175str Quirk, Janus Agent

89str Quirk, Passive Gradient

Janus agent postoji kad imamo komplementaciju ili modifikaciju u prep. phrases ˝by (our
offer)˝, ili imamo dva potencialna nosioca statusa ˝agent˝. Može takođe biti u slučaju kada
imamo pripadnost glavnom (logičnom) agentu. Moglo bi se reći, sintaktički, da se Janus agent
prepoznaje kada imamo dva sintaksikča elementa koja mogu da zauzmu nominalno mesto, ergo
postanu subjekti.

A word or a group of words which is the object of a preposition of the passive sentence. It can
become a subject of an active sentence or just remain as the object of the preposition.

Companies substantially cushioned the impact of declining profitability through tax

concessions.

Real or central passive - there is an active counterpart in the active sentence

Semi-passives - have linking verbs (be, seem, become), drugi deo rečenice može da se prepozna
kao verbial ili adjectival
There are, in fact, several prepositions which can introduce agent-like
phrases; notably about, at, over, to, and with

Pseudo-passives/statal passives - participles, no good way to form an active sentence without

changing the tense of the ˝current˝ copular verbs.

Central passives
(a) With expressed agents: [l], [2], [3]
(b) Without exvressed agents: 141
I11 Pseudo-passives
(a) With 'current' copular verbs be, feel, look, etc: [7]
(b) With 'resulting' copular verbs get, become, grow, etc: [g]
(cf 16.21-23 for the terms 'current' and 'resulting'.)

They were assembled around the fire

- agentless central passive, transative, and intransative (someone did or they did it themselves)
- pseudo passive - resulting state, statal

The train was derailed.

- agentless central passive, transative and intransative - John derailed the train.
The train derailed. At least one person was killed and about 25 injured when a passenger train
derailed.
- pseudo-passive - resulting state, statal - John had derailed the train. The train had derailed.