Meaning:

Water management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and optimum use of water resources under
defined water polices and regulations. It includes: management of water treatment of drinking water, industrial water,
sewage or wastewater, management of water resources, management of flood protection, management of irrigation,
and management of the water table.

Water Management
The meaning of water management
Water management means dealing with water in the best possible way. This can be done by local
authorities (municipal water management) or it can be done by individuals at home (when we manage how
we use our own water supplies).

Good water management will involve organizing water so that everyone has enough, and controlling water
supplies and water treatment centers (and other equipment and logistics relating to water) so that they
work in the best possible way. It thus often involves some knowledge of the chemical properties of water.

The importance of water management

Water management affects many aspects of our lives. Water is so common that we often do not think about
where it comes from or where it is managed. But, bad water management can really hit us hard. Below are
some key ways in which water management is important.

1. Drinking water: humans need to drink around 8 glasses of water a day in order to get sufficient
hydration. So clean drinking water is a necessity for us. Without water, we can only survive for a few days
at most. But, if we have water and no food, we can survive for several weeks. This shows just how crucial it
is that we have daily access to clean water that is suitable for drinking. If we have pets, they will need daily
access to water too.

2. Washing and cleaning: we also use water to keep ourselves, our clothes and our homes clean and
hygienic. A clean water supply is important for this too. From washing our hands before a meal to deep
cleaning a hospital floor, we need clean water for almost all aspects of good hygiene.

3. Agriculture: water is used throughout the world to grow crops such as grains and fruits. A good water
supply is needed to prevent hunger and famine.

4. Leisure and fun: swimming, boating and many other leisure activities involve water. Swimming pools
and other facilities need to be well maintained so that they remain safe and enjoyable places to be.
Swimming pool water needs to be managed by treating it with chlorine and regularly testing its levels of
bacteria and other substances, for instance, to ensure that it is safe for people to swim in.

5. Biodiversity: managing water well ensures that we do not deplete or contaminate rivers, lakes and
other important water sources which are habitats for a wide range of birds, mammals, fish, reptiles and
amphibians as well as water dwelling plants.

Methods of water management

There are several water management methods available in the world, and these are being honed all the
time as scientists and engineers find new ways to look after our water supplies. Below are 5 key water
management strategies that are widely used today.
1. Waste water systems – recycling and treating: sewage systems help to dispose of waste water in a
clean and safe way. They also very often involve recycling water and treating it so that it is safe to be piped
back into people’s homes and used for drinking, washing and so on. These systems are absolutely
essential for ensuring that our waste water does not cause us to fall ill.

2. Irrigation systems: good quality irrigation systems can be deployed to nourish crops in drought hit
areas. These systems can be managed so that water is not wasted – and they can use recycled water or
rain water to avoid unnecessarily depleting water supplies.

3. Conserving water: both big companies and private individuals can conserve many gallons of water
every day, simply by not running taps or using water-guzzling appliances unnecessarily. Water can also be
conserved by generally consuming less. Not many people realize how much water goes in to the
production of a car or an item of clothing, for example. Cutting down on the amount of things that we buy
can really reduce the amount of water that is needed to support our lifestyle.

4. Caring for the natural water supplies: natural water sources such as lakes, rivers and seas are so
important. Both fresh water ecosystems and marine ecosystems are home to a wide variety of different
organisms and without the support of these ecosystems, these organisms would most likely become
extinct. Good water management thus also involves ensuring that we do not pollute natural water sources.

5. Effective implementation of plans – ensuring that everyone has enough water: there is no denying
that easy access to fresh, clean, safe water is a right that all humans should enjoy. However, in many parts
of the world, people have to walk many miles in order to access clean water. So, good water management
systems are only truly praiseworthy if they are implemented throughout the world so that everyone can
benefit from them. Good water management means not just a convenient and safe water supply for some
people – but water for everyone to use.

Conclusion
Good water management should be an absolute priority for every generation, and for every government
throughout the world. More should be done to ensure that absolutely everyone in the world has daily
access to safe, clean water that they can use for drinking, washing and growing crops.

Water resources
Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful to humans.
It is important because it is needed for life to exist.
Many uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities.

Water resources
Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful to humans.
It is important because it is needed for life to exist.
Many uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities.
Virtually all of these human uses require fresh water.
Only 2.5% of water on the Earth is fresh water, and over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps.
Water demand already exceeds supply in many parts of the world, and many more areas are expected to experience
this imbalance in the near future.
It is estimated that 70% of world-wide water use is for irrigation in agriculture.
Climate change will have significant impacts on water resources around the world because of the close connections
between the climate and hydrologic cycle.
Due to the expanding human population competition for water is growing such that many of the worlds major aquifers
are becoming depleted.
Many pollutants threaten water supplies, but the most widespread, especially in underdeveloped countries, is the
discharge of raw sewage into natural waters.
Virtually all of these human uses require fresh water.
Only 2.5% of water on the Earth is fresh water, and over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps.
Water demand already exceeds supply in many parts of the world, and many more areas are expected to experience
this imbalance in the near future
It is estimated that 70% of world-wide water use is for irrigation in agriculture.
Climate change will have significant impacts on water resources around the world because of the close connections
between the climate and hydrologic cycle.
Due to the expanding human population competition for water is growing such that many of the worlds major aquifers
are becoming depleted.
Many pollutants threaten water supplies, but the most widespread, especially in underdeveloped countries, is the
discharge of raw sewage into natural waters.

 CONTEXT & CHALLENGES

 STRATEGY
 RESULTS & INITIATIVES
 PARTNERS
 The World Bank is committed to assisting countries meet their economic growth and
poverty reduction targets based on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Particularly, water resource management is tackled in SDG 6.5, but other SDGs and
targets require water resource management for their achievement. Accordingly, the
Bank has a major interest in helping countries achieve water security through sound and
robust water resource management.

Water security is the goal of water resources management. For a rapidly growing
and urbanizing global population, against a backdrop of increasing climatic and non-
climatic uncertainties, it is not possible to 'predict and plan' a single path to water
security. To strengthen water security we need to build capacity, adaptability, and
resilience for the future planning and management of water resources.

Water Resources Management (WRM) is the process of planning, developing, and

managing water resources, in terms of both water quantity and quality, across all water
uses. It includes the institutions, infrastructure, incentives, and information systems that
support and guide water management. Water resources management seeks to harness
the benefits of water by ensuring there is sufficient water of adequate quality for drinking
water and sanitation services, food production, energy generation, inland water transport,
and water-based recreational, as well as sustaining healthy water-dependent ecosystems
and protecting the aesthetic and spiritual values of lakes, rivers, and estuaries. Water
resource management also entails managing water-related risks, including floods,
drought, and contamination. The complexity of relationships between water and
households, economies, and ecosystems, requires integrated management that accounts
for the synergies and tradeoffs of water's great number uses and values.
 Water security is achieved when water's productive potential is leveraged and its
destructive potential is managed. Water security differs from concepts of food security
or energy security because the challenge is not only one of securing adequate resource
provision – but also of mitigating the hazards that water presents where it is not well
managed. Water security reflects the actions that can or have been taken to ensure
sustainable water resource use, to deliver reliable water services, and to manage and
mitigate water-related risks. Water security suggests a dynamic construct that goes
beyond single-issue goals such as water scarcity, pollution, or access to water and
sanitation, to think more broadly about societies' expectations, choices, and
achievements with respect to water management. It is a dynamic policy goal, which
changes as societies' values and economic well-being evolve, and as exposure to and
societies' tolerance of water-related risks change. It must contend with issues of equity.

The Water Security and Integrated Water Resources Management Global Solutions
Group (GSG) supports the Bank's analytical, advisory, and operational engagements to
help clients achieve their goals of water security. Achieving water security in the context
of growing water scarcity, greater unpredictability, degrading water quality and aquatic
ecosystems, and more frequent droughts and floods, will require a more integrated and
longer-term approach to water management. Key areas of focus will be ensuring
sustainability of water resources, building climate resilience, and strengthening integrated
management to achieve the Global Practice's (GP) goals and the SDGs. The GSG will
work with a multiple GPs and Cross Cutting Solutions Areas (CCSAs) directly through
water resources management or multi-sectoral projects and indirectly through agriculture,
energy, environment, climate, or urban projects.

Thi
OBLIGATORY AND DISCRETIONARY FUNCTIONS OF MUNICIPAL COUNCILS
:-
Obligatory functions of municipal councils :- It shall be incumbent on every municipal council to make adequate provision by any means or
resources which it may lawfully use of take for each of the following matters within the [municipal area], namely: -
(a) Lighting public streets, places and building.
(b) Watering public streets and places.
(c) Cleaning public streets, places and sewers, and all spaces not being private property, which are open to the enjoyment of the public,
whether such spaces are vested in the municipal council or not, removing noxious vegetation and abating all public nuisances.
(d) Extinguishing fires and protecting life and property when fires occur.
(e) Regulating or abating offensive or dangerous trades or practices.
(f) Removing obstructions and projections in public streets, bridges, and other public places, and in spaces not being private property, which
are open to the enjoyment of the public, whether such spaces are vested in the municipal council or belong to the Government.
(g) Securing or removing dangerous buildings or places and reclaiming unhealthy localities.
(h) Acquiring and maintaining, changing and regulating places for the disposal of the dead.
(i) Constructing, altering and maintaining public streets, culverts, municipal boundary marks, markets [including separate and suitable place
for vending vegetables] slaughter houses, latrines, privies, urinals, drains, sewers, drainage works, sewage works, baths, washing places,
drinking fountains, tanks, wells, dams and the like.
(j) Obtaining supply of or an additional supply of water proper and sufficient for preventing danger to the health of the inhabitants form the
sufficiency or unwholesomeness of the existing supply, when such supply or additional supply can be obtaining at a reasonable cost.
(k) Naming streets and numbering houses.
(l) Registering births and death.
(m) Public vaccination.
(n) Providing suitable accommodation for claves, cows, or buffaloes required within the [municipal for the supply of animal lymph.
(o) Maintaining schools for pre-primary education.
(p) Arranging for the destruction or the detention and preservation of such dogs with the [municipal area] as may be dealt with under the law
in force relating to police or under Section 222 of this Act.
(q) Providing facilities for anti-rabic treatment within or outside the municipal limits.
(r) Providing covered metallic receptacles and covered metallic receptacles mounted on wheels for use by servants employed by the
municipal council for the removal of night-soil and rubbish and disposing of night-soil and rubbish and, if so required by the Government,
preparation of compost manure form such night-soil and rubbish.
Explanation: In this clause, "rubbish" includes dust, ashes, broken bricks, mortar, sewage, dung, dirt, [decomposed] substances and refuse of
any kind.
(s) Providing accommodation for municipal sweepers and scavengers and granting of loans to such sweepers and scavengers for
construction of houses, subject to rules prescribed in this behalf.
(t) Printing such annual reports on the municipal council to submit.
(u) Paying the salary and the contingent expenditure on account of such police or guards as may be required by the municipal council for the
purpose of this Act or for the protection as may be required by the Government under the law in force relating to police.
a. Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths.
b. Regulation or tanneries.
(v) Maintenance of up-to-date record of all buildings and sites within the [municipal area] and
(w) Planting and maintaining of roadside trees.
Special functions:- Subject to such reasonable and adequate provision as is mentioned in Section 87 being made, every municipal council
shall make reasonable provision for the following special matter, namely.
(a) Providing special medical aid and accommodation for the sick in time of dangerous disease; and taking such measures as may be
required to prevent the outbreak or suppress and prevent the recurrence of the disease.
(b) Giving relief to and establishing and maintaining relief works in times of famine or scarcity for destitute persons with in the limits of the
[municipal area].
Discretionary functions of municipal councils:- Every municipal council may, in its discretion, provide either wholly or in part for all or any
of the following matters, namely.
(a) Laying out, whether in areas previously built upon or not new public streets and acquiring the land for the purpose, including the land
requisite for the construction of building or cartilages thereof, to about on such street.
(b) Constructing, establishing or maintaining public parks, gardens, libraries, museums, mental hospitals, halls, offices, dharma Salas,
choultries, musafirkhanas, rest-house, homes for he disabled and destitute persons and other public buildings.
(c) Providing for destitute women.
(d) Constructing and maintaining, where necessary, suitable sanitary houses for the habitation of the poor and granting loans for construction
of such houses or for effecting necessary improvements connected therewith.
(e) Providing accommodation for any class of servants other than sweepers and scavengers employed by the municipal council or granting
loans to such servants for construction of houses, subject to the rules prescribed in this behalf.
(f) Planting and maintaining roadside and other trees.
(g) Taking statistics and granting reward for information which may tend to secure the correct registration of vital statistics.
(h) Making a survey.
(i) Securing or assisting to secure suitable places for the carrying on of the offensive trades mentioned in Section 256.
(j) Supplying, constructing and maintaining receptacles, fittings, pipes and other appliances whatsoever on or for the use of private premises
for receiving and conducting the sewage thereof into sewer under the control of the municipal council.
(k) Providing of music or other entertainments in public places or places of public resort.
(l) The promotion of public health or child welfare.
(m) Contribution towards any public funds for the relief of human suffering, within or without the [municipal area].
(n) By a resolution passed at a general meeting and supported by one-half of the total number of councilors and with the previous sanction
of the Deputy Commissioner in the case of a town municipal council organizing any public reception, public ceremony, public entertainment
or public exhibition within the [municipal area]. Provided that the expenditure on such reception, ceremony entertainment or exhibition shall
not exceed such limits as may be generally or specially prescribed.
(o) The organization or maintenance during scarcity, of shops or stalls for the sale of necessaries of life.
(p) Housing and maintaining destitute orphans and destitute cripples.
(q) Subject to the provision of any law regulating the establishment or warehouses, constructing, establishing and maintaining warehouses.
(r) Establishment and maintaining of dairy farms and breeding studies.
(s) Provision of transport facilities with in the [Municipal area].
(t) Maintenance of an ambulance service.
(u) Supply of water beyond the limits of the [Municipal area].
(v) The acquisition and maintenance of grazing grounds.
(w) Guaranteeing the payment of interest on money expended for the construction of a telephone line subject to the previous sanction of the
Government when the line extends beyond the limits of the [Municipal area].
(x) Promoting the well-being of Municipal employees or any class of municipal employees and of their dependents.
(y) The construction, purchase, organization, maintenance, extension and management of mechanically propelled transport facilities for the
conveyance of the public.
(z) The construction, maintenance, repairs, purchase of any works for the supply of electrical energy.
(aa) Making contributions towards the construction, establishment or maintenance of educational institutions including libraries and
museum, any hospital, dispensary or similar institution providing for public medical relief, or any other institution of a charitable nature.
(bb) Construction, maintenance and provision of public bathing houses.
(cc) Revival or promotion of cottage industries.
(dd) Improvement of cattle and live-stock including construction and maintenance
of veterinary hospitals.
(ee) Maintenance of maternity homes and child welfare centers.
(ff) Maintenance of art galleries.
1. Slum improvement and up-gradation.
2. Urban forestry, protection of environment and promotion of ecological aspects.
3. Urban poverty alleviation.
4. Promotion of cultural, education and aesthetic aspects.
5. Promotion, formation, extension or assistance of co-operative societies and fund.
6. Any other matter not hereinbefore specifically named which is likely to promoted education or public health, safety or general welfare or
convenience or the advancement of the economic condition of the inhabitants or which is necessary for carrying out the purpose of this Act,
expenditure whereon is resolved by the municipal council by the votes of not less than tow-thirds of the total number of councilors and with
the approval of the total number of councilors and with the approval of the Government, to be an appropriate charge on the municipal.
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