastructure in the ITIR12.
International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, April 2016
Social Infrastructure
India is a country with ample population in terms of youth,
strong dependence ratio, thriving investments and savings
rates. The outlook of development of India is henceforth
positive, but India still has long term issues to deal with.
Some of the challenges comprise extensive poverty,
insufficient physical infrastructure and deficiency of non-
agricultural jobs. These issues affecting the social
infrastructure and equilibrium in the country as citizens are
limited from further fulfilling their social needs. Adding to
such disequilibrium, lack of schools, colleges as well as
universities is another significant reason for the deficiency
of well-directed exposure to the cyber world. Although the
government is trying to construct more amenities in many
areas, they are only focusing on certain areas called "Special
Economic Zones" i.e. SEZs. Inequalities and deficiency of
education have given birth to unaware and untrained
citizenship where understanding of cybernetics is limited.
Hence, ignorance puts India’s social fabric in greater
menace to cyber terrorism attacks as the population would
be easily threatened by ruses.11, 13
Sanjay K. Singh in his paper on “Information Technology in
India: Present Status and Future Prospects for Economic
Development” stated that to elevate the position of socially
and economically lean segment of the society, the
government needs to make IT accessible to them. Superior
endeavor should be made to build up usage of IT in
countryside India. It is necessary to make valued capital
investments in rural areas without any altruistic reason, at
least because of a willingness to get into a domestic
emerging market that has been virtually untouched so far.
The industry along with the central and the state
governments should now view at taking IT services to
villages. It must be recollected that without access to the IT,
the rural people can be caught in a poverty noose triggered
by the digital divide. At present e-governance is widely
implemented as well as most of the government schemes
have offered online.
Further in his article author stated that the IT should be
promoted to be employed as an instrument for raising the
living standards of the common people and enrich their
lives. Knowledge of IT needs to be increased among the
population to a greater extent via all possible means, so that
normal people be able to start using it to get social and
economic advantage.14
V. INTERNET USERS IN INDIA
On the ground of available critical infrastructure it is
interesting to know the number of internet users in India.
Every year there is a tremendous growth in the number of
interment users with the proliferation of devices used to
access internet. This section highlights the details including
number of households having computers with internet and
without internet, claimed and active internet users which
further helps to compare the cybercrime scenario in India.
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 Table 1: Internet Users in India
Households Computers % With Internet % Without Internet %
246692667 23189111 9.4 7647473 3.1 15541638 6.3
Source : State wise internet users in India - Census 2011

According to census 2011 about state wise internet users in Desktop are connected to internet with low-speed as well as
India, there are 246.7 million (24,66,92,667) houses in broadband connections15.
India. As shown in table 1, it can be easily observed that A report on internet in India (I-cube) 2011 by Internet &
total 2,31,89,111 houses are having computers i.e. 9.4%. Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), added that internet
When it comes to internet usage only 76,47,473 means only users are classified into; a) claimed internet users i.e. An
3.1% computers are connected to internet and 1,55,41,638 individual who has used the internet at any point in time in
i.e. 6.3% houses with computers are not connected to the past and b) active internet user i.e. An individual who
computers. The number of computers including Laptop or has used the internet at least once in the month16.

Table 2 : Internet Users in India (figures in million)

Top 8 Metros Rest of India

Towns with less

Small metros
Delhi + NCR
Ahmedabad

Small towns

than 2 lakhs
Non-metros
Hyderabad

population
Bangalore

Total
Mumbai
Chennai

Kolkata
Metro Cities and Towns
Pune

Claimed internet users 8.1 6.2 3 2.9 2.2 2.2 2 1.9 14.3 9 9.1 21 81.9
Active Internet
6.2 5 2.4 2.2 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.2 11.6 7.4 7.5 16.1 64.8
users
Source: Report on Internet in India (I-Cube) 2011

Graph 1 : Internet Users in India (figures in million)

25
21

20 16.1
14.3

11.6

15
9.1
8.1

7.5
7.4
9

10
6.2

6.2
5
2.9

2.4
2.2
2.2

2.2

5
1.9

1.8
1.7
1.7
3

1.2
2

0
Claimed internet users Activ e Internet users

PUNE AHMEDABAD BANGALORE

HYDERABAD CHENNAI KOLKATTA
DELHI + NCR MUMBAI SMALL METROS
NON-METROS SMALL TOWNS Towns with less than 2 lakhs population

Source : Table 2

From table 2 and graph 1 it can be seen that claimed internet metros, non-metros, small towns, and towns with less than
users (81.9 million) and active internet users (64.8 million) two lakhs population has 53.4 claimed internet users and
in India are estimated on the basis of users in eight metro 42.6 active internet users.
cities and users rest in India. There are total 28.5 million
claimed internet users and 22.2 million active users in metro VI. CYBERCRIME CLASSIFICATION
cities including Pune, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Cybercrimes on the basis of nature and divergent types of
Chennai, Kolkata, Delhi + NCR (National Capital Region) attacks are classified into following main categories17.
and Mumbai whereas. In rest part of the India i.e. small Knowingly or unknowingly internet users becoming the

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victims of different types cyber-attacks. These attacks may
vary in nature and their impact moreover it difficult to
understand these attacks.
Crimes against individual - These are the crimes against
person, against property of an individual are included.
Against persons include harassment through e-mail, cyber
stalking, dissemination of obscene material on the Internet,
defamation, hacking / cracking and by indecent exposure.
Cybercrimes against property of an individual include
computer vandalism, transmitting virus, Internet intrusion,
unauthorized control over computer system and hacking /
cracking etc.17, 18
Crimes against organizations - Includes crimes against
government, private firm, company, group of individual etc.
These crimes can be made by hacking and cracking, by
possession of unauthorized information and through cyber
terrorism against the government organization. Distribution
of pirated softwares also covered under these attacks17, 18.
Crimes against property - Involve credit card frauds, crimes
related to intellectual property and internet time theft etc17,
18
. unreported due to unawareness and other reasons like
Crimes against society - These crimes not only affect
individual or any organization but the society at large. They
include Pornography (especially child pornography),
polluting the youth through indecent exposure and
trafficking etc.18
Cybercrimes emanating from UseNet newsgroups - These
attacks may carry very offensive, harmful, inaccurate or
otherwise inappropriate material, or in some cases posting
have been mislabeled or are deceptive in another way18.
VII. ANALYSIS OF CYBERCRIMES IN INDIA
According to National Crime Record Bureau, India,
statistical information there is continuous growth in the
cybercrimes in India. Every year several cases were reported
under various categories.19 Analysis on cybercrimes made
by the researchers is composed as crimes reported year
wise, section wise, head wise etc.
Facts highlighting the cybercrime scenario in India. To
understand escalation of cybercrimes in India, researchers
chose to analyze the impact of cyber security by exploring
various types of crimes under IT act and IPC in the period
of 2002-2013. Though most of the incidences were
defamation.

Table 3 : Crimes by motive (head wise) during 2002-2013 in India

Revenge/ Greed/ Cause Prank/ Satisfaction of Fraud / Eve Teasing /
Extortion Others
Settling scores Money Disrepute Gaining Control Illegal Gain Harassment
382 2337 196 488 242 3559 2645 5943

Table 4 : Crimes by suspect (head wise) during 2002-2013 in India

Foreign National Disgruntled Employee / Cracker /Student/ Business Neighbors / Friends & Others
/Group Employee Professional learners Competitor Relatives
361 510 936 580 1854 11363

Table 5 : Year wise incidence of cybercrimes/cases registered during 2002-2013 in India

Head Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Crimes by Motive 378 201 0 481 422 459 464 682 1322 2213 3477 5693
Crimes by suspect 296 191 0 481 422 363 464 682 1322 2213 3477 5693
Crimes under IPC 738 411 279 302 311 339 176 276 356 422 601 1337
Crimes under IT-
70 60 68 179 142 217 288 420 966 1791 2876 4356
ACT

Table 6: Head wise Incidence of cybercrimes/cases registered under IT Act during 2002-2013 in India
Cases
Crime Head
registered
Tampering computer source documents (Sec. 65) 550
i) Loss/damage to computer resource/utility (Sec. 66)(1) 4879
Hacking with computer system
ii) Hacking (Sec. 66)(2) 1658
Obscene publication/transmission in electronic form (Sec. 67) 3203
i) Of compliance/orders of certifying authority (Sec. 68) 34
Failure
ii) To assist in decrypting the information intercepted by govt. agency(Sec. 69) 20
Un-authorized access/attempt to access to protected computer system (Sec. 70)(9) 53
Obtaining license or digital signature certificate by misrepresentation/suppression of fact (Sec. 71)(10) 45
Publishing false digital signature certificate (Sec. 73) 11
Fraud digital signature certificate (Sec. 74) 110
Breach of confidentiality/privacy (Sec. 72) 227
Other 643

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 Table 7: Head wise Incidence of cybercrimes/cases registered under IPC during 2002-2013 in India
Crime Head Cases registered
Offences by/Against Public Servant (Section 167, 172, 173, 175) 12
False electronic evidence (Section 193) 17
Destruction of electronic evidence (Section 204, 477) 29
Forgery (Section 463, 465, 466, 468, 469, 471, 474, 476, 477A ) 2423
Criminal Breach of Trust/Fraud (Section 405, 406, 408, 409) 2534
i) Property/mark (Section 482, 183, 483, 484, 485) 94
Counterfeiting ii) Tampering (Section 489) 85
iii)Currency/Stamps (Section 489A to 489E) 354
Source - Table 3 to Table 7: National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), India

Graph 2 : Crimes by Motive (Head wise) during 2002-2013 in India

5943

3559
2337 2645

382 196 488 242

Revenge/ Greed/ Extortion Cause Prank/ Fraud /Illegal Eve Teasing / Others
Settling Money Disrepute Satisfaction of Gain Harassment
scores Gaining
Control

Source : Table 3

From the above graph it can be seen that cases registered by last twelve years 2002 to 2013. Most of the cases i.e. 54932
motive in India under different heads were continuously were registered under the category “Other”.
increased. 15792 cases registered under various heads in the

Graph 3 : Crimes by Suspect (Head wise) during 2002-2013 in India

11363

936 1854
361 510 580

Foreign National Disgrunted Cracker / Business Neighbours / Others

/Group Employee / Student/ Competitor Friends &
Employee Professional Relatives
learners

Source : Table 4

Graph 3 shows that cybercrime cases registered by suspect were registered under the head “Foreign National/Group”
in India in last twelve years (2002-2013). Cases registered i.e. 361 whereas large number of cases were registered
under various categories were 15604. Less number of cases under the category “Other” i.e. 11363.

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 Graph 4 : Year wise Incidence of cybercrimes/cases registered during 2002-2013 in India
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
378
201
0
481
422
Crimes by Motive 459
464
682
1322
2213
3477
5693
296
191
0
481
422
Crimes by suspect 363
464
682
1322
2213
3477
5693
738
411
279
302
311
Crimes under IPC 339
176
276
356
422
601
1337
70
60
68
179
142
Crimes under IT- ACT 217
288
420
966
1791
2876
4356
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Source : Table 5

Above graph shows the year wise growth of crimes by
motive in India since 2002 to 2013. Highest growth was
observed in the year 2013. Growth rate from 2012 to 2013
was observed 63.73%. Total 5693 cases were registered in
the year 2013. Whereas crimes by suspect are also increased
by 63.73% in the same duration. Which clearly shows the
significant growth of cybercrimes with specific motive and
suspect in India every year.
As far as concerning to various incidences registered under
IPC, total 5548 cases were registered in the period 2002-
2013. Less number of cases were registered in the year 2008
i.e. 176, however maximum cases were registered in the
year 2013 are 1337. When it comes to growth rate compared
to previous year i.e. 2012 it is recorded to 122.46%. Total
11433 incidences were registered under IT-ACT in the same
duration (2002-2013) with less number of cases registered
in 2003 and maximum cases registered in the year 2013 are
4356. Growth rate of 51.46% was observed from 2012 to
2013 with remarkable increase.
At the same time it is important to take the count of total
number of cases registered under IT ACT as well as IPC as
the impact of cybercrimes is not analyzed solely on the basis
of incidences registered under IT act or IPC. Above graph
and table 5 shows the total number of cases registered under
both IT act and IPC in India. Total 16981 cases were
registered under both IPC and IT-ACT. Scenario shows the
significant growth of 58.17% from the year 2012 (6353
cases) to 2013 (10049) towards reporting the cybercrimes.

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 Graph 5: Section wise incidence of cybercrimes registered under IT Act during 2002-2013 in India

Tampering computer source documents (Sec. 65) 550

Hacking with computer system… 4879

ii) Hacking (Sec. 66)(2) 1658

Obscene publication/transmission in electronic form (Sec. 67) 3203

Failure… 34

ii) To assist in decrypting the information intercepted… 20

Un-authorised access/attempt to access to protected … 53

Obtaining licence or digital signature certificate by … 45

Publishing false digital signature certificate (Sec. 73) 11

Fraud digital signature certificate (Sec. 74) 110

Breach of confidentiality/privacy (Sec. 72) 227

Other 643
Total cases registered

Source : Table 6

Above graph shows the incidences of cybercrimes registered under the head “Hacking with computer systems” with
under IT act in India since last twelve years from 2002 to section 68 and section-69. Minimum cases (11) were
2013. Total 11433 cases were registered under IT act with registered under section-73 i.e. “Publishing false digital
different sections. Maximum 4879 cases were reported signature certificate”.

Graph 6: Section wise incidence of cybercrimes registered under IPC during 2002-2013 in India

Offences by/Against Public Servant (Section 167, 172, 173, 175) 12

False electronic evidence (Section 193) 17
Destruction of electronic evidence (Section 204, 477) 29
Forgery (Section 463, 465, 466, 468, 469, 471, 474, 476, 477A ) 2423
Criminal Breach of Trust/Fraud (Section 405, 406, 408, 409) 2534
Counterfeiting
i) Property/mark (Section 482, 183, 483, 484, 485) 94
ii) Tampering (Section 489) 85
iii)Currency/Stamps (Section 489A to 489E) 354

Total cases registered

Source : Table 7

Above graph shows the number of cybercrimes registered VIII. CONCLUSION

under various sections of IPC in India. Total 5548 cases
were registered under IPC during last twelve years. Most of
the cases (2534) were registered under the section-405, 406,
408 and 409 i.e. “Criminal breach of trust/fraud” whereas
less number of cases (12) were registered under section-
167,172,173 and 175 i.e. “Offences by/Against public
servant”
Roots of cybercrime are lies in technology and critical
infrastructure. Number of internet users is continuously
increasing and with this growth risk of several types of
crimes is also amplified. Cybercrimes are varying in its
nature due to enhancement in technologies. Despite the fact
that there is no agreed definition of the cybercrime,
cybercrime is unavoidable. Few classifications of such
crimes may look like the traditional crimes however many

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