IME.

Jorge Iván Arellano Saldaña English 5

SUPERIOR TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE

REGION OF LOS LLANOS REGION

MECHATRONICS
ENGINEERING

IME. Jorge Iván Arellano Saldaña

English 5

Unit: 2

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8°U Mechatronics

Investigation

“The Theory of Time”

Luis Enrique Vaquera Martínez

14B100103

Luis Enrique Vaquera Martínez

Guadalupe Victoria Dgo. Febrero - 2018
IME. Jorge Iván Arellano Saldaña English 5

Investigate “The Theory of Time”

Relativity is considered one of the most successful and well-founded theories that
exist today. One of its most important results is the prediction of the age of the
universe, which according to current observations is estimated at 13.8 billion years.
In this article the basic aspects of the special and general theory of relativity are
presented in an introductory manner. It explains how the idea of space-time emerged
in four dimensions and its consequences for our understanding of nature.

The Earth has an approximate age of 4,470 million years. However, the elements of
which the Earth is composed were formed much earlier, during the first minutes of
the existence of the universe. The estimation of the age of the universe, on the other
hand, is based on a purely theoretical result and currently has a value of 13.798
million years (Misner, Thorne and Wheeler, 1973). This estimation is made through
the application of the theory of relativity in the context of cosmology.

The theory of relativity is considered by most theoretical physicists as one of the

greatest scientific achievements of mankind. Its author, the German physicist Albert
Einstein, was named the most influential man of the twentieth century by the
renowned Time magazine. And is that the ideas of relativity have permeated, over
the course of the last century, virtually all areas of research in both theoretical
physics and experimental physics. Relativity intervenes in all phenomena in which
one of the four forces known so far in Nature directly participates, namely, the
gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak forces.

The predictions of relativity have been the subject of intense studies for many years,
and in order to corroborate the theory in the experiment new technologies have been
developed. As an example we can mention the gravitational waves that were
observed only recently in 2015, more than 100 years after its prediction. The
technology developed to detect gravitational waves allows to measure distance
differences of the order of 10-22 m (distance much smaller than a hydrogen atom),
using even quantum physics effects. A measurement and travel in time will be the
big issues of the third night. Fernando Belizón, captain of the ship (colonel) of the

Luis Enrique Vaquera Martínez

IME. Jorge Iván Arellano Saldaña English 5

Navy, and Mario Toboso, senior scientist of the Higher Council of Scientific Research
(CSIC), who will analyze how time has been measured throughout history from the
ancient Mayan calendars to the current high precision atomic standards. This day
will also be treated the increasingly possible journey in time. "The closer we get to
the speed of light, the more possible it is, at least theoretically," as Alberdi explains.

The direction of time will be the protagonist of the last night. Miguel Ángel Sabadell
and Jesús Tresguerres will analyze The Arrow of Time. The passage of time
indicates a sense in the evolution of things. Thus, we remember our past but not our
future: it is the arrow of psychological time. Can we define something similar in
physics? Why is it possible to see how a glass breaks and not the reverse direction
of recomposing the crystals?

The cyclic dance of the stars marks the pattern of the calendars. The Earth takes
365.25 days to go around the Sun, so we measure the time in cycles composed of
three years of 365 days and another leap of 366. Astronomers use this division to
study periods of thousands of years and gig years (each is equivalent to a billion
years). The life of the stars and the age of the universe are periods that adapt well
to this scale.

But a careful measurement confirms that 365.25 days is too round a figure to be
exact. You can take the Sun as a reference or look at the other stars. The result
varies in both cases. The time that elapses between two steps of the Astro Rey by
the meridian is equivalent to a solar day, whereas the time taken by a star to occupy
the same position in the sky with respect to the previous day is known as a sidereal
day. The latter is 4 minutes shorter. The same principle is used to discern between
the solar year and the sidereal year. The first lasts 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes
and 45.9 seconds, while the sidereal is 20 minutes longer.

This mismatch is due to the precession movement of the Earth. The North Pole is
not fixed, but it describes a wide circle every 25,776 years: each round is called the
Platonic year. The movement causes the point of the space that marks the north of
the Earth, from which the coordinates are defined, to move slowly over the millennia.

Luis Enrique Vaquera Martínez

IME. Jorge Iván Arellano Saldaña English 5

The extra 20 minutes of the sidereal year correspond to the time it takes the Earth
to recover the deviation accumulated each solar year because of the precession
movement. Finally, it can also be measured according to the time between two
successive steps of the Earth by its perihelion. This period is 4 minutes longer than
the sidereal year, and is called the anomalistic year. The orbital waltz of the Earth
and the Sun marks the passage of days and years that we clearly perceive, but only
astronomical observations can reveal an even greater dance that is celebrated in
our own galaxy.

Our Solar System goes around the galactic center every 225 million solar years.
Each turn is a galactic year, which is a difficult measure to understand. "There are
certain uncertainties about the duration of the galactic year, because the Sun could
slow down when passing through an area of higher density and accelerate in other
regions, but it is between 225 and 250 million years ago," says Gorgas. The Earth
and the Sun have about 20 galactic years, and the universe, about 60.

The Moon was formed shortly after the first galactic year of life of our planet. The
Earth's crust solidified towards its third galactic year, and in the fifth, with more than
a billion solar years behind it, the Earth welcomed the first prokaryotic cells. The
eukaryotes, those that have a nucleus and are the ones that organize the complex
life forms, arrived seven galactic years later. The hominids broke into history shortly
before Earth turned 20 galactic years, or 4.5 billion years ago now. But although
astronomers move comfortably in thousands of years and in gig years, there are also
shorter scales that require more accurate measurements.

"It is complex to measure the passage of time very carefully," says Gorgas. The
Earth does not always turn at the same speed with respect to the Sun, and the effects
of the gravity of the Moon influence its travel and, therefore, in the duration of the
day, even if it is only seconds. Therefore, for practical purposes, atomic clocks are
used.

"The second can be defined by the half-lives of the radioactive elements or based
on basic questions of physics that are the same throughout the universe," explains

Luis Enrique Vaquera Martínez

IME. Jorge Iván Arellano Saldaña English 5

Gorgas. And atomic clocks provide the necessary precision to account for
phenomena such as pulsars, which are neutron stars that are spinning in periods of
thousandths of a second.

But even the second one is not final. As the theory of relativity predicts, time
advances more or less quickly depending on the speed of the observer with respect
to the object and the force of gravity. "It's something that worries modern physics,"
admits Gorgas. For that reason, they all look towards the origin of the universe, when
the laws that govern the large scales and the smallest of quantum physics coexisted
for a moment. Maybe there are the keys to unravel that partner that all claim to
understand, but do not know how to define it. Knowing if you are willing to make
yourself known relatively soon in an experiment you are currently doing is a matter
of time.

The time would pass slower for an astronaut to fly at the speed of light than for the
pilot of a sports car. If you are given the choice, it is a good option to work on the
higher floors of the building, since gravity weighs on the hands of the clock and
makes them move more slowly on the lower floors. The same effect, predicted by
the theory of relativity, is more surprising in space. "Near very massive objects, like
neutron stars, time slows down, and near a black hole it stops altogether"

One of the conclusions that emerges from Einstein's theory of relativity is that time
is, of course, relative: it depends on the speed at which an observer moves in space,
which is why it is considered part of a compound called time-space. Here Einstein
had already sketched something that is recently being openly stated saying that it is
the mind that creates time. Time does not exist independently of perception.

For human beings, time moves in a unique direction that goes from anticipation to
experience and memory. Apparently time progresses linearly from the past to the
future, leaving tangible consequences. This conventionally seems undeniable,
however, from the perspective of physics, these three times are actually the same.
In scientific terms, the laws of physics are temporarily reversible, which means that
the same effects occur nonetheless if time runs forward or backward.

Luis Enrique Vaquera Martínez

IME. Jorge Iván Arellano Saldaña English 5

Some physicists explain the direction of the arrow of time as an emergent property
of the particle interaction at the quantum level. This means, at a certain point, that
when they begin to interact with larger objects, the strange properties of the quantum
world lose coherence and decrease the likelihood that they can exist in two places
at the same time (overlap) and things like that (like the spooky action at a distance
of quantum entanglement). It is at this point, when the strange behavior of subatomic
particles dissolves, that time emerges as a considerable mathematical feature of the
universe. This is explained by physics through the Wheeler-DeWitt equation. The
equation holds that gravity forces subatomic particles to behave in a classical
manner, so to speak, allowing the solid, predictable, linear universe we observe to
emerge.

The alchemist, Egyptologist and neopitagórico philosopher René A. Schwaller de

Lubicz, considers that all the universe is not more than what it calls the cosmic event,
the same creation that is equal to the eternity, which we perceive from the multiplicity
and the separation as a series of concatenated events (like time) being all a single
moment, which calls the passage from One to Two. "Genesis appears to us as time,"
says Schwaller. In other words, if our perception was not conditioned by the subject-
object division, we would perceive the totality of the universe giving birth (and
annihilating) itself all the time.

In the present everything is intermingled, including all the instants of the genesis of
all things. This present is an unobjectible dimension that contains all the volumes.
From the perspective of space, it is necessity that causes things to exist under
certain conditions; it is also, in the sense of time, the immanent possibility in each
object every moment. Thus, Creation is constant in esotericism, but for exoterism it
is located "In the beginning ...".

The philosopher Manly P. Hall said in one of his readings that "time is born from the
mind observing space (" Time is born from Mind looking at Space "). This seems to
be a gloss of Hermetic and Neoplatonic philosophy, where the nous is the diffusion
of space and therefore time is the self-reflexive activity of the mind, spontaneous
creativity that is reified as a succession of separate objects, by losing the notion of

Luis Enrique Vaquera Martínez

IME. Jorge Iván Arellano Saldaña English 5

indivisible unity by the darkening of consciousness blurred by the This is also the
same moment of creation, according to the Poimandres, the primordial man, who is
only archetype, who looks at himself in the mirror of space and detonates the plot of
the fall by the spheres and the subsequent ascent or return to the source, all as a
great illusion, mirage, redivive narcissism In the Timaeus, Plato suggests that space
and mind are intertwined and form the relationship of time:

For if we had not seen the stars, the Sun and the sky, none of the words with which
we have described the universe would have been said. The vision of day and night,
the months and the revolutions of the years, have created the number, and they
have given us a concept of time and the power to investigate the nature of the
universe; and from this source we have derived the philosophy ...

The idea expressed here of a space-time-mind relativity was conceived by Jung in

his book Synchronicity, where he states that phenomena such as astrology or
telepathy could be explained not so much as a phenomenon of subtle energy but
through the concept of Unus Mundi, the unity of the mind and space-time.

As I said, it is impossible, with our current resources, to explain extrasensory

perception, or the fact of significant coincidence, as an energy phenomenon. This
ends with the causal explanation also, since an "effect" can’t be understood except
as an energy phenomenon. So it can’t be a matter of cause and effect, but of falling
together in time, a type of simultaneity ... I consider that synchronicity is a relativity
of psychically conditioned time and space.

A detailed look at the Sanskrit word Maya, can make us understand this relationship,
which echoes the interdependence between the observer and the observed, which
is part of the epistemology of quantum physics. It is in the measurement where time
arises and not without it. The word Maya curiously has an etymological richness that
relates it both with measurement, matter and magic or illusion. Ananda
Coomaraswamy says that Maya is:

The maternal measurement and essentially means the manifestation of a world of

appearances, quantitative and in a certain "material" sense, by which we can be

Luis Enrique Vaquera Martínez

IME. Jorge Iván Arellano Saldaña English 5

enchanted or enlightened to the extent of our own maturity. Thus, measurement is

the mother of matter: the birth of the apparent world of separate things that extend
into space and time.

We can think of Maya as the illusion of time. This illusion can be perceived as the
world of samsara, the suffering generated by separation, death, old age, disease, as
in Greek mythology, like Cronus, the cruel deity who devours all his children. Or it
can be understood as an insubstantial magical spectacle, a dream that has the
possibility of becoming lucid and awakening to the aesthetic enjoyment, the infinite
potentiality of the mind to manifest as anything always. This last aspect is between
Tantrism, especially it is defended by Tantric Shivaism, where Maya is the name of
one of the tattvas (aspects or principles of the divinity that manifests itself as the
world) and one of the shaktis or powers of this divinity that is non-dual absolute
consciousness. Thus, the whole illusion of time is pure delight. We can think of Maya
in her goddess aspect, the goddess with whom she covers the absolute
consciousness that is only light, thus manifesting herself in a game of seduction and
recognition as an erotic adventure the size of the universe.

The time machine: The Tipler Cylinder

This theory, developed by the physicist Frank J. Tipler in 1974, involves a rotating
cylinder of high density and infinite length that would rotate on its axis at a speed
close to that of light, thus creating an extreme gravitational attraction that would allow
to return to the past, since it would attract light and all kinds of matter in contact with
it to a path in the form of a closed loop, which is known as a closed time-type curve
that causes an object to return to the space-time from which it started, as published
by the Agency for Innovation and Development.

Empty donut shaped

The Israeli scientist Amos Ori believes that he has solved one of the greatest
difficulties in traveling through time, since his theory does not require exotic matter
and uses the void that exists in space to travel through time. Your machine could be
built by a civilization more advanced than ours within 100 or 200 years.

Luis Enrique Vaquera Martínez

IME. Jorge Iván Arellano Saldaña English 5

Ori's machine relies on Einstein's theories to affirm that space can be curved in the
shape of a donut until it creates an internal gravity field capable of dragging along
with it the next space and time. He adds that mathematics shows that every period
of time, from the moment that this field of gravity is created up to the present, is
found in its interior and that the only thing that remains is to calculate how to reach
that point.

Exotic matter

Physicists define exotic matter as matter that does not comply with one or more of
the laws of conventional physics, such as having mass or negative energy. Scientists
suggest that tachyons - particles that travel faster than the speed of light - are not
able to interact with ordinary matter. But the appearance of negative energy or mass
proves the existence of exotic matter. Such an event can twist space-time and give
access to incredible events: the appearance of tunnels that connect the universe,
warp propellers, which accelerate faster than the speed of light, and therefore the
time machine.

The cosmic strings. They represent a series of hypothetical topological (spatial) one-
dimensional defects in the fabric of space-time that are the product of the formation
of the universe. Thanks to them, you can create closed time curves that would allow
you to travel to the past. To build a time machine of this type, it is proposed to use
the cosmic strings. In theory, the convergence of two strings with each other or with
a black hole will provide a series of "closed curves of similar time". And if the
movement of a space ship in the form of 'eight' around two infinitely long strings is
accurately calculated, in theory it would be possible to move anywhere. Through a
black Hole-Perhaps the most incredible impact over time is generated by black
holes, since they manage to slow it down like no other known force. In their essence,
they are natural time machines. And if the mission of overflight of a black hole was
commanded from the Earth, the time to complete an orbit around the hole would be
16 minutes, while the brave on board the ship would have been exposed to a
decrease at half the step of the elapsed time, that is, only 8 minutes.

Luis Enrique Vaquera Martínez

IME. Jorge Iván Arellano Saldaña English 5

Luis Enrique Vaquera Martínez