Lacunary Interpolation by Quintic Splines

Author(s): J. Prasad and A. K. Varma

Source: SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, Vol. 16, No. 6 (Dec., 1979), pp. 1075-1079
Published by: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2156657
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SIAM J. NUMER. ANAL. ? 1979 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Vol. 16, No. 6, December 1979 0036-1429/79/1606-0015$01.00/0

LACUNARY INTERPOLATION BY QUINTIC SPLINES*

J. PRASADt AND A. K. VARMAt

Abstract. Here we study the quintic splines satisfying certain conditions and show that the convergence is
of the same order as that of best approximation by quintic C 2 splines.

Introduction. A. Meir and A. Sharma [3], B. K. Swartz and R. S. Varga [4], S.

Demko [2] and A. K. Varma [5], [6] considered special lacunary interpolation problems
by quintic splines. In this paper we consider a related problem. For its description, we
denote by S(2) the class of quintic splines S(x) such that
(i) S(x) E C2[O, 1];
(ii) S(x) is a quintic in each [xi, x,+1), i = 0, 1,., n - 1, where0 = x0 < x1 < x2 <
*<Xn-1 <Xn = 1.
The object of this paper is to obtain error bounds for a class of quintic splines
(namely S(2) ) which interpolate special lacunary data (function values and t
derivative) midway between the spline knots and function values at the knots. Our
method of proof leads to an interesting algorithm for the numerical evaluation of the
interpolatory splines on the basis of the given data. Actually it turns out to be a local
scheme without being designed that way a priori. We now state our main results.
THEOREM 1. Given arbitrary numbers f(x,), i = 0, 1 , n; f'(z1), i =
09 1 ... ** n - 1, p = 0, 3, 2zi = xi +xi+i;f'(xo), f'(xn); there exists a uni
such that

Sn (xi) = f(x,), i = 0, 1, . n.,

(1.1) ~ ~~ S(np)(z,) = tP) (z,), iO1, n-,P=0,3,,

S'n (x o) = f' (x o) S'n (xn )=f (Xn)

THEOREM 2. Let f E C'[O, 1]. Then, for the unique quintic spline Sn(x) asso
with f and satisfying (1.1), we have

(1.2) 1Sn)()-()() 8,18 1-r J(8)9 r = O,, 1, 2, I = 3, 4,, 5,,

(1.3) IS(r)(X) _fr)(X)I -r,666r tmax f6)(X)I r = 0, 1, 1 = 6,

where W( ) denotes the modulus of continuity of ftl), a = max (xi+1 -xi), i

0, 1, . . , n - 1 and ,81 are independent of f and S.

2. Preliminaries. If x(z) is a quintic polynomial on [0, 1], then one can easily see
that

x(z) = x(O)Ao(z) +x(()A (z) + x(1)A2(z)+ x'(O)A3(z)

(2.1)
+X(1 )A4(Z ) + x ...(2)A 5 (z)

where

AO(z) =4z5- 18Z4+26Z3-13Z2+ 1, A2(Z) =AO(1-z),

(2.2) A3(Z) = 2z5 - 7Z4+9Z3 - 5Z2 + z, A4(Z) =-A3(1-Z),

(Z 4 3 + 2)"-2z5+
Ai(z)=16(z4-2Z3+z2) A5(z) 6 5 Z-4 Z+z
* Received by the editors March 17, 1978, and in revised form Decembe
t Department of Mathematics, California State University, Los Angeles, Ca
t Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 3

1075

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 1076 J. PRASAD AND A. K. VARMA

From (2.2) it follows that

Aol(O) = -26 = Alf (1), Ao'(1) = A2'(0) = -6,

(2.3) A'l (0) = A'l (1) = 32, A '(0) =-A"(1) =-10,

A3'(1) = A"'(0) = 0, AA(O) =)-A" (1)= 3

3. Proof of Theorem 1. In order to establish Theorem 1, we need to prove that

there exists a unique Sn(x) S(e2) satisfying the requirements of Theorem 1. For this
purpose we express Sn (x) in the following form. For x = xi + thi, hi = xi +1 - Xi, 0 ' t ' 1
we have

(3.1) ~~~Sn (x) = f(xi )Ao(t) + f(zi )Aj1(t) + f(xi +l)A2(t)

(3.1 ) + hiS' (x )A3(t) + hiS' (xi+ )A4(t) + h3f3''(zi)A5(t).

On account of (2.1) and conditions

(3.2) Sn(0) = f'(0), Sn(1) = f (1)

we see that Sn(x) given by (3.1) does satisfy (1.1) and is quintic in [xi, xi+,] for
=0, 1, , n -1. Moreover Sn(x) E C1[O, 1] no matter how we choose S' (xi) (i =
1, 2, * , n - 1). In order that Sn(X) E C2[0 1], we choose S' (xi) so that

(3.3) S'n (xi +) = S"n (xi- i = 1,) 2, .., n -1.

For this purpose we use (2.1), (2.2) and (3.1) and we obtain

h 2S,' (Xi +) =-26f(x ) + 32f(zi) - 6f(xi +i )

(3.4)h
- OhiS' (x,) + - f"(z),
n 3
hf2S (Xi+-) = -6f(x1) - 26f(xi+i) + 32f(zi)
(3.5)3
+ 1 OhSn' (x
3

On putting these values into (3.3), we obtain (after replacing i by i - 1 in 3.5)

1Ohihi-1(hi + hi-,)S' (xi) = 26(h2 - h21 )f(xi) + 6(h2f(Xi_l) -h2 i(xi+i))

(3.6) +32(h,2_f(zi)- hi_f(z1)) + ' 31 (hi-1f"'(z-1) + hif"'(zi)),

i = 1, 2, n - 1.

These equations determine explicitly S' (xi). This proves Theorem

this formula for S' (xi) is so simple because A"(1) =A'(0) = 0.
4. Some lemmas. In this section, we state and prove a few lemmas which will help
us in arriving at the proof of Theorem 2 and Theorem 3. Throughout C1, C, etc. denote
absolute constants.
LEMMA 4.1. Let f E C [0, 1], then

hhii_l(h 1-2 + h /12)C1(a )

(4.1) I~f'(xi)-S'n(xi)i-_- (hi +hi-,) 1 =3, 4,5.

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 LACUNARY INTERPOLATION 1077

Also, for f E C6[0, 1],

(4.2) Pfxi -hh-(h4

Sn(xi)'C
+h 41) 6 i (hih + hi

Proof. We prove the lemma for f(x) E C3[0, 1]. The proof is similar in the other
cases. From (3.6), we have

10hihi-,(hi + hi_j)(S' (Xi)-f'(Xi))

= 26(h2 - h2_1 )f(xi) - 10hihi-I(hi + hi-1)f'(xi)

P=o p! 33

- 6hi2_1 [ ' ! f"r2J)]

o 2P(x)p!
10h4h.3(h) h~( 1 P) (xi) fh,+(x1
+ 32h2)S
3 = 3
(4.4) 3 i (f"( ) -(X (2P,) - h23,i)

+ i 3l '
where

Xi-1 <77Z i <xi, Xi< 772,i< Xi+l, Xi< 773,i< Zi, Zi-i <774ji< Xi

3 3
But (4.3) is equivalent to

lhihi - 1(hi + hi - ) (S' (Xi) -f' (xi))

(4.4) = ~~32hi3hi-I (f"(773,i) - f"(772,j)) + 3h i h i - (fi'(774,) - ftt(771,J))

+ i -- (f"(zi-1) -ftt(71ij)) + ,_ ff"'(Zi) -f"(rq2,i)).

Now, using the modulus of continuity of f", and the fact that hi > 0, i =0, 1, , n -1,
we obtain from (4.4)

IS' (Xi) )-f'(xi )I- hihi_ - 1 ( f", 8 )

This proves the first part of (4.1) for 1 = 3 with C' = 1/10.
LEMMA 4.2. The following identities are valid:

A0(t)+Aj(t)+A2(t) = 1,
Al (t) + 2A2(t)+ 2A3(t)+ 2A4(t) = 2t,

(4.5) 4A 1 (t) + A2(t)+ 2A4(t) = t2,

8A 1 (t) + A2(t)+3A4(t)+ 6A5(t) =

j-6A,(t) +A2(t)+4A4(t)+ 12A5(t) = t4.

These identities can be easily derived from (2.1) and (2.2).

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 1078 J. PRASAD AND A. K. VARMA

5. Proof of Theorem 2. We will prove Theorem 2 for f E C3[O, 1]. In the other
cases, the proof can be supplied by using appropriate parts of Lemma 4.1 and Lemma
4.2.
Let x =xi+thi, 0Ot' 1, hi =xi+1-xi. Then from (3.1) we obtain

(5.1) hi~~~~~~~2S,
(5.1) h (x) = Ai (t) +,iUi(t),
where

(5.2) Ai(t) = hi[S' (xi) -f'(x)]A(t) + hi[S' (xi+,)-f'(xi+,)]A (t)

and

Ai(t) = f(xi)AX(t) + f(xi+1)A2'(t) +f(zi)A' (t)

+ hif'(x)A ' (t) + hiA '(t)f'(xi+l) + h 3f"'(zi)As'(t).

On using (4.1) for I = 3, we obtain

(5.4) |Ai(t)' C a2hi (hi-, + hi+1)W3(6)

where

a2= max {L3,L4}, Lr= max IA (t)|.

From (5.3) we have

r 2 (Xi)h, h

(5.5) f +iA (t)[o + A f(l3.i)] + htf(x )A(t)

+ gi(t)~
htA.' (t)[f '(x)
~ ~~~~~~77J + hIf"(x1)
3 (ih2+3 "r2EA't + 2"! fi"(t )] + h if(zxi)As (t)

(5.6)

+ h f "(3t) fAx (t) + h f "(75,; )3A(t) + f(zi)A (t).

Here we just used Lemma 4.2 (the first three identities). Since

3!2

we have

+ -All~~~~~~3
f '(xt) =f'(x) - (x -x1)f"(fl6,i) =Af(x) - httf"(r16,i)

(5 .8) = f'(x) )--!f "(r/6 i )[gA (t) + A 2(t) + 3A'4 (t) + 6As' (t)].

Thus from (5.6) and (5.8) we obtain

(5.9)

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 LACUNARY INTERPOLATION 1079

where

vi(t) = 8(f"(q - fi"(n 6i))A MA(t)+A'(t)(f"'(q2j) -f"'(n6Ji))

(5.10)
+ 3A4' (t)(5f'(rl,i) -f"(n6,i)) + 6A' (t)(f"(z) -f"(n6,i))

On combining (5.1) and (5.9), we obtain

(5.11) hi n _f'(x)]= Ai(t)+h! vi(t)

3!

But on using the property of modulus of continuity of f"(x) we obtain from (5.10)

PI o(t)| -C[8|A'1(t)I + A2(t)1 +3|A4l(t) + 61A5I(t)|]CO (fill, 3)

(5.12)

Thus (5.11), (5.12) and (5.4) give

(5.13) hiSC'(x)-f"(x)I-'[C3a2hi (hi-,+hi+,)+a3I,zj3(8).

Since hi > 0, we have

| Sn (X )- (X"W ) |CSW;f)3 (3)

This proves (1.2) for 1 = 3, and r = 2. On using well-known arguments we can prove (1.2)
for 1 = 3, r = 0 and r = 1. This proves Theorem 2.

Acknowledgment. The authors are grateful to the referees for many helpful
suggestions.

REFERENCES

[1] G. BIRKHOFF AND C. DE BOOR, Piecewise polynomial interpolation and approximation, Approximation
of Functions, H. Garabedian, ed., Elsevier, New York, 1965, pp. 164-190.
[2] S. DEMKO, Lacunary polynomial spline interpolation, this Journal, 13 (1976), pp. 369-381.
[3] A. MEIR AND A. SHARMA, Lacunary interpolation by splines, this Journal, 10 (1973), pp. 433-442.
[4] B. K. SWARTZ AND R. S. VARGA, A note on lacunary interpolation by splines, this Journal, 10 (1973), pp.
443-447.
[5] A. K. VARMA, Lacunary interpolation by splines 1, Acta. Math. Acad. Sci. Hungr., 3 (1978), pp. 185-192.
[6] , Lacunary interpolation by splines II, Ibid., 3 (1978), pp. 193-203.

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