C0NTENT

 Introduction
 Definition
 Application
 Real life application
 conclusion
 References
A differential equation is a mathematical equations that
relates some function with its derivatives. In
applications, the functions usually represent physical
quantities, the derivatives represent their rates of change,
and the equation defines a relationship between the two.
There are two type of diff. eq.
1.) ordinary differential equation
2.)partial differential equation
Differential equation is an equation involving an
unknown function and its derivatives.
Ordinary Differential equation is differential equation
involving one independent variable and its differentials
are ordinary.
Partial Differential equation is differential equation
involving two or more independent variables and its
differentials are partial.
Application of differential equations:
We use diff. equations in mass-spring-damper system ,
also use to check the system stability . It is used to study
simple harmonic motion . we can study about exponential
growth and decay with the help of ordinary diff. equations.
Applications in fluid dynamics - Design of containers and
funnels
● Applications in heat conduction analysis - Design of
heat spreaders in microelectronics
● Applications in combined heat conduction and
convection - Design of heating and cooling chambers
● Applications in rigid-body dynamic analysis
DEs are also used to formulate problems involving
functions of several variables, and are either solved by
hand, or used to create a relevant computer model.
PDEs can be used to describe a wide variety of phenomena
such as sound, heat, electrostatics, electrodynamics, fluid
flow, elasticity, or quantum mechanics. These seemingly
distinct physical phenomena can be formalised similarly
in terms of PDEs. Just as ordinary differential equations
often model one-dimensional dynamical systems, partial
differential equations often model multidimensional
systems. PDEs find their generalisation in stochastic
partial differential equations.
Surface integrals involving
vectors
 An integral which is to be evaluated over a surface
which is called surface integral.
 The unit normal
 For the surface of any three-dimensional shape, it
is possible to find a vector lying perpendicular to
the surface and with magnitude 1. The unit vector
points outwards from the surface and is usually
denoted by ˆn.
 Surface integral have applications in physics , particularly with
the theories of classical electromagnetism

The definition of surface integral relies on splitting the surface

into small surface elements.

An illustration of a single surface element. These elements are

made infinitesimally small, by the limiting process, so as to
approximate the surface
2. Volume integrals involving
vectors

An integral which is to be evaluated over a volume is called

volume integral.
 Integrating a scalar function of a vector over a volume is
essentially the same procedure .
 The volume element dV may be considered as dx,dy,dz.
However, the scalar function may be the divergence of a
vector functions.
 In coordinates

It can also mean a triple integral within a f(x,y,z),region

D in R of a function and is usually written as :

∫∫∫ f(x,y,z)dx dy dz
D
 The process of simple integral is done with respect to a single
variable. let us explain the concept of surface integral with a
practical example:
 Suppose water flows through a pipe in a direction normal to the
area of cross section of the pipe. The rate of volume of water
passes through the pipe(q) is the product of velocity of the water
flow(v) and the area(A) of the cross section. In simple cases, the
flow rate is calculated as
Q=VxA
And it is constant at any cross section if the area of cross section
is uniform throughout. But ,if the area varies in a functional
form ,then find the water flow at a particular cross section dA
and integrated between two given points of the pipe, further the
velocity of the water also may be a function of an variable
connected to the location of the area.
So in reality ,the volume rate is the ‘ integral of velocity function
with respect to the surface area of the pipe’.
 So in reality ,the volume rate is the ‘ integral of
velocity function with respect to the surface area of
the pipe’.
 Surface integral play important role in the field of
physics when we have to calculate the flux of a field
effect that passes through a given area.
An Example of a volume integral : mass of
water in a reservoir
 An example showing how the force on a dam can be represented by a
double integral. Suppose, instead of the total force on the dam, an
engineer wishes to find the total mass of water in the reservoir behind
the dam. The mass of a little element of water (dimensions δx in length,
δy in breadth and δz in height) with density ρ is given by ρδzδyδx (i.e.
the mass of the element is given by its density multiplied by its volume).
 The density may vary at different parts of the reservoir e.g. due to
temperature variations and the water expanding at higher
temperatures. It is important to realize that the density ρ may be a
function of all three variables, x, y and z.
Application of multiple Integrals
Applications of multiple integrals are to find areas and
volume of various bodies just by taking a little part of
them into consideration. And this is applicable in
various field like while preparing a machine ,or the
parts to fitted in any machine its size and volume etc.
are very important.
Application of differential equation in
engineering
 1. Modeling with first order equations
 Applying Newton’s law of cooling
we introduced Newton’s law of cooling. The model
equation is d/dt = −k( θ− θs) θ= θ0 at t = 0
 where θ= θ(t) is the temperature of the cooling object
at time t, θs the temperature of the environment
(assumed constant) and k is a thermal constant related
to the object, θ0 is the initial temperature of the
liquid.
 Modeling electrical circuits
 Another application of first-order differential equations
arises in the modeling of electrical circuits.
The differential equation for the RL circuit in Figure below
was shown to be
L di/dt+ Ri = E
in which the initial condition is i = 0 at t = 0
Application of multiple integrals in
engineering
 Integrals are used to consider the full body on the basis
of analysis done on a small part of it, but these analysis
are just on a single dimension of any body ,for e.g. if we
take a cuboids it has three dimension i.e. length,
breadth and the height. But by to analysis it we have
consider all of its dimensions, this is where multiple
integrals in applications.
Conclusion
 In this presentation we learn about differential
equation and multiple integrals and their applications.
Differential equation relates function with its
derivatives. Multiple integrals which is to be evaluate
over a surface and volume. Differential equation are
used in R-L circuit and multiple integrals are used in
to find the flux of given area in physics.
Reference
 DAS H K (advanced engg. Mathematics)(page-
no.138)(twenty first edition)
 BALI N P (engineering mathematics),(page-
no.337)(ninth edition)
 Tyagi j k (applied mathematics-I),(page no.122)(first
edition)
 Nayyar Girish (numerical methods),(page
no.9.64)(first edition)
Visited websites
 https://www.khanacademy.org.math
 https://www.scribd.com
 https://in.answers.yahoo.com
 https://math.dartmouth.edu
 http://m.reddit.com
 https://www.boundless.com
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