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1-Eukaryotes ] Nucleus [ :-
This Cells Form (( Animals –Protozoa- Plants – Fungi –Algea-Helminths )) .
- most eukaryotic cells would lyse at temperature extremes (both hot and cold), with
dryness, and with very dilute and diverse energy sources.
- Gram Stain :-
is a powerful, easy test that allows clinicians to distinguish between the two major
classes of bacteria. Bacteria that are heat fixed or otherwise dried onto a slide are
stained with crystal violet a stain that is precipitated with iodine, and then the
removed by washing with the acetone-based decolorizer and water. A red
counterstain, safranin, is added. This process takes less than 10 minutes.
-Gram Stain Procedures :-
- There are Bacteria cannot be classified by Gram stain Like mycobacteria, which
are distinguished with the acid-fast stain, and mycoplasmas, which have no
peptidoglycan.
Function of endospore :
1-resistance dehydration and heat .
- Population dynamics :-
2- darkfield microscope :- the same lenses used in brightfield microscope are used in
darkfield microscope .however special condenser is used in this microscope.
- resolving power is 0.02um . this allow to see extremely thin bacteria such as
(( Treponema pallidum : etiologic agent of syphilis ))
Acid Fast Stain Procedures :- (used to identify organisms that have waxy
material in their cell wall.)
1- carbol fuchsin.
2- acid-alcohol decolorizing.
3- Counterstain with methylene blue.
Staining using in microbiology :-
1- Gram stain :- (( most common ))
2- Ziehl-neelsen stain (( acid fast stain ))
3- Wright – giemsa stain
4- India ink
5- Iron hematoxylen stain
6- Auramin – rhodamine stain
-There are different method for staining in microbiology showin in this table:
4- Fluorescent Stains :-
A- Acridine orange stain -Used for detection of bacteria and fungi.
Citrate test :- detects the ability of an organism to use citrate as source of energy.
If the organism has the ability to use citrate, the medium changes its color from green
to blue.
Examples:
Escherichia coli: Negative
Klebsiella pneumoniae: Positive
Frateuria Aurantia: Positive
Indole test:-
- types of media :-
1- Nutrient agar : Use for growth all species of bacteria is not have
special environment .
b- Enriched ( complex ) media : Some bacteria are fastidious and their growth
requires the presence of highly nutritive .
chocolate agar : It is heated blood agar the temp raised to 100 ºC . and it selective -2
. media use for growth Neisseria , Haemophilus group. And inhibit other bacteria
.B- - Lowenstein Jensen (L-J): Use for growth mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
C- Blood tellurite : Use for growth diphtheria , inhibits all normal flora of upper
respiratory tract
D- Thayer –Mattin :many special growth factors by N. gonorrhoea
E - Desoxycholate Citrate agar (DCA): use for growth Shigella and Salmonella . and
.Inhibits growth intestinal flora
this media also differential and selective media for shigella & salmonella -
.((enterbacteriaces))
.
H- mannitol salt agar ( MSA ) :- selective media use for growth staph spp , and
inhibit growth all other types of bacteria . because contain high concentration of salt
( Nacl 7.5% )
I- saburod dextrose agar ( SDA) :- selective media for growth of fungi .(( General
media in mycology ))such as (( Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans)) , and inibit growth
of all bacteria spp . because their PH acidic ( ph Below 7 )
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