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Oscillatore Armonico 1D
r r
1 mω 1 1
+ mω 1
a= √ X + i√ P a =√ X − i√ P [a, a+ ] = 1
2 ~ mω~ 2 ~ mω~
√ √
N = a+ a N |n >= n|n > (n = 0, 1, 2, ...) a|n >= n|n − 1i a+ |n >= n + 1|n + 1i
1/4
β2
r
1 2 2 mω
ϕn (x) = √ Hn (βx) e−β x /2 β=
π 2n n! ~
Momenti Angolari
[Ji , Jj ] = i~ijk Jk (i, j, k, = 1, 2, 3) [J 2 , Ji ] = 0 J± = J1 ± iJ2
p
J 2 |j, mi = ~2 j(j +1)|j, mi J3 |j, mi = ~m|j, mi J± |j, mi = ~ j(j + 1) − m(m ± 1)|j, m±1i
spin 1/2
~ 0 1 ~ 0 -i ~ 1 0
J1 = J2 = J3 =
2 1 0 2 i 0 2 0 -1
spin 1
0 1 0 0 -i 0 1 0 0
~ ~
J1 = √ 1 0 1 J2 = √ i 0 -i J3 = ~ 0 0 0
2 0 1 0 2 0 i 0 0 0 -1
Atomo di Idrogeno
autovalori e autofunzioni dell’hamiltoniano (elettrone senza spin e non-relativistico)
EI e2 ~2
En = − EI = me c2 α2 α= a0 = ϕnlm (r, θ, ϕ) = Rnl (r)Ylm (θ, ϕ)
n2 ~c me e2
2 2 r 1 1 r −r/2a0
R1,0 (r) = e−r/a0 R2,0 (r) = 1− e−r/2a0 R2,1 (r) = √ e
(a0 )3/2 (2a0 )3/2 2a0 (2a0 ) 3/2 3 a0
Teoria delle perturbazioni (spettro discreto e non degenere)
H = H0 + W H0 |En0 i = En0 |En0 i
X Wmn
En = En0 + Wnn + ... |En i = |En0 i − |E 0 i + ... 0
Wmn = hEm |W |En0 i
E0 − En0 m
m6=n m