Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HIS CONTEMPORARIES
THE PIONEERS OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN ALBA IULIA AND BEYOND
ISBN 978-606-543-915-3
9 786065 439153
BIBL IO THE CA MU SE I APUL ENSIS XXIX
ALBA COUNT Y COUNCIL
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE UNION ALBA IULIA
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE TRANSYLVANIAN HISTORY CLUJ-NAPO CA
“1 DECEMBRIE 1918” UNIVERSIT Y OF ALBA IULIA
Adalbert Cserni
and his Contemporaries
The Pioneers of Archaeology
in Alba Iulia and Beyond
Editors:
Csaba Szabó
Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț
Gabriel Tiberiu Rustoiu
Mihai Gligor
Editura MEGA
Cluj‑Napoca
2017
This volume was published with the financial support of the County Council of Alba
and the National Museum of Union, Alba Iulia
Cover:
Dana Șerban‑Gheorghe
Front cover: Archives of the National Museum of Union, Alba Iulia (with the kind permission
of Gabriel Tiberiu Rustoiu).
Back cover: Achim‑Borș, fig. 2, Trapp, fig. 10 and Medvedeva, fig. 2. from this volume (with
the kind permission of the authors).
© Authors, 2017
ISBN 978‑606‑543‑915‑3
Foreword 9
Introduction 11
Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț
Adalbert Cserni’s contribution at the discovery of Governor’s Palace from
Apulum – old and new perspectives 35
Radu Ota
Adalbert Cserni and the Roman provincial art. Case studies from Apulum 53
Ioan Bejinariu
Fetzer J. Ferencz (1856–1939) and the Archaeology from Sălaj 91
Olivér Gábor
Szőnyi Ottó’s time capsule from 1913 101
Kirill Gusev
The visit of D. N. Anuchin in Europe (1877–1879) and the international
cooperation in archaeology and physical anthropology 113
Eszter Istvánovits
András Jósa and his Contemporaries 119
Jenny Kaurin
Charles Cournault (1815–1904) á la découverte des collections pre-romaines
en Europe de L’Ouest (1873–1880) 131
Emanoil Pripon
Dr. Mártonfi Lajos (1857–1908), a precursor of Transylvanian museology 143
Vladislav Sobolev
People and fates. Pioneers of medieval archaeology in North-Western Russia
(1870–1914) 153
Adrienn Wéber
Juhász László (1842–1911), a pioneer of archaeology and antiquarian as founder
of the Museum of Pécs 167
Julien Trapp
Johann Baptist Keune and Metz Museums (Moselle, France). The birth
of modern archaeology in the annexed region of Lorraine (1892–1918) 219
Evgenia Zastrozhnova
Archaeological materials from the excavations of Phanagoria (19th century)
in the collection of the State Historical Museum (Moscow) 265
V. NATIONALISM AND OTHER IDEOLOGIES
Phil Freeman
The consequences of Francis Haverfield’s visits east of Vienna in the 1880s 275
Heinrich Zabehlicky
A political research-history: The case of Bruckneudorf between Hungary and
Austria 321
Laura Coltofean
Zsófia Torma: A pioneer of prehistoric archaeology in nineteenth-century
Transylvania 327
Béla Santa
In ‘the interest of science... from distant Transylvania’: Zsófia Torma’s research
for British academic patronage 355
Csaba Szabó
Histories of archaeology in Transylvania. A short overview 373
Maria Medvedeva
The Imperial Archaeological Commission (1859–1919) and the national system
of archaeological investigation in Russia 401
Abbreviations 413
Argumentum
The remembrance and recognition concerning the leading personalities
of the national and European archaeology is today more actual and necessary
of the scholar6 (mainly letters send and received by Tocilescu during his life),
documents as well as kept at the Romanian Academy’s Library.
The image and amplitude of the activity undertaken by Tocilescu in the field
of historic research, as well as on the public life of Romania towards the end
of the 19th century are magistrally completed by some other documents found
nowadays in the funds of the Archive of the Museum of National Antiquities
and the Photo Archive of the “Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology in
Bucharest7. Thus, even only for one moment, the contemporary researcher has
the possibility to know – to a certain partial degree – the professional interests
of Tocilescu, as well to take a glimpse to his personality or his involvement in the
political millieu8 of Romania at that times, along with the academic exchange
and network built by him, especially after 1877, with the European scholarly
world in the field of classical history and epigraphy. Privileged observers of a
pioneering epoch for the historic research, one can discover by this priceless
documentary funds – only selectively used to date – a dynamic personality
with relevant European connections, on the same time sensitive and resolute
in his opinions, both vulnerable in front of the attacks launched by his detrac-
tors, and appreciated and promoted by fellow contemporaries.
6
The largest part of the scholar’s correspondence is reunited under different class numbers, as
follows: The Library of the Romanian Academy, the Manuscripts Department, Fund Personal
archive Grigore Tocilescu, I Varia 1, I Varia 2, I acte 1–4, II varia 1, II varia 1, II varia 2, II varia 3, III
varia 1, III varia 2, III varia 3, III varia 4, IV varia 1, IV varia 2, and V impr. 7 (see also The Archive
Dimitrie Papazoglu). Besides these tomes, containing both letters and documents, there are other
two lots of letters: Passive correspondence – 19 letters, joint under various class number such as
S1–11, 20, 27, 30/XCIII, followed by supplementary class numbers; Active correspondence – 145
letters, gathered under various class number such as S12–26, 29, 36, 38, 40, 42 (especially letters
without date and place), 54, 73, 77, 82, followed by supplementary class numbers. For detailes
about the content of this documentary fund, see Annex 1 in this article.
7
In the absence of a dedicated archive fund for Gr. Tocilescu, the documents concerning his
activity as director of the Museum of National Antiquities, the predecessor of the “Vasile Pârvan”
Institute of Archaeology in Bucharest, are identified in the file of the museum’s secretariat
coressponding to the years when he held this position, respectively from 1881 to 1909 – the
“Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology, the Archive of the Museum of National Antiquities, D5
(1881)–D15 (1908–1909).
8
After 1880, Tocilescu helds a series of public and political positions: 1881–1885 (general secretary
of the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education), 1885–1890 (general inspector for
education), after 1888, on various moments, senator ellected on the lists of the Conservative Party,
especially under the presidency of Lascăr Catargiu, on the II Ilfov college – according to *** 1910
(unknown author), 11; Vulpe 1959, 608–609; Avram 1992, 140; Barbu/Schuster 2005, 80–81.
64 Irina Achim, Corina Borș
manuscripts (three tomes), kept in the The Library of the Romanian Academy, the Manuscripts
Department, Mss. Rom. 5148 I–II / title: Studii, extrase, însemnări cu privire la viața și opera lui
D. Cantemir, din timpul cercetărilor în Rusia, trimis de către Societatea Academică Română pentru
pregătirea unei ed. de opere ale marelui savant and Mss. Rom. 5168/ title: Cursuri și însemnări de
arheologie, istorie veche și lb. romanice, precum și note despre D. Cantemir. For a brief description of
these documents, see Ștrempel 1992, 219, 224.
18
Vulpe 1959, 608.
19
*** 1910 (unknown author), 10; Vulpe 1959, 608; Avram 1992, 140.
20
The minute for hand over / reception between the two conservators, preserved in original
“Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology, the Archive of the Museum of National Antiquities,
attestes that Gr. Tocilescu commenced his work as director of this institution on March 1st, 1881;
see Ștefan 1984, 110, note 4; Barbu/Schuster 2005, 25, note 32, fig. 40.
21
The Library of the Romanian Academy, the Manuscripts Department, Fund Personal archive
Grigore Tocilescu, III varia 3, f. 81, document with the mention Berlin, 20 April 1893.
22
Ștefan 1984, 119–120, notes 61–65, with earlier references.
23
Barnea 1979, 15–24; Ștrempel 1992, 215 – Mss. Rom. 5128, 5129, 5130; Achim 2007, 196, note 3.
66 Irina Achim, Corina Borș
During the first phase, stretching from 1882 – when he visited the area for
the first time and 1890 – when the first stage of the excavations in here were
concluded, he undertook a series of archaeological investigations upon this
representative monument for the Roman provincial art24 (Fig. 2–3).
In order to achieve the ambitious aims of his project, Tocilescu looked for
the support of two Austrian and German scholars of that time, Georg Niemann
(1841–1912) and Otto Benndorf (1838–1907). In 1890, Tocilescu and Niemann
signed the contract25 for cooperation and editing of the archaeological campaigns’
results. The results of the first campaigns of excavations at Adamclisi were pub-
lished as a bilingual volume26 (Romanian and German) at Vienna, in 1895, as a
direct outcome of the collaboration of the architect, archaeologist and art his-
torian Georg Niemann and of the archaeologist and epigraphist Otto Benndorf.
Up to year 1900, Tocilescu had an intense correspondence with Niemann and
Benndorf on this subject, as prooven by the letters kept in the collections of the
Romanian Academy’s Library27: more than 15 letters send by Benndorf28 from
1894 to 1899, and about 20 other letters send by Niemann29 (from 1890 to 1906).
The second stage of the archaeological works of Tocilescu at Adamclisi
commenced immediately after 1890, when his scientific interest foccused on
the Roman city situated southwest of the triumphal monument. There were 12
campaings organised in here with certain breaks, up to 1909, when Tocilescu
died.
His investigations on the ruins of Tropaeum Traiani, the so-called Pompeii
of Dobruja30, opened a new chapter for the archaeological excavations in
Romania. In order to organised as well as possible the excavations, he decided
to develop the cooperation with technical staff with high qualification – engin-
ners, architects, topographers, designers, whom he hired by contracts for coor-
dinating specific work on the archaeological site. For the large-scale works, he
employed both soldiers from military units located nearby the site, throughout
a cooperation with the War Ministry, as well as civilian workers.
24
Barbu/Schuster 2005, 113–125.
25
Written in French, in two exemplaries, the contract stipulated among its clauses the intention
of the two scholars to excavate the ancient fortress form Adamclisi, indicate the modalities of
payment and the amount to be paid for the professional services of the German architect – see
Achim 2007, 197, note 8, 207–208 (Annex 1).
26
Tocilescu 1895.
27
The Library of the Romanian Academy, the Manuscripts Department, Fund Personal archive
Grigore Tocilescu, III varia 3 and III varia 4.
28
Barbu/Schuster 2005, 211–215.
29
Barbu/Schuster 2005, 215–216. One of the latest letters addressed by Niemann to Tocilescu
dates from May 7th, 1906 – according to the Library of the Romanian Academy, the Manuscripts
Department, Fund Personal archive Grigore Tocilescu, III varia 4, f. 63 recto/verso.
30
Barbu/Schuster 2005, 1576, no. 83.
Grigore Tocilescu – a Pioneer of Romanian Archaeology in a European Perspective 67
One of the close collaborators of Tocilescu was Pamfil Polonic, who partici-
pated in 1892 and 1893 to the excavations at Adamclisi31. The personal archive
of Pamfil Polonic, kept in the collections of the Romanian Academy’s Library,
allows us to document how this military engineer and topographer made the
topographic survey of the ancient town and of the surrounding area, coordinated
the works on the archaeological site and had the correspondence with Tocilescu.
In 1895 and 1896, the management of the archaeological excavation was
undertaken by the architects Heinrich Jacobi32 (from Homburg) and J. Fakler
(from Bucharest). Five letters dating from 1895 to 1909 existing in the corre-
spondence archive of Tocilescu kept in the collections of Library the Romanian
Academy33, unvails the correct professional relationship between the young
architect Jacobi and professor Tocilescu. Most probably, this cooperation was
based on the friedship and admiration Tocilescu had for the works of Jacobi’s
father, Louis34 (1836–1910), at the Roman fortress of Saalburg. Aside the tech-
nical excavation reports drafted by Heinrich Jacobi about his work stage at
Adamclisi35, in the archive funds of the “Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology
in Bucharest is preserved a set of photos made by him in here, in 189636.
In 1906 the technical management of the excavations at Adamclisi was
given by Tocilescu to the German architect Gustav von Cube37 (from München),
who investigated in only one campaign the basilica B and its baptistery. A set of
five letters (see in detail Annex 2) in the collections of the Romanian Academy’s
Library38 (Fig. 4), as well as the excavation journal and the detailed report pre-
31
Barnea 1979, 18–19; Achim 2007, 198–200.
32
Heinrich Christian Jacobi (1866–1946) was a German architect and archaeologist. For data
about his activity in Dobruja, at Adamclisi, see Barnea 1979, 19; Barbu/Schuster 2005, 216–
219; Achim 2007, 198, 200; Moneta 2017, 153–158.
33
The Library of the Romanian Academy, the Manuscripts Department, Fund Personal archive
Grigore Tocilescu, III varia 3, f. 157; f. 159; f. 161; f. 163; f. 166–167.
34
For detailed information about the prodigious activity of this German architect, see
Dölemeyer 2010. A series of references on the relations of Tocilescu with the two Jacobi
architecs are to be found in a manuscript kept at the Library of the Romanian Academy, the
Manuscripts Department, Mss. Rom. 5139, entitled Comunicări, studii și inf. arheologice, unele
dintre ele prezentate la Academia Română, altele în brouillon, sau fragmentare, f. 214–219, especially
218–219 – the text entitled Despre castelul roman Saalburg, castrul Carnuntum și cercetările asupra
limesului roman în Germania și Austria (Comunicațiune făcută la Academia Română, ședința de
la 8 decembrie 1900).
35
The Library of the Romanian Academy, the Manuscripts Department, Mss. Rom. 5129, f.
29–58, reports written in German, corresponding to the year 1895. See also the comments about
these technical reports made by Barbu/Schuster 2005, 217–219.
36
The “Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology, The Archive of the Museum of National
Antiquities, Photo folder H. Jacobi, Adamklissi, 1896.
37
Netzhammer 2005, 110-111: the archbischop notes in his diary that von Cube was accompanied
at the excavations by his assistent, a certain Harrer; Achim 2007, 201–203.
38
The Library of the Romanian Academy, the Manuscripts Department, Fund Personal archive
68 Irina Achim, Corina Borș
epigraphic finds from Dacia, Dobrouja and Moesia, these data being published
in Archäologisch-epigraphische Mitteilungen aus Österreich-Ungarn, the schol-
arly review edited by Eugen Bormann and Otto Benndorf.
In the collections of the Romanian Academy’s Library are preserved
numerous letters received46 in time by Tocilescu, documents which testimony
his immense professional prestige, but also his activity as museum manager
and university professor in Bucharest. From 1879 to 1909 he had an intense
correspondence with numerous scholars accros Europe, like Otto Hirschfeld,
Otto Benndorf, Georg Niemann, Alfred von Domaszewski, Franz Cumont
indirectly (pupil of Oto Benndorf and Alfred von Domaszewski, who under-
took two travels in Romania47, in 1890 and 1893 for the repertory of Mithraic
monuments), Alexander Conze, Hermann Dessau, Adolf Furtwängler, Conrad
Cichorius, Gabriel Téglás48, Paul Reinecke, Antoine Héron de Villefosse, Angelo
de Gubernatis, Hermann Škorpil49.
Also, he had an intense exchange of letters with various academic and pub-
lic institutions, such as Musée de Louvre, Société française d’archéologie50, Musée
de Belgrade51, Römische-Germanisch Central-Museum Mainz, Orientalisches
Institut in Wien, Association pour l’enseignement des sciences anthropologiques52,
Comitato esecutivo per le feste commemorative del 1911 in Roma53, Ministère du
46
The Library of the Romanian Academy, the Manuscripts Department, Fund Personal archive
Grigore Tocilescu, III varia 3, III varia 4.
47
Popescu 2000, 29–30, note 47, 40–4, letter addressed by Cumont to his father from Vienna, in
July 1890. Out of this letter, we find out that during his first trip to Romania, in 1890, F. Cumont
travelled to Bucharest for documentation, having the opportunity to work in the library and
the deposits from the Museum of National Antiquities. The ironic tone of the young pupil
of Benndorf let us to understand that Tocilescu gave little or no support to his researches: //
Benndorf m’engageait vivement à pousser jusqu’à Bucarest par Kronstadt et à revenir de là sur Orsova
– il m’a même donné une lettre pour le directeur du musée qui porte le nom harmonieux de Torcilescu
(sic!) (ne pas lire Torčmilescu) //.
48
The Library of the Romanian Academy, the Manuscripts Department, Fund Personal archive
Grigore Tocilescu, III varia 4, f. 96–97, letter addressed by Téglás to Tocilescu, from Deva, on
April 30th, 1902; f. 98–99, letter addressed by Téglás to Tocilescu, from Deva, on June 18th (?),
1902.
49
The Library of the Romanian Academy, the Manuscripts Department, Fund Personal archive
Grigore Tocilescu, III varia 4, f. 85, postcard send by H. Škorpil lui Tocilescu, from Roustschuk
(Rusciuk, in Bulgaria), on February 26th, 1902.
50
The Library of the Romanian Academy, the Manuscripts Department, Fund Personal archive
Grigore Tocilescu, III varia 4, f. 21–22, corespondence from Compiègne, on June 29th, 1894.
51
The Library of the Romanian Academy, the Manuscripts Department, Fund Personal archive
Grigore Tocilescu, III varia 4, f. 127–128, correspondence on December 16, 1903.
52
The Library of the Romanian Academy, the Manuscripts Department, Fund Personal archive
Grigore Tocilescu, III varia 4, f. 27–28, correspondence from Saint-Germain-en-Laye, on June
29th, 1894.
53
The Library of the Romanian Academy, the Manuscripts Department, Fund Personal archive
Grigore Tocilescu, III varia 4, f. 83, typewritten document from Rome, on July 17th, 1909.
70 Irina Achim, Corina Borș
of this academic visit abroad – the dinner in honour of the Romanian students
at the Zappeion Megaron59 (held on August 31), as well as the one offered by the
general president of the Athenian Bank, speeches at Patras60 (Fig. 5) and the sci-
entific conference of Tocilescu in front of the statue of Hermes by Praxitelles
at Olympia. From September 3 to September 5, the Romanian students visited
among others, the sites of Eleusis, Megara, Istmia, Corint, Chiato, Xilocastru,
Abratos61. On last day of this trip (September 7), in the morning, in the aula
of the university in Athens, Tocilescu lectured about the monument from
Adamclisi62. The Athenian newspapers and the local ones reported warmly the
visit of the Romanian students led by Tocilescu in Greece63.
*
**
59
Still today, this is an emblematic building in Athens. See details at https://www.greeka.com/
attica/athens/athens-excursions/athens-zappeion-megaron.htm (accessed on 15.10.2017).
60
The Library of the Romanian Academy, the Manuscripts Department, Mss. Rom. 5157
(Excursiune în Grecia în 1901. Descriere, discursuri, corespondență, etc), f. 29; f. 46–47 (the speech of
Gr. Tocilescu held in here).
61
The Library of the Romanian Academy, the Manuscripts Department, Mss. Rom. 5157
(Excursiune în Grecia în 1901. Descriere, discursuri, corespondență, etc), f. 56 (the printed schedule
of the visit to the archaeological sites); f. 174–175.
62
The Library of the Romanian Academy, the Manuscripts Department, Mss. Rom. 5157
(Excursiune în Grecia în 1901. Descriere, discursuri, corespondență, etc.), f. 68.
63
In the Romanian archives are kept a series of the Greek papers (at the beginning and mid-
September 1901) reporting about this academic trip. The Library of the Romanian Academy,
the Manuscripts Department, Mss. Rom. 5157 (Excursiune în Grecia în 1901. Descriere, discursuri,
corespondență, etc.), f. 176–183.
64
Avram 1992, 142–143, takes into discussion Tocilescu’s main field of activities (organising
the archaeological excavations, the field investigations, the epigraphy) and provides a series
of personal arguments about the scientific quality of the scholar’s work. His assertions and
conclusions on this topic are adopted also by Niculescu 2011, 403, notes 94–98.
72 Irina Achim, Corina Borș
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank and express their gratitude to the follow-
ing colleagues, who provided useful data, information and documents for this
article and the subsequent theme of research, namely Cristina Cristescu, cus-
todian of the Manuscripts Department of the Romanian Academy’s Library,
Roxana Dobrescu PhD and Cătălin Nicolae PhD, scientific researchers in
charge with the Archive of the Museum of National Antiquities and the Photo
Archive of the “Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology in Bucharest, as well as
to the Professor Phil Freeman (University of Liverpool, UK).
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Grigore Tocilescu – a Pioneer of Romanian Archaeology in a European Perspective 73
Irina Achim
“Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology
of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest
achimirina@yahoo.com
Corina Borș
National History Museum of Romania, Bucharest
corina.bors73@gmail.com
Grigore Tocilescu – a Pioneer of Romanian Archaeology in a European Perspective 75
Annexes
Annex 1.
FUND GRIGORE TOCILESCU PERSONAL ARCHIVE
THE LIBRARY OF THE ROMANIAN ACADEMY,
THE MANUSCRIPTS DEPARTMENT
14. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1879, December 12, Paris / S 38 (14) / DX I, 61.175.
15. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1879, December 22, Paris / S 38 (15) / DX I, 61.176.
16. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1880, May 26, Paris / S 38 (16) / DX I, 61.177.
17. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1880, June 15, Paris / S 38 (17) / DX I, 61.178.
18. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1880, October 17, Paris / S 38 (18) / DX I, 61.179.
19. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1882, June 16/28, Bucharest / S 38 (19) / DX I, 61.180.
20. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1892, January 23, Bucharest, annex: text about
Tocilescu (fragment) / S 38 (20) / DX I, 61.181–61.182
21. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1892, September 10/22, Bucharest / S 38 (21) / DX I,
61.183.
22. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1895, November 1, Bucharest / S 38 (22) / DX I, 61.184.
23. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1896, June 26, Bucharest / S 38 (23) / DX I, 61.185.
24. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1896, November 8/20, Bucharest / S 38 (24) / DX I,
61.186.
25. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1897, January 5/17, Viena / S 38 (25) / DX I, 61.187.
26. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1897, April, without date, Bucharest / S 38 (26) / DX
I, 61.189.
27. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1897, July 1/23, Bucharest / S 38 (27) / DX I, 61.188.
28. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1901, March 30, Bucharest / S 38 (28) / DX I, 61.190.
29. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1902, March 2, Bucharest / S 38 (29) / DX I, 61.191.
30. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1902, July 21, Bucharest, c.v. / S 38 (30) / DX I, 61.192.
31. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1902, July 17/30, Bucharest / S 38 (31) / DX I, 61.193.
32. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1903, February 22, Bucharest / S 38 (32) / DX I, 61.194.
33. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1903, December 20, Bucharest / S 38 (33) / DX I,
61.195.
34. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1906, December 18, Bucharest / S 38 (34) / DX I,
61.196.
35. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1907, June 13, Bucharest / S 38 (35) / DX I, 61.197.
36. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1907, September 30, Bucharest / S 38 (36) / DX I,
61.198.
37. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, 1908, May 27, Bucharest / S 38 (37) / DX I, 61.199.
38. Tocilescu Grigore to I. Bianu, without date, Bucharest, c.v. / S 38 (38) / DX I, 61.200.
39. Tocilescu Grigore to Teodor Burada, 1882, November 12, Bucharest / S 26 (1) /
XCIII, 166711.
40. Tocilescu Grigore to Teodor Burada, 1883, January 17, Bucharest / S 26 (2) / XCIII,
166712.
41. Tocilescu Grigore to Teodor Burada, 1883, April 16, Bucharest / S 26 (3) / XCIII,
166713.
42. Tocilescu Grigore to Teodor Burada, 1883, May 2, Bucharest / S 26 (4) / XCIII,
166714.
43. Tocilescu Grigore to Lascăr Catargi, 1896, December 10, Bucharest / S 122 /
CCXLVII, 136.642.
44. Tocilescu Grigore to Aron Densuşianu, 1887, October 1, Iaşi / S 12 / XCIII, 71797.
45. Tocilescu Grigore to Mihail Dragomirescu, 1891, July 16, Bucharest / S 54 (1) / X.
46. Tocilescu Grigore to Mihail Dragomirescu, 1891, August 8, Bucharest / S 54 (2) / X.
Grigore Tocilescu – a Pioneer of Romanian Archaeology in a European Perspective 77
47. Tocilescu Grigore to Mihail Dragomirescu, without date, without place / S 54 (3) /
X.
48. Tocilescu Grigore to Ovidia Gănescu, without date, Bucharest / S 13 (1) / XCIII,
134823.
49. Tocilescu Grigore to Ovidia Gănescu, without date, Bucharest; annex: Gănescu
Ovidia to Grigore Tocilescu / S 13 (2) / XCIII, 134824.
50. Tocilescu Grigore to Artur Gorovei, 1893, February 3, Bucharest; observations:
postcard / S 65 / MLXXXVIII, 170491.
51. Tocilescu Grigore to Spiru Haret, 1898, November 22, Bucharest / S 14 / XCIII,
134825.
52. Tocilescu Grigore to Nicolae Kretzulescu, 1878, August 26, without place; observa-
tions: annex facsimiles after the weapons of D. Cantemir and Petru Movilă pre-
served at Kiev / S 13 / DCXCVIII, 174297.
53. Tocilescu Grigore to Nicolae Kreţulescu, 1882, October 10, Bucharest, 2 ff., type-
written copy / S 15 / XCIII, 12544.
54. Tocilescu Grigore to Constantin Litzica, 1906, June 15, f.l. / S 16 / XCIII, 22925.
55. Tocilescu Grigore to Constantin I. Istrati, 1899, July 17, f.l. / S 40 / DCLXXXIII,
92.938.
56. Tocilescu Grigore to dr. Nicolae Lupu, 1900, June 19, without place / S 77 / CXXVIII,
162894.
57. Tocilescu Grigore to Alexandru Macedonski, without date, Bucharest / S 73 / XXX.
58. Tocilescu Grigore to N. Mazăre, 1908, March 4, without place / S 17 (1) / XCIII,
52540.
59. Tocilescu Grigore to N. Mazăre, 1908, May 3, without place / S 17 (2) / XCIII, 52541.
60. Tocilescu Grigore to Iacob Negruzzi, 1901, January 3, without place / S 18 (1) / LII,
11498.
61. Tocilescu Grigore to Iacob Negruzzi, without date, without place / S 18 (2) / LII,
11499.
62. Tocilescu Grigore to Iacob Negruzzi, without date, without place / S 18 (3) / LII,
11500.
63. Tocilescu Grigore to Obreja, dr., 1907, February 1, without place / S 18 (1) / XCIII,
105994.
64. Tocilescu Grigore to Obreja, dr., without date, without place / S 18 (2) / XCIII,
55995.
65. Tocilescu Grigore to Dimitrie Onciul, 1894, April 11, Bucharest / S 45 (1) / XXII.
66. Tocilescu Grigore to Dimitrie Onciul, without date, Bucharest / S 45 (2) / XXII.
67. Tocilescu Grigore to Dionisie Păcuraru, 1909, July 29, without place / S 20 (1) /
XCIII, 89154.
68. Tocilescu Grigore to Dionisie Păcuraru, 1909, August 3, Bucharest / S 20 (2) / XCIII,
89155.
69. Tocilescu Grigore to Dionisie Păcuraru, 1909, August 7, Bucharest / S 20 (3) / XCIII,
89156.
70. Tocilescu Grigore to Dionisie Păcuraru, 1909, August 24, Bad-Nauheim, 3 ff. / S 20
(4) / XCIII, 89157.
78 Irina Achim, Corina Borș
96. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1886, August 6, without place, 1 sheet / S 42 (2) /
CMXXII, 134.828.
97. Oprea P. to Tocilescu Grigore, 1886, August 5, without place, 2 sheets; observations:
annex to S 42 (2) / CMXXII / S 42 (3) / CMXXII, 134.829.
98. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1887, April 20, without place, 1 sheet / S 42 (4) /
CMXXII, 134.830.
99. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1887, June 4, without place, 1 sheet / S 42 (5) /
CMXXII, 134.831.
100. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1893, March 19, Bucharest, 2 sheets; observa-
tions: with numerous notes of D. A. Sturdza / S 42 (6) / CMXXII, 134.832.
101. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1895, November 19, without place, 1 sheet /
S 42 (7) / CMXXII, 134.833.
102. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1896, June 2, without place, 1 sheet / S 42 (8) /
CMXXII, 134.834.
103. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1896, July 14, Canterbury, FR (sic), 2 sheets /
S 42 (9) / CMXXII, 134.835.
104. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1897, May 6, without place, 2 sheets / S 42 (10)
/ CMXXII, 134.836.
105. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1897, October 19, without place, 1 sheet / S 42
(11) / CMXXII, 134.837.
106. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1897, November 1, without place, 1 sheet plus
annex / S 42 (12) / CMXXII, 134.838.
107. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1897, November 28, without place, 2 sheets
plus annex / S 42 (13) / CMXXII, 134.839.
108. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1897, December 26, without place, 1 sheet /
S 42 (14) / CMXXII, 134.840.
109. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1898, July 15, Paris, French language, telegram;
observations: contains also the draft for the answer of D.A. Sturdza / S 42 (15) /
CMXXII, 134.841.
110. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1902, January 19, without place, 1 sheet / S 42
(16) / CMXXII, 134.843.
111. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1900, November 7/20, Berlin, GE, 1 sheet / S 42
(17) / CMXXII, 134.842.
112. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1902, March 5, without place, 4 sheets / S 42
(18) / CMXXII, 134.844.
113. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1902, March 25, without place, 2 sheets plus
annex; observations: annex copy after the denunciation of Al. Tzigara Samurcaş /
S 42 (19) / CMXXII, 134.845.
114. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, without date, without place, 1 sheet / S 42 (20)
/ CMXXII, 74.954.
115. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, without year, December 15, Bucharest, 2 sheets
/ S 42 (21) / CMXXII, 74.953.
116. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1902, July 22, without place, 2 sheet / S 42 (22)
/ CMXXII, 134.846.
80 Irina Achim, Corina Borș
117. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1902, September 17, without place, 2 sheets /
S 42 (23) / CMXXII, 134.847.
118. Tocilescu Grigore to D .A. Sturdza, 1902, September 17, Bucharest, 1 sheet / S 42
(24) / CMXXII, 134.848.
119. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1903, January 10, Bucharest, 2 sheets / S 42 (25)
/ CMXXII, 134.849.
120. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1904, May 18, Bucharest, 2 sheets / S 42 (26) /
CMXXII, 134.850.
121. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, 1904, without date, Bucharest, 1 sheet / S 42
(27) / CMXXII, 134.851.
122. Tocilescu Grigore to D .A. Sturdza, without year, September 4, Cernavodă, cable /
S 42 (28) / CMXXII, 134.852.
123. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, without year, July 21, Craiova, cable / S 42 (29)
/ CMXXII, 134.853.
124. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, without date, Bucharest, 2 sheets / S 42 (30) /
CMXXII, 134.854.
125. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, without year, July 6, Bucharest, cable / S 42 (31)
/ CMXXII, 134.855.
126. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, without date, Bucharest, 1 sheet / S 42 (32) /
CMXXII, 134.856.
127. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, without year, December 25, Bucharest, 2 sheets
/ S 42 (33) / CMXXII, 134.857.
128. Tocilescu Grigore to D .A. Sturdza, without year, December 11, Târgovişte, cable /
S 42 (34) / CMXXII, 134.858.
129. Tocilescu Grigore to D.A. Sturdza, without year, January 11, Bucharest, 1 sheet /
S 42 (35) / CMXXII, 134.859
130. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, without date, Bucharest, 1 sheet / S 42 (36) /
CMXXII, 134.860.
131. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, without year, May 29, Bucharest, 1 sheet / S 42
(37) / CMXXII, 134.861.
132. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, without date, Bucharest, 2 sheets / S 42 (38) /
CMXXII, 134.862.
133. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, without date, Bucharest, 1 sheet / S 42 (39) /
CMXXII, 134.863.
134. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, without date, Bucharest, 1 sheet / S 42 (40) /
CMXXII, 134.864.
135. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, without date, Bucharest, 1 sheet / S 42 (41) /
CMXXII, 134.865.
136. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, without year, July 16, Turnu Severin, cable /
S 42 (42) / CMXXII, 134.866.
137. Tocilescu Grigore to D. A. Sturdza, without date, Bucharest, 1 sheet / S 42 (43) /
CMXXII, 134.867.
138. Tocilescu Grigore to V. A. Urechia, 1881, January 19/31, Paris, 5 pages / S 36 (1) /
DCCLXIV, 117.445.
Grigore Tocilescu – a Pioneer of Romanian Archaeology in a European Perspective 81
139. Tocilescu Grigore to V. A. Urechia, without date, without place / S 36 (2) /
DCCLXIV, 117.245.
140. Tocilescu Grigore to V. A. Urechia, without date, without place / S 36 (3) /
DCCLXIV, 117.246.
141. Tocilescu Grigore to Mihai Vlădescu, 1903, October 25, without place / S 24 (1) /
XCIII, 146542.
142. Tocilescu Grigore to Mihai Vlădescu, 1906, September 28, without place, 4 ff. /
S 24 (2) / XCIII, 147300.
143. Tocilescu Grigore to miss Zaharescu (?), without date, without place / S 29 / XCIII,
30889.
144. Tocilescu Grigore to a canonic, 1902, March 10, Bucharest / S 28 / XCIII, 61201.
145. Tocilescu Grigore to the rector of the University, the Acropolis newsroom, Embros
...., without year, September 23, Constanţa, cable, copy / S 25 XCIII, 134868.
82 Irina Achim, Corina Borș
Annex 2. (Fig. 4.1–4)
The Library of the Romanian Academy, the Manuscripts Department, Fund Personal
archive Grigore Tocilescu, Passive correspondence [S 30(5)/XCIII, 137906; col. mss
220/1985], Letter addressed by the German architect Gustav von Cube to G. Tocilescu65.
Adamklissi, 4. Juli 06
65
The text of the letter was read from German and transcribed by Cristina Alexandrescu, PhD,
member of the “Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology in Bucharest, in the framework of the
AREA Project, on which the institute was partener.
Grigore Tocilescu – a Pioneer of Romanian Archaeology in a European Perspective 83
Platz ging. Ich werde bestärkt in dieser Annahme durch die Aufdeckung einer Apsidalbaues
in einer Entfernung von 2,50 m von der Südhalle der Atriums. Da dieser Baurest zur Hälfte
ausgegraben ist, weiß ich noch nicht welchen Zwecken er diente. Ein Turm ist es nicht, dafür
sind die Mauern zu schwach und außerdem lassen die Apsiden die Viermutung nicht zu. Es
könnte entweder eine Memorie oder ein Baptisterium sein. Letztere Ansicht wird durch den
Fund einer Thonröhrenkanals verstärkt, der
{Note: On the lower left corner are sketched (without graphic scale) the baptistery and
the location of the ones described on the basilica’s plan}
//4//
zur kleinen Öffnung der Nord-Apside führt und [tear of the page, two illegible words]
Mauer endigt. An dieser Stelle muß sich also das Becken befunden haben. Ob er von außen und
innen z[eit]gleich zugänglich war und wir somit ein an monumentalen Brunnen haben, ist
ebenfalls nicht ausgeschloßen. Jedenfalls muß vorläufig jede bestimmte Meinung unterdruckt
werden, bis die vollkommene Freilegung dieser interessanten Baues erfolgt ist. Jedenfalls gibt
uns die ganze Sakralanlage ein vorzüglicher Beispiel altchristlicher Bauentwicklung und
liefert einen wertvollen Beitrag zur Architekturgeschichte jener Zeit. Ein Umstand wirkt sehr
erschwerend bei der Rekonstruktion, das ist die fabelhafte Zerstörung und Verschleppung
der skulptierten und behauenen Bauteile. Säulenfragmente, die offenbar im Langhaus gehö-
ren, fanden sich im Atrium und jetzt wieder vor der südlichen Narthextreppe. Sie müßen
nach der Zerstörung der ersten Kirche z.T. an anderer Stelle ihren Platz gefunden haben,
z.T. sind sie ganz verschleppt worden.
//5//
Das Porticus forensis, wie ich die Halle an der SW-Ecke der Straßenkreuzung benannt
habe, macht schon jetzt, nachdem ein Teil der hineingebauter Bruchsteinmauern jungerer
Epochen verschwunden ist, einen äußerst imposanter Eindruck. Die vollständige Freilegung
wird etwa in 3 Wochen erfolgt sein.
Das Westtor, gegen das ich momentan mit 2 Schienenseringen (?) und in enigen Tagen
mit einem dritten vorgehe, wird bis zu meiner Abfahrt so weit vom äußeren Schutt befreit
sein, daß nun einen Begriff von der mächtigen Fortifikationsanlage bekommen kann.
Meines Erachtens ist überhaupt der Mauerring die pièce de resistance der Cetatea, denn in
Anbetracht ihrer exponierten Lage in einer Gegend, die seit Urzeiten als Durchgangsstraße
der Völker diente müßte die Stadt einen besonderen Wert auf die Befestigungsanlage legen.
Ich habe am nördl. Flankenturm unterhalb der bisher aufgedeckten Mauern noch eine Reihe
weiterer Quaderschichten freigelegt und dabei einen Absatz gefunden, der mit den römischen
Fundamenten in engem Zusammenhang stehen dürfte. Ich werde bis zum Fundamentsohle
vordringen um das Alter der Mauenr bestimmen zu können.
//6//
Sehr erwünscht wäre mit jetzt, wie ich Ihnen bereits in meinem vorigen Briefe schrieb,
ein Ausflug in Ihrer Gesellschaft nach Cernavoda und Constanza um römische
Befestigungsanlagen in der Dorbroudscha zu studieren und dadurch einen Anhaltspunkt für
Adamklissi zu haben. Ich bitte Sie mir zu schreiben, wann Sie zu dieser Excursion Zeit haben.
Zum Schlusse erlaube ich mir Sie um Rückerstattung folgender Auslagen für das Museum
84 Irina Achim, Corina Borș
zu bitten. Da ich den größter Teil der letzten Geldsendung nach Hause geschickt habe, muß
ich damit rechnen.
Holz für Gerüste, Schrauben, Nieten
Eisen für Schienen und Wagons (z.T. Quittung?) 44,90
Dienstfahrten nach Medgidia 17. –
Reparaturen am Hause 8.30
____________
70.20 fcr.
Da ich für die Instandesetzung der Drehscheibe, die dringend erforderlich ist, und für die
[vorsteh]enden Reparaturen, die der sehr schlechte Zustand der Arbeitsmaterials
//7//
erheischt(?), noch mehr Auslagen haben werde und nicht im Stande bin, diese aus meiner
eingenen Taschen zu bezahlen, bitte ich Sie mir einen Dispositionsfond von 100 frcr. Zu
schicken, den ich vor meiner Abreise mit Ihnen verrechnen werde. Ich habe eine große Anzahl
von photographischen Aufnahmen gemacht, die recht gut gelungen sind. Da ich noch viel
photographieren muß, bitte ich um möglichst baldige Zusendung folgenden Sachen:
– 10 Rollen Fils à 6 Aufnahmen, Größe 9x9 für Kodak
– 3 Paketts Solio-Papier 9x12
– 3 „ „ Actino-Papier 9x12
– Für 2 frcr. Filtrierpapier
– 3 Paketts präparierte Postkarten (letztere bitte ich bei der Bezahlung meiner Auslagen
abzurechnen, da Sie für meinen persönlichen Gebrauch sind)
Die photographischen Sachen bekommt man bei Economu&Zlatko Drogue &Coloniale,
Strada Şelari 4, Bukarest.
In der Hoffnung auf baldiger Wiedersehen.
Ihr ergebenster
Dr. von Cube
Grigore Tocilescu – a Pioneer of Romanian Archaeology in a European Perspective 85
Fig. 1. The tile page of the PhD thesis of Grigore Tocilescu, defended at the
Charles University in Prague, in 1876 (“Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology,
the Archive of Museum of National Antiquities, Folder 10, file II).
86 Irina Achim, Corina Borș